梵语

梵语是印欧语系印度-伊朗语族印度语支的一种语言，是印欧语系最古老的语言之一。和拉丁语一样，梵语已成为了一种属于学术和宗教性质的专门语言。 

印度教经典《吠陀经》即用梵文写成。其语法和发音均被当作一种宗教仪节而丝毫不差地保存下来。19世纪时梵语成为重构印欧诸语言的关键语种。它被认为是梵天的语言。 

文字 

早期的梵语并没有一定的文字来表达，曾经用过的文字包括婆罗米文、佉卢文、笈多文、悉昙体等。到了十二世纪，天城体为梵文的位置才被确立。而天城体对藏文的构成有莫大的影响。 

佛教东传至中国与日本时，一同将佛教的咒语（日本称为真言）传至中日两国，而写咒语的文字多为悉昙体，所以中日两还流通着已经不用的悉昙体，作为表达梵言的文字。 

梵语是古代印度的标准书面语。原是西北印度上流知识阶级的语言，相对于一般民间所使用的俗语（Prakrit）而言，又称为雅语。我国及日本依此语为梵天（印度教的主神之一）所造的传说，而称其为梵语。其名称本为sanskrit，源自samskrta，字面意思为"完全整理好的"，也即整理完好的语言。 


广义而言，梵语包括 3种：吠陀梵语，史诗梵语和古典梵语，而狭义的梵语只指古典梵语。在世界上所有古代语言中，梵语文献的数量仅次于汉语，远远超过希腊语和拉丁语，内容异常丰富。广义的梵语文献包括：印度古代婆罗门教的圣典—四吠陀：《梨俱吠陀》、《娑摩吠陀》、《夜柔吠陀》和《阿达婆吠陀》, 以及大量的梵书、经书、奥义书等；两大史诗：《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》，以及大量古事记。此外，它还包括大量的语法书、寓言故事集，以及医学、自然科学、文艺理论等著作；用古典梵语，也就是狭义的梵语，写成的印度古典文学作品，更是文采斐然，影响深远。其中佛教的大乘经典部分便是最为人熟知的例子。原始佛教的经典，原来用俗语写成，后来才逐渐梵语化，形成了一种特殊的佛教梵语或混合梵语。但在十世纪以后，由于近代印度之各种方言甚为发达，又加上回教徒入侵印度，梵语乃逐渐丧失其实际的势力，仅以古典语的地位存在。 


现今出版梵本所用的文字，称为"天城体"（Devanagari），是以七世纪时中印度产生那格利（Nagari）字体为基础，发展到十一世纪而确立下来的适合书写的字体。其实，古代印度所通行的文字有很多种，凡由梵书（Brahmi或Brahmilipi，布拉夫米文）字母衍生而成的文字，如悉昙等，皆可称为梵字。 


自古以来对梵字的创造者有多种传说。唐玄奘《大唐西域记》卷二说："详其文字，梵天所制，原始垂则，四十七言"（47个字母）。"梵王天帝作则随时，异道诸仙各制文字。" 印度所使用的最古老文字，依近代从印度河流域的哈拉巴（Harappa）及莫汗佐达罗（Mohenjodaro）等地出土的材料来看，当为史前时代的象形文字。但其起源究属何体系，目前尚无定论。而梵字与腓尼基文字（现代欧洲文字的原形），同属闪族文字系统，已为近代学术界所共识。在公元前700年左右，印度商人与美索不达米亚地方的人（闪族的一支）接触，乃将闪族的二十二个字母传往印度。经过印度人的整理，大约在公元前400年时，终于制作出四十个左右的字母。随着时代与地方的不同，书法与字体也逐渐地产生差异。公元一世纪左右，北方的梵字逐渐变成方形字体，南方的梵字逐渐变成圆形字体。至四世纪，两者之间的差异已极其明显。其中，北方由四世纪至五世纪间发展成笈多（Gupta）文字，六世纪再由笈多文字衍生悉昙字母（Siddham）。悉昙字母后来传入中国及日本等地，同时笈多文字也流传于龟兹、于阗等地而形成特殊字母，为各种中亚古语言所采用。 


梵语语法与其他古代印欧语言（如拉丁语与希腊语）语法相似，屈折变化繁复。名词有三种性（阳性、阴性与中性），三种数（单数、双数与复数）及八个格（主格、宾格、工具格、与格、夺格、属格、位格与呼格）。动词变位包括单数、双数、复数；人称有第一、第二、第三人称；时间分现在时、未完成时、完成时、不定过去时、将来时、假定时；语态有主动、中间、被动；语气分陈述式、虚拟式、命令式、祈使式（不定过去时的虚拟语气）；此外，语尾还分为他位和自位两种。 


另外，梵文还有一个和其他印欧语言不同的特点，即连音变化规律（sandhi），也就是说，在句子中，某词尾字母与某词首字母在一起的时候，就要发生相应的变化；在一个词中，某字母和某字母如果符合一定的位置关系，也要进行相应的变音等。而梵语中复合词汇多而且较长，书写时又要基本上连在一起，连写时字母要变成连写形式，加上中间的变音，其阅读之难度可想而知。 


欧洲人对梵语产生兴趣，始自16世纪。当欧洲的传教士、商人等开始学习梵语后，就逐渐认识到印度的梵语与欧洲的拉丁语、希腊语等语言之间有着广泛的相似性。18世纪末至19世纪初，梵语文学作品引起了欧洲学者的注意，开始用近代科学方法研究梵语。而事实上，印度古代语法学家波尼尼(Panini)早在公元前4 世纪就对梵语的语言特点进行了分析和总结。 


波尼尼的生活年代一般认为是在公元前4 世纪，诞生地在今巴基斯坦的白沙瓦附近。现存对他最早的记载见于我国唐代高僧玄奘的《大唐西域记》第 2卷，玄奘说健驮罗国某邑，"是制《声明论》波你尼仙本生处也。"他接着说，远古时期，文字繁广，异道诸仙各制文字,学习者难以详究。到了人寿百岁时, 波你尼仙"捃摭群言，作为字书，备有千颂，颂三十二言矣，究极今古，总括文言"。但对波尼尼的生平并没有细谈。 


在波尼尼之前，印度语法学已经有了长期的历史，而波你尼是集大成者。他留下了一书：《波尼尼经》，因为内容有八章,亦称《八章书》，即玄奘所谓的《声明论》，是学习梵语的圭皋。《波尼尼经》的近4000句口诀包含着一个完整的、科学的语法体系。字母排列亦非常合乎科学。先元音，后辅音，依照发音部位和发音方法排列（现在的梵文字典也是这样排序的）。这种排列顺序比希腊语、拉丁语、阿拉伯语和所有的西方语言的那种脱离语言体系的字母表更有其合理之处。 


关于梵文的语法结构，波尼尼的特点在于分析。他从语音分析开始，不分析句，只分析词；不管语义，完全以语形为分析对象。他分析词根、词干、词尾、前缀、后缀、派生词、复合词等等。分析到最后就是词根，即所谓"界"。加到"界"上使它成为词，或者再使它表现出名词、动词等所有的关系的都称为"缘"，即直接后缀。因此,构词的基本公式是界＋缘＝词。这种分析到最后的词根全是动词，也可以说，只有动词的根才是最后的成分。名词都出于动词。一件行为的过程用动词来表达，一旦行为完成了，动作固定了，那就成为一件事，则用名词来表现。 


在近代，印欧语系历史比较语言学的产生也和梵语研究关系密切，其研究重点是印欧语系诸语言的语音系统。18世纪英国的东方学学者琼斯（Sir William Jones）爵士提出了著名的"印欧语假说"来解释印欧诸语言之间的相似性。1786年他在亚细亚研究会的一次学术讲演中，指出梵语与希腊、拉丁语的联系。他说："梵语……的动词词根和语法形式与希腊、拉丁语酷似，这决非偶然。任何考查过这三种语言的语言学家，不能不认为三者同出一源。不过始源语言恐已不存于世。同时也有理由假定（虽然理由还不很足），哥特语、凯尔特语与梵语虽然面目迥异，但与梵语仍属同源，而波斯语也属同一语族。"这种"始源语言"就是后来人们所说的原始印欧语。 


后来，欧洲的语言学家把琼斯的经验性见解提高到科学的论证。丹麦的R.K.拉斯克对于《古诺尔斯语和冰岛语的起源》(1818)做了探索；德国学者F.博普的《论梵语动词变位系统与希腊语、拉丁语、波斯语和日耳曼语的比较》(1816)第一次把梵语、波斯、希腊、拉丁、德语诸语言同出一源的情况做了详细的考证。琼斯称为"相似点"的现象， 到这时已发展为对应关系。德国语言学家J.格林（也就是我们熟悉的格林兄弟的哥哥）在他的《德语语法》(1819～1837)中提出了印欧诸语的音变定律，这一定律在修正后，使原来认为是例外的现象得到统一的解释。以上三人为历史比较语言学的奠基人。德国学者A.施莱歇尔是历史比较语言学的集大成者，他吸取黑格尔的历史哲学和达尔文的进化思想，写出了《印欧、梵语、希腊语、拉丁语比较语法概论》(1874～1877)，是提出语言谱系观的第一人。K.布鲁格曼和B.德尔布吕克合著的5卷本《印度-日耳曼诸语言比较语法概要》 (1886～1900)更是这门学科的巨著。上述学者，无不从语言的实地调查开始，特别对梵语、波斯语、立陶宛语等古老语言，用力尤勤。 


可以说，印欧语系比较语言学的产生和发展得益于对梵语的学习和研究。其最大成绩就是对语言之间的亲缘关系有了比较明确的认识，尤其是在印欧语系的谱系分类方面，获得了相当确凿的证据。再有就是有助于人们了解有关原始母语的表现形态和使用地区，例如，欧洲学者现在一般认为，原始印欧母语起源于黑海以北的地区。在文献方面，现存最古老的直接材料是用可以上溯至公元前14世纪或更早时期赫梯语的楔形文字书写的，而在20世纪初发现赫梯语和释读迈锡尼线形文字B之前，通常认为用梵文书写的吠陀经典之一《梨俱吠陀》，是印欧语系中最古老的文献。 

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flush n./v. ³åÏ´£»Á³ºì£»±¼Á÷
irrigate v. ³åÏ´ÉË¿Ú£»¹à¸È
lave v. Ï´Ô¡£»ÂýÂý³åË¢ £¨lavatory n. ²ÞËù£»Ï´ÊÖÅ裩
purge v. ÇåÏ´£¬Ï´µÓ
rinse v. ÒÔÇåË®³åÏ´£¬Æ¯Ï´
sluice v. ³åÏ´£»n. Ë®ÃÅ£¬Ë®Õ¢
swill v. ³åÏ´£»Í´Òû

buff v. £¨ÓÃÈíƤ£©Å׹⡢²ÁÁÁ£»n. ÈíƤ
burnish v. ²ÁÁÁ£¬Ä¥¹â
efface v. ²Áµô£¬Ä¨È¥
erase v. ²Áµô£¬Ä¨È¥
erasure n. ²Áµô£¬²ÁºÛ
furbish v. Ä¥¹â£¬Ë¢ÐÂ
obliterate v. Í¿µô£¬²Áµô
polish v. °Ñ¡­²Á¹âÁÁ£¬Å׹⣻n. ÉϹâ¼Á£»£¨Ì¬¶ÈµÈ£©ÓÅÑÅ
scour v. ²ÁÏ´£¬²ÁÁÁ£»ËÄ´¦ËÑË÷
scrape v. ¹Î²Á£¬²Áµô
scrub v. ÓÃÁ¦²ÁÏ´£»n. °«Ê÷´Ô£»ÉíÌ尫СµÄÈË

indelible adj. ²ÁÊò»µôµÄ£¬²»¿ÉÄ¥ÃðµÄ
ineffaceable adj. Ĩ²»µôµÄ

disinfect v. ɱ¾ú£¬Ïû¶¾
fumigate v. ÒÔÑÌѬÏû¶¾
pasteurize v. ¼ÓÈÈɱ¾ú£¬Ïû¶¾ £¨pasteurization n. ¼ÓÈÈɱ¾ú·¨£¬°Í˹µÂɱ¾ú·¨£¨°ÍÊÏÏû¶¾·¨£©£©
scald v. Ó÷ÐË®Ïû¶¾£¬ÌÌ£»n. ÌÌÉË
sterile adj. ÎÞϸ¾úµÄ£»Æ¶ñ¤ÇÒÎÞÖ²±»µÄ£»²»ÔеÄ
sterilize v. ɱ¾ú£»Ê¹²»Óý £¨sterilization n. ɱ¾ú£©

filter v. ¹ýÂË£»n. ÂËÖ½
percolate v. ¹ýÂ˳ö£»Éø͸
sift v. ¹ýÂË£¬É¸ £¨sifter n. ɸ×Ó£©

furbish v. ˢУ¬Ä¥¹â
refresh v. £¨Ë¢Ð£©£»Ïû³ý¡­µÄÆ£ÀÍ£¬Ê¹¾«ÉñÕñ×÷
refurbish v. ˢУ¬²ÁÁÁ
renovate v. ·­Ð£¬ÐÞ¸´£¬×°ÐÞ

1.4.3 °¹Ôà
dowdy adj. ²»Õû½àµÄ£¬¹ý¾ÉµÄ
frowzy adj. ²»Õû½àµÄ£¬ÎÛ»àµÄ
jagged adj. ²»ÕûÆëµÄ£¬¾â³Ý×´µÄ
sloppy adj. ²»Õû½àµÄ£¬åååݵÄ
squalor n. ²»½à£¬ÎÛ»à
tatty adj. ²»Õû½àµÄ£¬¼òªµÄ
unkempt adj. £¨Ò·þ¡¢Í··¢£©²»Õû½àµÄ

decrepit adj. Æƾɵģ¬Ë¥À쵀 £¨decrepitate v. [¿óʯµÈ]ÉÕ±¬ decrepitude n. Ë¥ÀÏ£¬Æƾɣ©
dilapidation n. Æƾɣ¬»Ä·Ï
ragged adj. ÆÆÀõÄ
shabby adj. ÆÆÀõģ»±°±ÉµÄ
sleazy adj. åååݵģ»¸ñµ÷µÍϵÄ
sloven n. ²»Ðޱ߷ùµÄÈË
stray adj. ÁãÂäµÄ£»ÃÔÁË·µÄ£»v. Æ«À룬ÃÔ·
tattered adj. ÒÂÉÀñÜñڵģ»ÆƾɵÄ
threadbare adj. Ä¥ÆƵģ»³Â¸¯µÄ

dingy adj. °¹ÔàµÄ£¬ÍÊÉ«µÄ
filth n. °¹Ôࣻ´ÖÓï
mangy adj. ÎÛ»àµÄ£»£¨ÊÞ£©»¼½êÑ¢µÄ
muddy adj. »ë×ǵģ¬²»´¿µÄ£»¶àÄàµÄ
seamy adj. °¹ÔàµÄ£¬¶ñÁÓµÄ
sordid adj. °¹ÔàµÄ£»±°±ÉµÄ
squalid adj. ÎÛ»àµÄ£¬°¹ÔàµÄ

hovel n. °¹ÔàµÄСÎÝ£»Ã©Éá
shack n. ¼òªµÄСÎÝ£¬ÅïÎÝ
shanty n. ¼òªµÄСľÎÝ

2. ÐÎÈÝÐÄÇé
2.1 ³Á×ÅÓë½¹ÂÇ
2.1.1 ³Á×Å
aplomb n. ³Á×Å£¬Õò¾²
clinical adj. Àä¾²¿Í¹ÛµÄ£»ÁÙ´²µÄ
composed adj. Õò¶¨µÄ£¬³Á×ŵÄ
composure n. Õò¾²£¬³Á×Å£»×ÔÈô
depressant adj. ÓÐÕò¾²×÷Óõģ»n. Õò¾²¼Á
equanimity n. Õò¶¨£¬³Á×Å
imperturbable adj. Àä¾²µÄ£¬³Á×ŵÄ
leisureliness n. ÓÆÈ»£¬´ÓÈÝ
levelheaded adj. Í·ÄÔÀä¾²µÄ£¬ÎȽ¡µÄ
methodical adj. ÓÐÌõ²»Îɵģ¨Óз½·¨µÄ£¬ÓÐϵͳµÄ£©£¬Ï¸ÐĵÄ
nonchalance n. ³Á×Å£»ÀäÄ®£¬È±Éٹػ³
phlegmatic adj. Àä¾²µÄ£¬Àäµ­µÄ
poise n. Ì©È»×ÔÈô£¬Õò¶¨£»v. ʹÏàµÈ£¬Ê¹Æ½ºâ
sangfroid n. ³Á×Å£¬ÁÙΣ²»¾å
sedate adj. Õò¾²µÄ
sedative adj. £¨Ò©ÎÕò¾²µÄ£»n. Õò¾²¼Á
staid adj. ÎÈÖصģ¬³Á×ŵÄ
unflappable adj. ²»¾ª»ÅµÄ£¬Õò¶¨µÄ
unmoved adj. Õò¶¨µÄ£»ÎÞ¶¯ÓÚÖԵģ¬ÀäÄ®µÄ

bland adj. £¨ÈË£©ÇéÐ÷ƽÎȵģ»£¨Ê³ÎÎÞζµÄ
dispassionate adj. ƽÐľ²ÆøµÄ£¨ÐÄƽÆøºÍµÄ£¬Àä¾²µÄ£©
deadpan adj./n. ÎÞ±íÇéµÄ£¨Á³£©

appease v. ʹƽ¾²£¬°²¸§ £¨appeasement n. ƽϢ£¬Âú×㣩

intellectual adj. ÀíÖǵģ¬ÖÇÁ¦µÄ£»n. ֪ʶ·Ö×Ó
rational adj. ÀíÐԵģ»ºÏÀíµÄ
sane adj. ÉñÖ¾Çå³þµÄ£¬Ã÷ÖǵÄ
sanity n. ÉñÖ¾Çå³þ
sober adj. ÇåÐѵģ»×¯ÖصÄ

arbitrary adj. ²»ÀíÖǵģ¬×¨ºáµÄ £¨arbitrarily adv. ËæÐÄËùÓûµØ£¬°ÔµÀµØ£©
impolitic adj. ²»Öǵģ¬Ê§²ßµÄ
imprudent adj. ²»Öǵģ»ÇáÂʵÄ
inexpedient adj. ²»Ã÷Öǵģ¬²»Êʵ±µÄ
rabid adj. ʧȥÀíÐԵģ»»¼¿ñÈ®²¡µÄ

2.1.2 ²»°²
agitate v. ʹ²»°²£¬Ê¹½¹ÂÇ£»½Á¶¯£¬É¿¶¯ £¨agitation n. ¹Ä¶¯£»½¹ÂÇ£©
agitated adj. ²»°²µÄ£»±»¹Ä¶¯µÄ
compunction n. Á¼ÐIJ»°²£¬°Ã»Ú
discompose v. »ÅÕÅ£¬Ê¹Ê§Ì¬
fidget v. ×øÁ¢²»°²£»n. ·³ÔêÖ®ÈË
fitful adj. ²»°²µÄ£»Ò»ÕóÕóµÄ
flustered adj. »ÅÕŵÄ
fret n./v. £¨Ê¹£©·³Ô꣬½¹ÂÇ
grate v. ʹÈË·³Ôꣻ֨¸ÂÄ¥Ëé
jitter v. ½ôÕŲ»°²£¬Éñ¾­¹ýÃô
misgiving n. µ£ÐÄ£¬ÒÉÂÇ
obsessed adj. ÐÄÉñ²»ÄþµÄ
overwrought adj. ½ôÕŹý¶ÈµÄ
qualm n. Òɾ壻½ôÕŲ»°²
qualms n. ÒÉÂÇ£¨ÓÈÖ¸ÓйØÁ¼ÐÄÎÊÌâµÄ£©
queasy adj. ³äÂúÒÉÂǵģ»ÁîÈ˶ñÐĵÄ
rattle v. ʹ»ÅÂÒ£»Ê¹¸ñ¸ñ×÷Ïì
scare n./v. ¾ªÏÅ£¬Êܾª£¬ÍþÏÅ
tension n. ½ôÕÅ£¬½¹ÂÇ£»ÕÅÁ¦
tremulous adj. ²»°²µÄ£¬²ü¶¯µÄ
unsettle v. ʹ²»°²Äþ£¬½ÁÂÒ
unsettling adj. ÁîÈ˲»°²µÄ£¬ÈÅÂҵģ¬Ê¹¾½À§µÄ
uptight adj. ½¹ÂDz»°²µÄ
valetudinarian n. ¹ý·Öµ£ÐÄÉú²¡µÄÈË£¬ÌåÈõµÄÈË

prissy adj. ΪСʹÒÂǵģ¬½÷СÉ÷΢µÄ£¬Éñ¾­ÖʵÄ
solicitous adj. ¹ÒÄîµÄ£»ÈÈÇеÄ
solicitude n. Ç£¹Ò£¬¹Ø»³
suspense n. ¹ÒÄÐüÄî

2.1.3 ·³ÈÅ
badger v. Ò»ÔÙ·³ÈÅ£¬Ò»ÔÙÒªÇó£»n. âµ
beleaguer v. ɧÈÅ£»Î§¹¥
beset v. À§ÈÅ£»ÏâǶ
besiege v. À§ÈÅ£¬Î§¹¥
discombobulate v. ÈÅÂÒ£¬Ê¹À§»ó
discombobulated adj. ÈÅÂҵģ¬´òÂÒµÄ
disrupt v. ŪÂÒ£¬ÈÅÂÒ
harass v. ÇÖÈÅ£¬·³ÈÅ
harry v. Ï®ÈÅ£»ÂӶ᣻ÕÛÄ¥
heckle v. À§ÈÅ£¬ÚµÎÊ£¨ÖÊÎÊ£©
infest v. ɧÈÅ£¬ÈÅÂÒ
interrupt v. ´òÈÅ£¬´ò¶Ï£»ÔÝʱÖÐÖ¹
molest v. ɧÈÅ£¬¸ÉÈÅ
nag v. ·³ÈÅ£¬ßë߶
nettle v. ·³ÈÅ£¬¼¤ÄÕ£»n. Ý¡Âé
obsess v. ʹ¡­·³ÈÅ£¬Ê¹¡­À§¾½£»ÃÔס
obsessed adj. ÐÄÉñ²»ÄþµÄ
obsession n. ÈëÃÔ£»¹ÌÖ´µÄÄîÍ·
plague v. ·³ÈÅ£»n. ÎÁÒߣ»ÌÖÑáµÄÈË»òÎï
vexation n. À§ÈÅ£¬¿àÄÕ

agitate v. É¿¶¯£¬½Á¶¯£»Ê¹²»°²£¬Ê¹½¹ÂÇ £¨agitation n. ¹Ä¶¯£»½¹ÂÇ£©
foment v. É¿¶¯£¬Öú³¤£¨»µÊ£©
instigate v. É¿¶¯£¬·¢Æ𠣨instigation n. É¿¶¯£¬´Ì¼¤£©
provocation n. ÌôÐÆ£¬¼¤Å­ £¨provoke v. ¼¤Å­£©
roil v. É¿¶¯£¬½Á»ë
sedition n. É¿¶¯ÅÑÂÒ
seditious adj. É¿¶¯ÐÔµÄ

2.1.4 ¼±Ôê
brash adj. ÐÔ¼±µÄ£»ÎÞÀñµÄ
compulsion n. ÄÑÒÔ¿¹¾ÜµÄ³å¶¯£»Ç¿ÆÈ
explosive adj. ʹÈ˳嶯µÄ£»±¬Õ¨ÐԵģ»n. Õ¨Ò©
grating adj. ÄÕÈ˵ģ»£¨ÉùÒô£©´Ì¶úµÄ
impetuous adj. ³å¶¯µÄ£¬Â³Ã§µÄ £¨impetuosity n. ³å¶¯£©
impulse n. ³å¶¯£»´Ì¼¤
impulsive adj. Ò׳嶯µÄ
irritation n. ¼±Ô꣬·ßÅ­£¬´Ì¼¤
petulance n. ÐÔ¼±£¬·¢Æ¢Æø£¬±©Ôê
petulant adj. ÐÔ¼±µÄ£¬±©ÔêµÄ
summarily adv. ²Ö´ÙµØ£»¸ÅÀ¨µØ
testy adj. ÐÔ¼±µÄ£¬±©ÔêµÄ

berserk adj. ·è¿ñµÄ£¬¿ñÅ­µÄ £¨berserker n. ¿ñ±©Õߣ©
demented adj. ·è¿ñµÄ
distracted adj. ÐÄ·³ÒâÂҵģ¬¾«Éñ²»¼¯ÖеÄ
distraught adj. ÐÄÉñ¿ñÂÒµÄ
distract v. ʹ·¢¿ñ£»·ÖÐÄ£¬×ªÒÆ
frantic adj. ·è¿ñµÄ£¬¿ñÂÒµÄ
frenetic adj. ¿ñÂҵģ¬·¢¿ñµÄ
frenzy n. ¿ñ±©£¬¼«¶È¼¤¶¯µÄ״̬
fury n. ¿ñ±©£¬¿ñÅ­£¬¼¤ÁÒ£»¿ñÅ­µÄÈË£»£¨Ï£Éñ£©¸´³ðÅ®Éñ
insane adj. ·è¿ñµÄ
insanity n. ·è¿ñ£»ÓÞÃÁ
possessed adj. ·è¿ñµÄ£»×ÅÃ﵀ £¨possess v. ÓµÓУ¬ÃÔס possession n. ²Æ²ú£¬ËùÓÐÎ
queer adj. ·è¿ñµÄ£¬Ææ¹ÖµÄ
tempestuous adj. ¿ñ±©µÄ

2.1.5 º¦ÅÂ
aghast adj. ¾ªº§µÄ£¬ÏÅ´ôµÄ
appall v. ʹ¾ªº§£¬Ê¹¿Ö²À
apprehend v. ¿Ö¾å£»´þ²¶ £¨apprehension n. ½¹ÂÇ£¬µ£ÓÇ£©
apprehensive adj. º¦Åµģ»ÓÐÑÛÁ¦µÄ
awe n./v. ¾´Î·
awe-inspiring adj. ÁîÈ˾´Î·µÄ
bugaboo n. ÏÅÈ˵Ķ«Î÷£»Ñý¹Ö
dire adj. ¿ÉŵÄ
eerie adj. ¿Éŵģ¬ÒõÉ­¿Ö²ÀµÄ
formidable adj. ¿Éŵģ»À§ÄѵÄ
ghastly adj. ¿Éŵģ¬¾ªÈ˵ģ¬²Ò°×µÄ
grim adj. ¿Éŵģ¬Àä¿áµÄ
grisly adj. ¿Ö²ÀµÄ£¬¿ÉŵÄ
gruesome adj. ÁîÈËë¹Çã¤È»µÄ£¬¶ñÐĵÄ
horrendous adj. ¿Éŵģ¬ÁîÈ˾ª¾åµÄ £¨horrible adj. º§ÈËÌýÎÅµÄ horrify v. ʹ¿Ö¾å£©
horrific adj. ¿ÉŵÄ
macabre adj. º§È˵ģ¬¿É²ÀµÄ
monstrous adj. ¿Éŵģ»¾Þ´óµÄ £¨monster n. Ñý¹Ö£©
nightmare n. ¿ÉŵÄÊ£»¶ñÃÎ
panic adj. ¿Ö»ÅµÄ£»n. ¿Ö»Å£¬¾ª»Ì
quail v. η¾å£¬²ü¶¶£»£¨n. ðÆðÈ£©
qualm n. Òɾ壻½ôÕŲ»°²
redoubtable adj. ¿É¾´Î·µÄ
scruple n. ¹Ë¼É£¬³ÙÒÉ£»v. ¹Ë¼É
specter n. ¿Ö¾å£»¹í»ê£¬ÓÄÁé
squeamish adj. Ò×ÊܾªµÄ£¬Ò׶ñÐĵÄ
stun v. ʹ¾ªÏÅ£¬Ê¹Ôε¹£¬´òÔÎ
stupefy v. ÏÅ´ô£¬£¨Ê¹£©Ã£È» £¨stupid adj. ÓÞ±¿µÄ£©
superstition n. äĿ¿Ö¾å£¬ÃÔÐÅ
trepidation n. ¿Ö¾å£¬»Ì¿Ö
ugly adj. ¿Éŵģ¬ÄÑ¿´µÄ

henpecked adj. ¾åÄڵģ¬Ë³´ÓÆÞ×ÓµÄ

intrepid adj. ÎÞηµÄ£¬¸ÕÒãµÄ
unprincipled adj. ËÁÎ޼ɵ¬µÄ
unscrupulous adj. ËÁÎ޼ɵ¬µÄ
unscrupulousness n. ¿ñÍý£¬ËÁÎ޼ɵ¬

2.1.6 ÃÔ»ó
addle v. ʹ»èÂÒ£»Ê¹¸¯»µ £¨addled adj. Í·ÄÔ»ìÂҵģ©
baffle v. ʹÀ§»ó£¬Äѵ¹ £¨baffling adj. ÁîÈËÀ§»óµÄ£©
befuddle v. ʹÃÔ»ó£¬Ê¹ÎªÄÑ£»Ê¹¾Æ×í»èÃÔ
befuddlement n. ÃÔ»ó²»½â
bemused adj. ãȻµÄ£¬À§»óµÄ
bewilder v. ÃԻ󣬻ìÂÒ
bewildering adj. ÁîÈËÃÔ»óµÄ£¬·Ñ½âµÄ
captivate v. ÃÔ»ó£¬ÎüÒý £¨captivation n. ÎüÒýÁ¦£¬÷ÈÁ¦£©
confound v. ʹÃԻ󣬸ã»ì
daze v. ʹãȻ£¬Ê¹Ñ£ÔÎ
delirious adj. ¾«Éñ´íÂÒµÄ
delirium n. ¾«Éñ´íÂÒ
deranged adj. ¾«Éñ´íÂҵģ¬Óо«Éñ²¡µÄ
derangement n. ¾«Éñ´íÂÒ
discombobulate v. ʹÀ§»ó£¬ÈÅÂÒ
discombobulated adj. ÈÅÂҵģ¬´òÂÒµÄ
discomfited adj. À§»óµÄ£¬ÞÏÞεÄ
elude v. ¸ã²»Ç壻ÌÓ±Ü
enthrall v. ÃÔ»ó£¬ÃÔס
fascinate v. ÃÔ»ó£¬ÃÔס
illusive adj. ÃÔ»óÈ˵ģ¬ÃԻõÄ
muddle n. ÃԻ󣬻ìÂÒ
nonplus v. ʹ¾½À§ÃÔ»ó£»n. ÃԻ󣬾½¾³ £¨nonplussed adj. ¾½À§ÃÔ»óµÄ£©
obfuscate v. ʹÀ§»ó£¬Ê¹ÃÔ»ó £¨obfuscation n. »èÃÔ£¬À§»ó£©
obsess v. ʹ¡­À§¾½£¬Ê¹¡­·³ÈÅ£»ÃÔס
quandary n. À§»ó£¬½øÍËÁ½ÄÑ
stupefy v. £¨Ê¹£©Ã£È»£¬ÏÅ´ô £¨stupid adj. ÓÞ±¿µÄ£©

2.2 ¿ìÀÖÓë¾ÚÉ¥
2.2.1 ¿ìÀÖ
agog adj. Ð˷ܵģ¬ÓÐÇ¿ÁÒÐËȤµÄ
agreeable adj. ÁîÈËϲÔõģ»ÐÀȻͬÒâµÄ
alacrity n. ÀÖÒ⣬ÐÀÈ»£»Ãô½Ý£¬»îÆÃ
amuse v. ʹÓä¿ì£¬¶ºÄ³ÈËЦ £¨amused adj. ±»¶ºÀÖµÄ amusement n. ÓéÀÖÆ·£¬ÏûDz amusing adj. ºÃЦµÄ£¬ÓÐȤµÄ£©
beatific adj. ¿ìÀֵģ¬×£¸£µÄ £¨beatitude n. ÖÁ¸££¬Ê®·ÖÐÒ¸££©
bliss n. ¿ñϲ£»¸£ÓÓ£¬Ìì´ÍµÄ¸£
blissful adj. ¼«ÐÒ¸£µÄ
blithe adj. ¿ìÀֵģ¬ÎÞÓÇÎÞÂǵÄ
bracing adj. ÁîÈËÕñ·ÜµÄ
buoyant adj. ¿ìÀֵģ»Óи¡Á¦µÄ £¨buoyancy n. ¸¡¶¯£¬¿ìÀÖ£©
convivial adj. »¶Àֵģ¬¿ñ»¶µÄ
conviviality n. »¶ÀÖ£»ºÃ½»¼Ê
delectation n. Óä¿ì£¬ÏíÊÜ
delectable adj. ÉÍÐÄÔÃÄ¿µÄ
deplore v. ±¯µ¿£¬°§Ì¾
ebullience n. Ð˳å³å£¬¿º·Ü
ecstasy n. ¿ñϲ£»¼¤Çé״̬
ecstatic adj. ¿ñϲµÄ£¬ÐÄ»¨Å­·ÅµÄ
elated adj. µÃÒâÑóÑóµÄ£¬Õñ·ÜµÄ
enrapture v. ʹ¿ñϲ£¬Ê¹¸ßÐË
euphoria n. ÐÒ¸£Óä¿ì¸Ð£¨ÐÀ¿ìÖ¢£©
exaltation n. £¨³É¹¦´øÀ´µÄ£©µÃÒ⣬¸ßÐË
excitability n. Ò×ÐË·ÜÐÔ£¬Ò×¼¤¶¯ÐÔ £¨excite v. ÐË·Ü£¬¼¤¶¯£©
exhilarate v. ʹ¸ßÐË
exhilaration n. ¸ßÐË£¬»îÔ¾
exuberance n. Óä¿ì£»×Â׳ £¨exuberant adj. ×Â׳µÄ£¬·±Ã¯µÄ£©
exult v. ϲÔ㬻¶ÌÚ
exultant adj. ·Ç³£¸ßÐ˵ģ¬»¶Ô¾µÄ
festal adj. »¶Àֵģ»½ÚÈÕµÄ
festive adj. »¶ÀÖµÄ
fragrant adj. Óä¿ìµÄ£»·¼ÏãµÄ
frisky adj. ¿ì»îµÄ£¬»îÆõÄ
frolicsome adj. ¿ì»îµÄ£¬»¶ÀÖµÄ
gaiety n. »¶ÀÖ£¬¿ì»î £¨gay adj. »¶ÀÖµÄ gaily adv. »¶Àֵأ©
genial adj. Óä¿ìµÄ£¬Æ¢ÆøºÃµÄ
glee n. »¶Ï²£¬¸ßÐË
gloat v. ÇÔϲ£¬ÐÒÔÖÀÖ»öµØ¿´
gratification n. ϲÔã¬Âú×ã
gratify v. ʹ¸ßÐË£¬Ê¹Âú×ã
halcyon adj. Óä¿ìµÄ£»Æ½¾²µÄ
hectic adj. Ð˷ܵģ»·±Ã¦µÄ
hilarious adj. ³äÂú»¶ÀÖµÄ
intoxicate v. £¨Ê¹£©ÐÀϲÈô¿ñ£»£¨Ê¹£©³Á×í£»£¨Ê¹£©ºÈ×í
jaunty adj. Óä¿ìµÄ£¬Âú×ãµÄ
jocund adj. ¿ìÀֵģ¬¸ßÐ˵Ä
jolly adj. »¶Àֵģ¬¿ìÀÖµÄ £¨jollity n. ¿ìÀÖ£¬»¶ÀÖ£©
jovial adj. Óä¿ìµÄ
jubilant adj. ϲÔõģ¬»¶ºôµÄ £¨jubilation n. ϲÔ㬻¶ºô£©
mirth n. »¶ÀÖ£¬»¶Ð¦
piquant adj. Ð˷ܵģ»ÐÁÀ±µÄ£¬¿ªÎ¸µÄ
rambunctious adj. £¨ÐË·Ü£©¿ØÖƲ»Á˵ģ»É§ÂÒµÄ
rejoice v. ¸ßÐË£¬Ï²»¶
rosy adj. ÃÀºÃµÄ£»Àֹ۵ģ»½¡¿µµÄ£»Ãµ¹åÉ«µÄ
sprightly adj. Óä¿ìµÄ£¬»îÆõÄ
transport n. ¿ñϲ£»v. ÔËÊä £¨transportation n. ÔËÊ䣻½»Í¨£©
upsurge n. £¨ÇéÐ÷£©¸ßÕÇ
vivacious adj. ¿ì»îµÄ£¬»îÆõÄ
yeast n. ÐË·Ü£»½Íĸ

acclaim v. »¶ºô£¬³ÆÔÞ £¨acclaimed adj. ÊÜ»¶Ó­µÄ£¬ÊܳÆÔ޵ģ©
caper v./n. ȸԾ£¬»¶±Ä
cavort v. ÌÚÔ½£¬»¶Ô¾
dally v. æÒÏ·£¬Ïе´
disport v. ÍæË££¬æÒÏ·
exult v. »¶ÌÚ£¬Ï²ÔÃ
exultant adj. »¶Ô¾µÄ£¬·Ç³£¸ßÐ˵Ä
frisk v./n. »¶Ô¾£»ÓéÀÖ
frolic v./n. æÒÏ·£»È¸Ô¾
frolicsome adj. ¿ì»îµÄ£¬»¶ÀÖµÄ
gambol n./v. ȸԾ£»æÒÏ·
jocular adj. æÒÏ·µÄ£»»¬»üµÄ£¬Ú¶Ð³µÄ
jubilant adj. »¶ºôµÄ£¬Ï²ÔÃµÄ £¨jubilation n. ϲÔ㬻¶ºô£©
lark n./v. ÍæÀÖ£¬æÒË££»£¨n. °ÙÁéÄñ£»ÔÆȸ£©
rollicking adj. »¶ÄÖµÄ
triumph v./n. »¶ÐÀ£¬¿­Ðý£¬Ê¤Àû

bacchanal n. £¨ÐÐΪ·Å×ݵģ©¿ñ»¶»á
felicitate v. ×£ºØ£¬Çì×£ £¨felicific adj. µ¼Ö¿ìÀÖµÄ felicity n. ÐÒ¸££»Êʵ±µÄ´ë´Ç£©
jamboree n. ¿ìÀÖ¡¢ÐúÄֵļ¯»á
revelry n. ¿ñ»¶ £¨revel v. ÌÕ×í£¬¿ñ»¶£©

optimism n. ÀÖ¹ÛÖ÷Òå £¨optimize v. ʹÍêÉÆ£©
optimist n. ÀÖ¹ÛÖ÷ÒåÕß
sanguine adj. ÀÖ¹ÛµÄ
rosy adj. Àֹ۵ģ»ÃÀºÃµÄ£»½¡¿µµÄ£»Ãµ¹åÉ«µÄ

2.2.2 ÐÒÔË
auspicious adj. ÐÒÔ˵ģ»¼ªÕ×µÄ
fluke n. ½ÄÐÒ£»ÒâÏë²»µ½µÄÊÂ
fortuitous adj. ÐÒÔ˵ģ»Å¼È»µÄ£¬ÒâÍâµÄ
propitious adj. ¼ªÀûµÄ£»Ë³ÀûµÄ
prosperity n. ÐÒÔË£»·±ÈÙ£»½¡¿µ
providential adj. ÐÒÔ˵ģ»Ç¡µ½ºÃ´¦µÄ
windfall n. ÒâÍâµÄºÃÔË£»·ç´µÂäµÄ¹ûʵ

2.2.3 ÓÇÓô£¬¾ÚÉ¥
bleak adj. Òõ³ÁµÄ£»ÒõÓôµÄ£¬°µµ­µÄ£»º®ÀäµÄ
blue adj. ÓÇÉ˵ģ¬¾ÚÉ¥µÄ
dampen v. ʹ¾ÚÉ¥£¬ÆÃÁ¹Ë®£»£¨Ê¹£©³±Êª
deflated adj. »ÒÐÄÉ¥ÆøµÄ £¨deflation n. ·ÅÆø£»Í¨»õ½ôËõ£©
dejected adj. ¾ÚÉ¥µÄ£¬Ê§ÍûµÄ
demoralize v. ʹʿÆøµÍÂä
depressed adj. Ïû³ÁµÄ£»°¼ÏݵÄ
depression n. ÓdzÏû³Á£»ÊýÁ¿¼õÉÙ
desperate adj. £¨¾øÍûµÄ£©£»²»¹ËËÀ»îµÄ£¬Æ´ÃüµÄ
despondent adj. ÒâÆøÏû³ÁµÄ£¬Ê§ÍûµÄ
dishearten v. ʹ¡­»ÒÐÄ
dismal adj. ʹÈ˱¯É˵ģ¬Òõ³ÁµÄ
dismay n. ¾ÚÉ¥£¬ÆøÄÙ£»v. ʹÆøÄÙ
doldrums n. ÇéÐ÷µÍÂ䣻³àµÀÎÞ·ç´ø
doleful adj. ÓdzîµÄ£¬Ïû³ÁµÄ
dolorous adj. ±¯°§µÄ£¬ÓdzîµÄ
dour adj. Á³É«Òõ³ÁµÄ£¬ÑÏÀ÷µÄ
droop v. ¾ÚÉ¥£»µÍ´¹
dyspeptic adj. ²»¸ßÐ˵ģ»Ïû»¯²»Á¼µÄ
frustrate v. ʹ¾ÚÉ¥£¬´ìÕÛ
funereal adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ£»ÊÊÓÚÔáÀñµÄ £¨funeral n. ÔáÀñ£©
gloom n. ÓÇÓô£»ºÚ°µ
gloomy adj. ÒõÓôµÄ£»Òõ°µµÄ£»Ã»ÓÐÏ£ÍûµÄ
grief n. ÓÇÉË£¬±¯ÉË
grieve v. ʹijÈ˼«Îª±¯ÉË
grievous adj. ÑÏÖØÉ˺¦µÄ
hangdog adj. ÓdzîµÄ£»µÍ¼úµÄ
heartrending adj. ÁîÈËÐÄËéµÄ
lament v./n. ±¯ÉË£»°§µ¿ £¨lamentation n. ±¯ÉË£¬°§µ¿£©
lamentable adj. ÁîÈËÍïϧµÄ£¬»ÚºÞµÄ
melancholy adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ£»ÁîÈ˱¯É赀 £¨melancholic adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ£©
mope v./n. ÒÖÓô²»ÀÖ£¬ÉúÃÆÆø
morose adj. ÒõÓôµÄ
mourn v. °§ÉË£¬°§µ¿
mournful adj. ±¯É˵Ä
pathetic adj. ÁîÈËÄѹýµÄ£»ÒýÆðÁ¯ÃõµÄ
pathos n. ¸ÐÉË£¬°§Íñ£¬±¯âë
pensive adj. ³îü¿àÁ³µÄ£»³Á˼µÄ
plaintive adj. ÉËÐĵģ¬¿ÉÁ¯µÄ
plangent adj. ±¯°§µÄ£»ºäÃùµÄ
poignant adj. ÉËÐĵģ»¼âÈñµÄ £¨poignancy n. ÐÁËáÊ£»¼âÈñ£©
prostrate adj. ¾ÚÉ¥µÄ£»¸©ÎԵģ»v. ʹϹò¾Ï¹ª
sadden v. ʹÉËÐÄ£¬Ê¹±¯°§
saturnine adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ£¬Òõ³ÁµÄ
somber adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ£»Òõ°µµÄ
sullen adj. ÓÇÓôµÄ
surly adj. Òõ³ÁµÄ£»Æ¢Æø±©ÔêµÄ
wistful adj. ã°âêµÄ£¬¿ÊÍûµÄ

inhumane adj. ²»½üÈËÇéµÄ
killjoy n. ÁîÈËɨÐ˵ÄÈË
noisome adj. ÁîÈ˲»¿ìµÄ£»¶ñ³ôµÄ
obnoxious adj. ÁîÈ˲»Óä¿ìµÄ£»¿ÉÔ÷µÄ
offensive adj. ÁîÈ˲»¿ìµÄ£¬µÃ×ïÈ˵Ä
pique n./v. £¨Òò×Ô×ðÐÄÊÜÉ˺¦¶øµ¼Öµģ©²»Ô㬷ßÅ­£»v. ð·¸
undesirable adj. ÁîÈ˲»Ôõģ¬ÌÖÑáµÄ

2.2.4 Í´¿à£¬ÕÛÄ¥
afflict v. ʹʹ¿à£¬ÕÛÄ¥
affliction n. ±¯Í´£¬ÊÜÄѵÄÔ­Òò
aggrieve v. ʹʹ¿à£¬Ê¹ÊÜίÇü
careworn adj. ÊÜÓÇÂÇÕÛÄ¥µÄ£¬±¥¾­·ç˪µÄ
crestfallen adj. ´ì°ÜµÄ£¬Ê§ÍûµÄ
distress n. Í´¿à£¬±¯Í´
embitter v. ʹʹ¿à£¬Ê¹ÄÑÊÜ
excruciate v. ÕÛÄ¥£¬Ê©¿áÐÌ£¬¿½ÎÊ
faze v. ÕÛÄ¥£¬Ê¹¡­ÀDZ· £¨fazed adj. »ìÂҵģ©
flounder v. ÕõÔú£»¼è¿àµØÒƶ¯£»n. ±ÈÄ¿Óã
frustrate v. ´ìÕÛ£¬Ê¹¾ÚÉ¥
gnawing adj. Í´¿àµÄ£¬ÕÛÄ¥È˵Ä
grievance n. ίÇü£¬±§Ô¹
harrow v. ʹʹ¿à£»n. °Ò
harrowing adj. ±¯Í´µÄ£¬ÄÑÊܵÄ
harry v. ÕÛÄ¥£»ÂӶ᣻ϮÈÅ
infliction n. £¨Ç¿¼ÓÓÚÈËÉíµÄ£©Í´¿à£¬ÐÌ·£
irk v. ʹ¿àÄÕ£¬Ñá·³
irksome adj. ÁîÈË¿àÄյģ¬ÌÖÑáµÄ
mortify v. ʹʹÐÄ£¬Ê¹ÇüÈè
ordeal n. Í´¿à¾­Ñ飬ÑϾþ¿¼Ñé
purgatory n. ÊÜ¿àÊÜÄѵĵط½£»Á¶Óü
setback n. ´ìÕÛ
smart n. Í´¿à£»adj. ʱ÷ֵģ»´ÏÃ÷µÄ
thorny adj. Í´¿àµÄ£¬À§Äѵģ»¶à´ÌµÄ
thwart v. ×èÄÓ£¬Ê¹¡­ÊÜ´ì
torment n. ÕÛÄ¥£¬Í´¿à
torture n. ÕÛÄ¥£¬¿áÐÌ£»v. ¶Ô¡­Ê©ÒÔ¿àÐÌ
tribulation n. ¿àÄÑ£¬ÔÖÄÑ
woe n. ±¯Í´£¬¿àÄÑ

agony n. ¼«´óÍ´¿à
anguish n. ¼«´óÍ´¿à
pang n. Ò»Õó¾çÍ´
twinge n. £¨ÉúÀí¡¢ÐÄÀíÉϵģ©¾çÍ´

fag v. ¿à¸É£»n. ¿à¹¤
lucubrate v. ÂñÍ·¿à¸É£¬¿Ì¿à¹¥¶Á

2.2.5 ²»ÐÒ
infelicitous adj. ²»Ðҵģ¬²»Í×µ±µÄ
infelicity n. ²»ÐÒ£»²»Ç¡µ±
sinister adj. ²»¼ªÏéµÄ£»ÏÕ¶ñµÄ £¨sinistral adj. ×ó±ßµÄ sinistrorse adj. ×óÐýµÄ£©
star-crossed adj. ʱÔ˲»¼ÃµÄ
untoward adj. ²»Ðҵģ¬£¨»µÊ£©Ã»Áϵ½µÄ

2.2.6 ·¦Î¶
arid adj. ¿ÝÔïµÄ£»¸ÉºµµÄ £¨aridness n. ¸ÉÔ
boring adj. ÎÞȤµÄ£¬·¦Î¶µÄ
corny adj. ƽµ­ÎÞÆæµÄ£»Ïç°ÍÀеÄ
drab adj. ÎÞÁĵģ»¿Ý»ÆÉ«µÄ
dreary adj. ³ÁÃƵģ¬·¦Î¶µÄ
dull adj. £¨¿ÝÔ﷦ζµÄ£©£»²»ÏÊÃ÷µÄ£»³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»v. ±ä³Ù¶Û
ennui n. ÎÞÁÄ£¬¾ëµ¡£»v. ʹÎÞÁÄ
grind n. ¿ÝÔ﷦ζµÄ¹¤×÷£»v. Ä¥Ë飬ÄëËé
humdrum adj. µ¥µ÷µÄ£¬·¦Î¶µÄ
insipid adj. ·¦Î¶µÄ£¬¿ÝÔïµÄ
lackadaisical adj. ÎÞÐËȤµÄ£»ÎÞ¾«´ò²ÉµÄ
monotone adj. µ¥µ÷µÄ
monotonous adj. µ¥µ÷µÄ£¬ÎÞÁĵÄ
monotony n. µ¥µ÷£¬Ç§ÆªÒ»ÂÉ
prosaic adj. µ¥µ÷µÄ£¬ÎÞȤµÄ
stodgy adj. ·¦Î¶µÄ
tame adj. ³ÁÃƵģ»Ñ±·þµÄ
tedious adj. ³ÁÃƵģ¬Èß³¤µÄ
tedium n. µ¥µ÷·¦Î¶
vapid adj. Ë÷È»ÎÞζµÄ £¨vapidity n. ·¦Î¶£©

3. ÐÎÈÝÐÔ¸ñ
3.1 ´ÏÃ÷ÓëÓÞ´À
3.1.1 ´ÏÃ÷
astute adj. »úÃôµÄ£¬¾«Ã÷µÄ
calculating adj. ÉîıԶÂǵģ¬¾«Ã÷µÄ
canny adj. ¾«Ã÷×ÐϸµÄ
hardheaded adj. ¾«Ã÷µÄ£¬£¨ÉÌÒµÉÏ£©ÏÖʵµÄ £¨Íç¹ÌµÄ£¬½²Çóʵ¼ÊµÄ£©
ingenious adj. ´ÏÃ÷µÄ£¬Óз¢Ã÷Ìì²ÅµÄ £¨ingeniousness n. ×ãÖǶàı£»ÇÉÃ
ingenuity n. ÇÉ˼£¬´ÏÃô
perspicuity n. ´ÏÃ÷î£ÖÇ£»Ã÷Îú
provident adj. ÉîıԶÂǵģ»½Ú¼óµÄ
sagacious adj. ´ÏÃ÷µÄ£¬î£ÖǵÄ
sage adj. Öǻ۵ģ»n. ÖÇÕß
sapient adj. ÓÐÖÇ»ÛµÄ £¨sapience n. ÏÍÃ÷£¬î£ÖÇ£©
shrewd adj. ¾«Ã÷µÄ£¬ÅжÏÃô½ÝµÄ
smart adj. ´ÏÃ÷µÄ£»Ê±÷ֵģ»n. Í´¿à

intellect n. ÖÇÁ¦£¬Ë¼Î¬ÄÜÁ¦
intellectual adj. ÖÇÁ¦µÄ£¬ÀíÖǵģ»n. ֪ʶ·Ö×Ó
judicious adj. Ã÷Öǵģ»ÓÐÅжÏÁ¦µÄ
judiciousness n. Ã÷ÖÇ
outfox v. ÒÔ»úÖÇʤ¹ý
outwit v. ÒÔ»úÖÇʤ¹ý
resourceful adj. »úÖǵÄ
sane adj. Ã÷Öǵģ¬ÉñÖ¾Çå³þµÄ
sanity n. ÉñÖ¾Çå³þ
scintillate v. £¨Ì¸Í£©Á÷¶»úÖÇ£»ÉÁ˸
sensible adj. Ã÷Öǵģ»¿É¸Ð¾õµ½µÄ
tact n. »úÖÇ£»Ô²»¬
wit n. ÖÇÁ¦£¬»úÖÇ

3.1.2 Ô¨²©
encyclopedic adj. ¹ã²©µÄ£¬ÖªÊ¶Ô¨²©µÄ
encyclopedia n. °Ù¿ÆÈ«Êé
erudite adj. ²©Ñ§µÄ£¬±¥Ñ§µÄ
informed adj. ¼û¶àʶ¹ãµÄ£»ÏûÏ¢ÁéͨµÄ
literate adj. ÓÐÎÄ»¯ÐÞÑøµÄ£»ÓжÁдÄÜÁ¦µÄ
omniscient adj. ÎÞËù²»ÖªµÄ£¬²©Ê¶µÄ
profound adj. Ô¨²©µÄ£¬Éî°ÂµÄ£»ÉîµÄ£¬Éî¿ÌµÄ £¨profundity n. Éî°Â£¬Éî¿Ì£©
savvy adj. ÓмûʶºÍ¾«Ã÷ÄܸɵÄ
versatile adj. ¶à²Å¶àÒյģ»¶àÓÃ;µÄ

illuminati n. ÏȾõÕߣ¬ÖÇÕß
literati n. ÎÄÈË£»Ñ§Õß[¸´] £¨literatus n. ÎÄÈË£¨µ¥Êý£©£©
polymath n. ֪ʶ¹ã²©Õß
pundit n. ȨÍþÈËÊ¿£¬×¨¼Ò£¨Ó¡¶ÈѧÕߣ¬èóÎÄѧÕߣ¬²©Ñ§Õߣ©
sage n. ÖÇÕߣ»adj. Öǻ۵Ä
savant n. ²©Ñ§Ö®Ê¿£¬´óѧʿ

3.1.3 Ãô½Ý
acuity n. £¨ÓÈָ˼Ïë»ò¸Ð¹Ù£©ÃôÈñ
acumen n. ÃôÈñ£¬¾«Ã÷
acute adj. ÁéÃôµÄ
agile adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬Áé»îµÄ
agility n. Ãô½Ý
alacrity n. Ãô½Ý£¬»îÆã»ÀÖÒ⣬ÐÀÈ»
brisk adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬»îÆõģ»Çåн¡¿µµÄ
dapper adj. ¶¯×÷Ãô½ÝµÄ£»Õû½àƯÁÁµÄ
expeditious adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬Ñ¸ËÙµÄ £¨expedite v. ʹ¼ÓËÙ£¬´Ù½ø£©
flexible adj. Áé»îµÄ£¬Ò×ÍäÇúµÄ
limber adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬Ò×ÍäÇúµÄ
nimble adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬Áé»îµÄ
piercing adj. ÃôÈñµÄ£»£¨º®·ç£©´Ì¹ÇµÄ
prompt adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬Ñ¸Ëٵģ»v. ´Ùʹ£¬¼¤Æ𠣨promptness n. Ãô½Ý£¬Ñ¸ËÙ£©
ready adj. »úÃôµÄ£¬Ñ¸ËÙµÄ
responsive adj. Ãô¸ÐµÄ£¬·´Ó¦¿ìµÄ
sensitive adj. Ãô¸ÐµÄ
sensitivity n. Ãô¸Ð£¬ÁéÃôÐÔ
sensitization n. Ãô»¯ £¨sensitize v. ʹÃô¸Ð£©
sensitize v. ʹijÈË»òijÊÂÎïÃô¸Ð
swift adj. Ãô½ÝµÄ£»Ñ¸ËÙµÄ
touchy v. Ãô¸ÐµÄ£¬Ò×·¢Æ¢ÆøµÄ

3.1.4 ÊìÁ·
accomplished adj. Óм¼Çɵģ¬ÓÐÔìÒèµÄ£»Íê³ÉÁ˵Ä
adept adj. ÀÏÁ·µÄ£¬¾«Í¨µÄ
adroit adj. ÊìÁ·µÄ£¬ÁéÇÉµÄ £¨adroitly adv. ÊìÁ·µØ£¬»úÃôµØ£©
ambidextrous adj. Ê®·ÖÁéÇɵÄ
bravura adj. ÏÔʾ¼¼Çɵģ»»ªÃÀµÄ£»n. »ªÃÀÀÖ¶Î
conversant adj. ¾«Í¨µÄ£¬ÊìÖªµÄ £¨conversance/conversancy n. ¾«Í¨£©
crafty adj. ÊìÁ·µÄ£»½ÆÕ©µÄ
cunning adj. ÁéÇɵģ»ÉÆÓÚÆ­È˵ģ»n. ÆÛÕ©ÐÐΪ
deft adj. ÁéÇɵģ¬ÊìÁ·µÄ
dexterity n. ´¿Ê죬ÁéÇÉ
ethereal adj. ÇáÇɵģ»Ì«¿ÕµÄ £¨ether n. Ì«¿Õ£»²ÔÌ죩
familiarity n. ¾«Í¨£»Ç×½ü£»²»¾ÐÀñÒÇ £¨familiar adj. ÊìϤµÄ£©
proficient adj. ÊìÁ·µÄ£¬¾«Í¨µÄ
seasoned adj. Óо­ÑéµÄ£¬ÑµÁ·ÓÐËصÄ
sleight n. ÁéÇÉ£»ÇÉÃî°ì·¨£¬ÇɼÆ
slick adj. ÊìÁ·µÄ£»Ô²»¬µÄ£»¹â»¬µÄ
virtuosity n. ¾«Õ¿¼¼ÇÉ£¬¸ß³¬
virtuoso n. ÑÝÒÕ¾«Õ¿µÄÈË
wizardry n. ÊìÁ·£»Ä§Êõ

manipulative adj. ÀÏÓÚÊÀ¹ÊµÄ£¬²Ù×ݱðÈ˵Ä
sophisticated adj. ÀÏÓÚÊÀ¹ÊµÄ£»£¨ÒÇÆ÷£©¾«ÃܵÄ
sophistication n. ¾Ã¾­ÊÀ¹Ê£¬ÀÏÁ·£¬¾«Ã÷£»¹î±ç£¬Ç¿´Ê¶áÀí

3.1.5 ¶´²ìÁ¦¡¢±æ±ðÁ¦¡¢Ëµ·þÁ¦
apprehensive adj. ÓÐÑÛÁ¦µÄ£»º¦ÅµÄ
clairvoyance n. ³¬È˵Ķ´²ìÁ¦
clairvoyant adj. Óж´²ìÁ¦µÄ£¬Í¸ÊÓµÄ
penetration n. ¶´²ìÁ¦£»´©Í¸
perception n. ¶´²ìÁ¦£»¸Ð¾õ £¨percept n. ¸ÐÖª£¬ÈÏʶ£©
perspicacious adj. ¶À¾ß»ÛÑÛµÄ

cogent adj. ÓÐ˵·þÁ¦µÄ £¨cogency n. ˵·þÁ¦£¬Öпϣ©
discernible adj. ¿Éʶ±ðµÄ£¬ÒÀÏ¡¿É±æµÄ
judicious adj. ÓÐÅжÏÁ¦µÄ£»Ã÷ÖǵÄ
myopic adj. ȱ·¦±æ±ðÁ¦µÄ£»½üÊÓÑÛµÄ
shrewd adj. ÅжÏÃô½ÝµÄ£¬¾«Ã÷µÄ

3.1.6 ÇÉÃî
acquired adj. ºóÌìÏ°µÃµÄ
gnomic adj. ¾«±ÙµÄ£¬¸ñÑÔµÄ
ineffable adj. Ãî²»¿ÉÑÔµÄ
plausible adj. ×ìÇɵģ»ËÆÊǶø·ÇµÄ£¬ËƺõºÏÀíµÄ
sleight n. ÇÉÃî°ì·¨£¬Çɼƣ»ÁéÇÉ
subtle adj. ΢ÃîµÄ£¬¾«ÇÉµÄ £¨subtly adv. ¾«Ï¸µØ£¬ÇÉÃîµØ£©

3.1.7 ·½±ã
convenience n. ·½±ã£¨µÄÓþߡ¢»úеµÈ£©£»ÓÐÒ棬±ãÀû
expediency n. ·½±ã£»È¨ÒËÖ®¼Æ
portable adj. Çá±ãµÄ£¬ÊÖÌáʽµÄ £¨portage n. °áÔË·Ñ£©

3.1.8 ÓÞ´À£¬±¿×¾
amateurish adj. ²»ÊìÁ·µÄ£¬ÒµÓà°®ºÃµÄ
asinine adj. ÓÞ±¿µÄ£»£¨Â¿µÄ£»ËÆ¿µÄ£©
awkward adj. ±¿×¾µÄ£»ÄÑÓõģ»²»±ãµÄ
blunder n. ÓÞ´ÀÖ®¾Ù£»v. ±¿×¾µØ×ö£»·¸´ó´í
bovine adj. ³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»£¨ËÆ£©Å£µÄ
clumsy adj. ±¿×¾µÄ£»×¾ÁÓµÄ
crass adj. Ó޶۵ģ¬´Ö²ÚµÄ
cumbersome adj. ±¿ÖصÄ
daft adj. ɵµÄ
dote v. »èñù£»Äç°®
dotage n. ÀÏÄêºýÍ¿£¨ÀÏÐࣩ£»Äç°®
dull adj. ³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»²»ÏÊÃ÷µÄ£»£¨¿ÝÔ﷦ζµÄ£©£»v. ±ä³Ù¶Û
elephantine adj. ±¿×¾µÄ£¬ÅÓ´óµÄ
fatuity n. ÓÞ´À£¬ÓÞÃÁ
fatuous adj. ÓÞÃÁ¶ø²»×ÔÖªµÄ
folly n. ÓÞ´À£»ÓÞ´ÀµÄÐÐΪ£¬Ë¼Ïë»ò×ö·¨
gauche adj. ±¿×¾µÄ£¬²»»áÉç½»µÄ
gaucherie n. ±¿×¾
heavy-handedness n. ±¿×¾£¬´ÖÁÓ
ignorant adj. ÎÞÖªµÄ£¬ÓÞÃÁµÄ
illiterate adj. ÎÄäµÄ
impolitic adj. ²»Öǵģ¬Ê§²ßµÄ
imprudent adj. ²»Öǵģ»ÇáÂʵÄ
inert adj. Ðж¯³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»¶èÐÔµÄ
inexpedient adj. ²»Ã÷Öǵģ¬²»Êʵ±µÄ
infatuate v. ʹºýÍ¿£¨³å»èÍ·ÄÔ£©£»Ê¹ÃÔÁµ
insanity n. ÓÞÃÁ£»·è¿ñ
insensate adj. ´À±¿µÄ£»Î޸оõµÄ
lackluster adj. ´ôÖ͵ģ»ÎÞ¹âÔóµÄ
lethargy n. ´ôÖÍÀÁÉ¢£»»è˯£»¾ëµ¡
lunatic adj. ¼«´ÀµÄ£»n. ·è×Ó
maladroit adj. ±¿×¾µÄ
muzzy adj. Í·ÄÔºýÍ¿µÄ
numb adj. ÂéľµÄ
oafishness n. ³Õ´ô
obtuse adj. ÓÞ±¿µÄ£»²»ÈñÀûµÄ
ponderous adj. ±¿Öصģ¬±¿×¾µÄ
purblind adj. Ó޶۵ģ»ÊÓÁ¦²»¼ÑµÄ£¨°ëϹµÄ£©
refractory adj. ·´Ó¦³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»¾óÇ¿µÄ
uncouth adj. ´ÖÒ°±¿×¾µÄ
unenlightened adj. ÓÞÃÁÎÞÖªµÄ£»²»ÎÄÃ÷µÄ
unwieldy adj. ±¿Öصģ¬±¿×¾µÄ
vacuous adj. ·¢´ôµÄ£¬ÓÞ±¿µÄ £¨vacuity n. [ÏëÏñÁ¦µÈ]ƶ·¦£¬ÎÞÁÄ£©

blunder v. ±¿×¾µØ×ö£»·¸´ó´í£»n. ÓÞ´ÀÖ®¾Ù
botch v. £¨±¿ÊÖ±¿½ÅµØ£©Åª»µÄ³ÊÂ
bumble v. ×¾ÁÓµØ×ö£»Ëµ»°º¬ºý
fritter v. £¨ÔÚÎÞÒâÒåµÄСÊÂÉÏ£©ÓÞ´ÀµØÀË·Ñ£¨Ê±¼äºÍ½ðÇ®£©£»ÇÐËé
fumble v. ±¿×¾ËÑÑ°£¬ÃþË÷£»ÅªÂÒ£¬¸ãÔã
lumber v. ±¿×¾µØ×ߣ¬õçõǶøÐУ»n. ÔÓÎľ²Ä

buffoon n. ´ÖË׶øÓÞ´ÀµÄÈË£»ÑݳöʱµÄ³ó½Ç
dolt n. ɵ¹Ï
dullard n. ÓÞÈË£¬±¿µ°
dunce n. ±¿ÈË
gander n. ±¿ÈË£»Ð۶죻v. Ïйä
hulk n. ±¿ÖصÄÈË»òÎ·Ï´¬£¬´¬¿Ç
imbecile n. ÐÄÖÇÄÜÁ¦¼«µÍµÄÈË £¨imbecility n. µÍÄÜ£¬ÓÞ´À£©
loon n. ÓÞÈË£»·è×Ó
lunatic n. ·è×Ó£»adj. ¼«´ÀµÄ
moron n. ¼«´ÀÖ®ÈË£¬µÍÄܶù £¨moronic adj. ³Õ´ÀµÄ£©
pedant n. Óظ¯Ö®ÈË£¬Êé´ô×Ó£»£¨Ñ§¾¿£© £¨pedantic adj. ÊéÉúÆøµÄ£©
simpleton n. ±¿µ°

daubster n. ×¾ÁӵĻ­¼Ò
versemonger n. ×¾ÁÓÊ«ÈË£¬´òÓÍÊ«ÈË

3.2 ¿¶¿®ÓëÁßØÄ
3.2.1 ¿¶¿®£¬´ó·½
bounteous adj. ¿¶¿®µÄ£»·á¸»µÄ
generosity n. ¿¶¿®£¬´ó·½
impassioned adj. ¿¶¿®¼¤°ºµÄ
liberality n. ¿¶¿®£»ÐÄÐØ¿ªÀ« £¨liberal adj. ¿¶¿®µÄ£¬¿ªÃ÷µÄ£©
magnanimity n. ¿¶¿®
magnanimous adj. ¿¶¿®µÄ£¬¿íºê´óÁ¿µÄ
munificence n. ¿¶¿®£¬¿íºê´óÁ¿
ungrudging adj. ¿¶¿®µÄ
unstinting adj. ¼«Îª¿¶¿®µÄ£¬´ó·½µÄ

gracious adj. ´ó·½µÄ£¬ºÍÉƵģ»ÉÝ»ªµÄ
expansive adj. £¨Ö¸ÈË£©¿ªÀʵģ¬½¡Ì¸µÄ£»¿ÉÀ©´óµÄ£¬¿ÉÉìÕ¹µÄ
hospitable adj. »í´ïµÄ
leniency n. ¿íÈÝ£¬ÎºÍ
lenient adj. ¿í´óµÄ£»ÈÊ´ÈµÄ £¨lenience n. ¿í´ó£¬ÎÂºÍ lenitive adj. »ººÍµÄ£©

3.2.2 ÁßØÄ
begrudge v. ÁßØÄ£¬ÃãÇ¿¸ø
grudge v. ÁßØÄ£¬²»Âú
mean adj. ÁßØĵģ»±°¼úµÄ
miserly adj. ÁßØĵģ¬Ì°À·µÄ
parsimony n. ÁßØÄ£¬¹ý·Ö½Ú¼ó
penury n. ÁßØÄ£»Æ¶Çî
stinginess n. СÆø
stingy adj. ÁßØĵģ¬Ð¡ÆøµÄ
stint v. Áßϧ£¬½ÚÊ¡
tightfisted adj. ÁßØĵÄ

miser n. ÁßØÄ¹í£¬ÊزÆÅ«
niggard n. ÁßØĹí
screw n. ÁßØÄ¹í£»ÂÝË¿¶¤£¬ÂÝÐý
skinflint n. ÁßØĹí

3.2.3 Æ«ÏÁ
bigot n. ÐÄÐØÏÁÕ­Õߣ»£¨×ڽ̡¢ÕþÖεȵģ©Ã¤ÐÅÕß
gnat n. ¶ÔСʽï½ï¼Æ½Ï£¬ËöÊÂ
hidebound adj. ÐÄÐØÏÁÕ­µÄ£¬Íç¹ÌµÄ
illiberal adj. ÆøÁ¿ÏÁÕ­µÄ
insular adj. ÐÄÐØÏÁÕ­µÄ£»µºÓìµÄ
insularity n. £¨Ë¼Ïë¹ÛµãµÈµÄ£©Æ«ÏÁ£»µº¹ú״̬£¬ÓëÍâ½ç¸ô¾øµÄÉú»î×´¿ö
petty adj. СÐÄÑ۵ģ»ËöËéµÄ
provincial adj. Æ«ÏÁµÄ£¬´ÖË×µÄ £¨province n. Ê¡£©

3.2.4 ¼µ¶Ê
invidious adj. ÕÐÈ˼µ¶ÊµÄ£¬ÈÇÈË·´¸ÐµÄ£¬µ¼ÖÂÉ˺¦ºÍ³ðºÞµÄ
jealousy n. ¼µ¶Ê£¬²Â¼É

3.3 ½ÚÔ¼ÓëÀË·Ñ
3.3.1 ½ÚÔ¼
abstemious adj. ½Ú¼óµÄ£¬ÓнÚÖƵÄ
economical adj. ½ÚÔ¼µÄ£¬¾­¼ÃµÄ£¨Êµ»ÝµÄ£©
frugal adj. ½ÚÔ¼µÄ£¬½Ú¼óµÄ
husband v. Í×ÉƶøÓÖ½ÚÔ¼µØ¹ÜÀí£»×ö¡­µÄÕÉ·ò
husbandry n. ½Ú¼ó¹ÜÀí£»¸ûÖÖ£¬ÎñÅ©
provident adj. ½Ú¼óµÄ£»ÉîıԶÂǵÄ
prudent adj. ½Ú¼óµÄ£»½÷É÷µÄ£¬Èý˼¶øºóÐеģ¬¾«Ã÷µÄ
retrench v. ½ÚÊ¡£¬½ôËõ·ÑÓÃ
retrenchment n. ½ÚÊ¡£¬Ï÷¼õ
skimp v. ½ÚÊ¡»¨·Ñ
sparing adj. ½Ú¼óµÄ
stint v. ½ÚÊ¡£¬Áßϧ
thrifty adj. ½ÚÊ¡µÄ

austere adj. ÆÓËصÄ
austerity n. ÆÓËØ£¬¼è¿à
chaste adj. ÆÓʵµÄ£»Õê½àµÄ £¨chastity n. Õê½Ú£¬´¿½à£©
homely adj. ÆÓËصģ»²»Æ¯ÁÁµÄ
ingenuous adj. ´¿Æӵģ¬µ¥´¿µÄ
naive adj. ´¿Æӵģ¬ÌìÕæµÄ
naivety n. ´¿ÆÓ£¬ÌìÕ棬Ó×ÖÉ
spartan adj. ¼òÆӵģ»¿Ì¿àµÄ

3.3.2 ½ÚÖÆ
abstemious adj. ÓнÚÖƵģ¬½Ú¼óµÄ
abstention n. ½ÚÖÆ
abstentious adj. ½ÚÖƵÄ
abstinent adj. ÓнÚÖƵģ¬½ûÓûµÄ£¬ÒûʳÓжȵÄ
ascetic adj. ½ûÓûµÄ£»n. ¿àÐÐÕß £¨asceticism n. ½ûÓûÖ÷Ò壩
blase adj. Ñá¾ëÏíÀֵģ¬ÀäÄ®µÄ
constrained adj. ½ÚÖƵģ¬Êø¸¿µÄ
continent adj. ×ÔÖƵģ»n. ´ó½ £¨continence n. ½ÚÖÆ£¬¿ËÖÆÁ¦£©
forbearance n. ×ÔÖÆ£¬ÈÌÄÍ
sobriety n. ½ÚÖÆ£¬×¯ÖØ

ascetic n. ¿àÐÐÕߣ»adj. ½ûÓûµÄ £¨asceticism n. ½ûÓûÖ÷Ò壩
prude n. ¹ý·ÖÊØÀñµÄÈË
stoic n. ¼áÈ̿˼ºÖ®ÈË £¨stoical adj. ²»ÒÔ¿àÀÖΪÒâµÄ£©
stickler n. ¼á³Öϸ½ÚÖ®ÈË

3.3.3 ÀË·Ñ£¬²»½ÚÖÆ
dissipate v. ÀË·Ñ£»£¨Ê¹£©ÇýÉ¢
footle v. ÀË·Ñ£¨Ê±¼ä£©£»ºúÄÖ
fritter v. £¨ÔÚÎÞÒâÒåµÄСÊÂÉÏ£©ÓÞ´ÀµØÀË·Ñ£¨Ê±¼äºÍ½ðÇ®£©£»ÇÐËé
improvident adj. ²»½Ú¼óµÄ£»ÎÞÔ¶¼ûµÄ
lavish adj. À˷ѵģ»·á¸»µÄ
profuse adj. À˷ѵģ»ºÜ¶àµÄ
squander v. ÀË·Ñ£¬»Ó»ô

extravagance n. Éݳޣ¬»Ó»ô
gracious adj. ÉÝ»ªµÄ£»´ó·½µÄ£¬ºÍÉƵÄ
luxurious adj. Éݳ޵ģ¬ºÀ»ªµÄ
luxury n. Éݳޣ¨Æ·£©
plush adj. ºÀ»ªµÄ
prodigal adj. »Ó»ôµÄ£»n. »Ó»ôÕß
profligate adj. »Ó½ðÈçÍÁµÄ£»n. »Ó»ôÕß
spendthrift adj./n. »Ó½ðÈçÍÁµÄ£¨ÈË£©
splurge n. °ÚÀ«£¬ìÅÒ«
sumptuous adj. ºÀ»ªµÄ£¬Éݳ޵Ä

prodigal n. »Ó»ôÕߣ»adj. »Ó»ôµÄ
profligate n. »Ó»ôÕߣ»adj. »Ó½ðÈçÍÁµÄ
spendthrift adj./n. »Ó½ðÈçÍÁµÄ£¨ÈË£©
sybarite n. ÉݳÞÒÝÀÖµÄÈË
wastrel n. »Ó»ôÎ޶ȵÄÈË £¨wastry n. »Ó»ô£©

dissolute adj. ÎÞ½ÚÖƵģ¬·Åµ´µÄ
unconscionable adj. ÎÞ½ÚÖƵģ¬¹ý¶ÈµÄ
wanton adj. ÎÞ½ÚÖƵģ¬·Å×ݵģ»ÍçƤµÄ

3.3.4 ÏíÀÖ
delectation n. ÏíÊÜ£¬Óä¿ì
epicurean adj. ºÃÏíÀֵģ»ÏíÀÖÖ÷ÒåµÄ
hedonic adj. ÏíÀֵģ»n. ÏíÀÖÖ÷Òåѧ˵
hedonism n. ÏíÀÖÖ÷Ò壻ÏíÀÖ
hedonist n. ÏíÀÖÖ÷ÒåÕß
regale v. ʹ¡­ÏíÊÜ£»¿î´ý

3.3.5 Ì°À·
acquisitive adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬¿ÊÍûµÃµ½µÄ
avarice n. Ì°À·£¬Ì°²Æ
avaricious adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬Ì°ÐĵÄ
cadge v. Õ¼±ãÒË£»ÆòÌÖ
covet v. Ì°Çó£¬ÍýÏë
cupidity n. Ì°À·
grasping adj. Ì°Ðĵģ¬Ì°À·µÄ
insatiable adj. Ì°Ðĵģ¬²»ÄÜÂú×ãµÄ
miserly adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬ÁßØĵÄ
rapacious adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬Ç¿¶áµÄ £¨rapacity n. ÂӶᣬ̰À·£©
ravenous adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬¶ö¼«Á˵Ä
venal adj. ΨÀûÊÇͼµÄ£¬Ì°ÔßÍ÷·¨µÄ £¨venality n. ΨÀûÊÇͼ£©
voracious adj. Ì°À·µÄ£¬ÀÇÍÌ»¢ÑʵÄ
voracity n. Ì°À·

3.4 ÇÚ·ÜÓëÀÁ¶è
3.4.1 ÇÚ·Ü
assiduous adj. ÇÚÃãµÄ£»×¨ÐÄµÄ £¨assiduity n. ÇÚÃ㣩
diligence n. ÇÚÃ㣬ÇÚ·Ü
industrious adj. ÇÚÀ͵ģ¬ÇÚÃãµÄ
sedulity n. ÇÚ·Ü£¬ÇÚÃã
sedulous adj. ÇÚÃãµÄ£¬¾Û¾«»áÉñµÄ

engaged adj. 浵ģ¬Ê¹ÓÃÖеÄ
fag v. ¿à¸É£»n. ¿à¹¤
lucubrate v. ¿Ì¿à¹¥¶Á£¬ÂñÍ·¿à¸É
spartan adj. ¿Ì¿àµÄ£»¼òÆÓµÄ

3.4.2 ½øÈ¡
aspiration n. ±§¸º£¬ÈÈÍû £¨aspire v. ÏòÍù£¬ÓÐÖ¾ÓÚ£©
aspirant n. Óб§¸ºÕß
assertive adj. ÓнøÈ¡Ðĵģ»¹ý·Ö×ÔÐŵÄ
aggressive adj. ½øÈ¡µÄ£»ºÃ¶·µÄ
enterprise n. ½øÈ¡ÐÄ£»¹«Ë¾£¬ÊÂÒµµ¥Î»
mettle n. ¶·Ö¾£¬ÓÂÆø
morale n. Ê¿Æø£¬¾«ÉñÁ¦Á¿
strive v. ·Ü¶·£¬Å¬Á¦

3.4.3 ÀÁ¶è
desultory adj. É¢ÂþµÄ£¬²»Á¬¹áµÄ
diffuse adj. É¢ÂþµÄ£¬ÂþÉäµÄ£»v. É¢²¼£¬£¨¹âµÈ£©ÂþÉä
discursive adj. É¢ÂþµÄ£¬ÎÞ²ã´ÎµÄ
goldbrick v. ͵ÀÁ£¬ÌÓ±ÜÔðÈÎ
idle v. ÀÁÉ¢£¬ÎÞËùÊÂÊ£»adj. £¨Ö¸ÈË£©ÎÞËùÊÂʵģ»ÎÞЧµÄ
indolent adj. ÀÁ¶èµÄ
inert adj. ¶èÐԵģ»Ðж¯³Ù¶ÛµÄ
inertia n. ¶èÐÔ£»ÀÁ¶è
lethargy n. ´ôÖÍÀÁÉ¢£»»è˯£»¾ëµ¡
loll v. ÀÁÑóÑóµØ×ø»òÎÔ
lounge v. ÀÁÉ¢µØб¿¿£»n. ÐÝÏ¢ÊÒ
shiftless adj. ͵ÀÁµÄ£»Ã»Óоö¶ÏÁ¦µÄ£»ÎÞÄܵÄ
slack adj. ÀÁÉ¢µÄ£¬Ð¸µ¡µÄ£»£¨Éþ£©Ëɳڵģ»v. ËÉи£¬µ¡¶è
sloth n. ÀÁ¶è£»Ê÷ÀÁ£¨Ò»ÖÖ¶¯Î
sluggard n. ÀÁ¹í
supine adj. ÀÁÉ¢µÄ£»ÑöÎÔµÄ
torpid adj. ÀÁÉ¢µÄ£¬ËÀÆø³Á³ÁµÄ
torpor n. ËÀÆø³Á³Á

3.5 ÈÈÇéÓëÀäÄ®
3.5.1 ÈÈÇé
aspiration n. ÈÈÍû£¬±§¸º
avid adj. ÈÈÐĵģ»¿ÊÍûµÄ £¨avidity n. ÈÈÍû£¬Ì°À·£©
cordial adj. Èȳϵģ»n. Ð˷ܼÁ
effervesce v. ÈÈÇéÑóÒ磻ðÅÝ
fervid adj. ÈÈÇéµÄ£¬³ãÈȵÄ
fervor n. Èȳϣ¬ÈÈÐÄ
glowing adj. ÈÈÇéÔÞÑïµÄ
impassioned adj. ¿¶¿®¼¤°ºµÄ
obliging adj. ÈÈÐÄÖúÈ˵ģ¬¿ÒÇеÄ
perfervid adj. ·Ç³£ÈÈÐĵÄ
solicitous adj. ÈÈÇеģ»¹ÒÄîµÄ
solicitude n. ¹Ø»³£¬Ç£¹Ò
zest n. ÈÈÐÄ£¬ÐËȤ£»´Ì¼¤ÐÔ
zesty adj. ÈÈÍûµÄ

cineaste n. ÈÈÖÔÓÚµçÓ°µÄÈË£¬Ó°ÃÔ
fanatic n. ¿ñÈÈÕß
votary n. ÈÈÐÄÖ§³ÖÕߣ¬³ç°ÝÕß £¨vote v. Ñ¡¾Ù votive adj. ·îÏ׵ģ©
wanderlust n. ÂÃÓÎÈÈ£¬ÂþÓÎñ±
zealotry n. ¿ñÈÈÐÐΪ £¨zeal n. ÈÈÐÄ£¬ÈÈÇ飬ÈÈ³Ï zealot n. ¿ñÈÈÕߣ©

3.5.2 ÀäÄ®
alienate v. ÊèÔ¶£¬Àë¼äijÈË £¨alienated adj. ÊèÔ¶µÄ£¬±»¸ô¿ªµÄ alienation n. ÊèÔ¶£¬Àë¼ä£©
aloof adj. Àäµ­µÄ£¬ÊèÔ¶µÄ £¨aloofness n. ¹ÂÁãÁ㣬Àäµ­£©
blase adj. ÀäÄ®µÄ£¬Ñá¾ëÏíÀÖµÄ
disregard v./n. Ä®ÊÓ£¬Êèºö
distant adj. ÊèÔ¶µÄ£¬Àäµ­µÄ
estrange v. ʹÊèÔ¶
estranged adj. ÊèÔ¶µÄ£¬·Ö¿ªµÄ£¬·ÖÀëµÄ
exclusive adj. £¨ÈË£©¹ÂƧµÄ£»£¨ÎרÓõÄ
forbidding adj. £¨±íÇ飩Àä¾þµÄ£»ÐÎÊÆÏÕ¶ñµÄ
frigidity n. Àäµ­£»º®Àä
grim adj. Àä¿áµÄ£¬¿ÉŵÄ
halfhearted adj. ²»ÈÈÐĵģ¬²»ÈÏÕæµÄ
impassive adj. ÀäÄ®µÄ£¬ÎÞ¶¯ÓÚÖÔµÄ
impervious adj. ²»ÎªËù¶¯µÄ£»²»ÄÜÉø͸µÄ
indifferent adj. Ä®²»¹ØÐĵģ¬²»¸ÐÐËȤµÄ
inhumane adj. ²»½üÈËÇéµÄ
insouciance n. Ä®²»¹ØÐÄ£¬Âþ²»¾­ÐÄ
nonchalance n. ÀäÄ®£¬È±Éٹػ³£»³Á×Å
nonchalant adj. ÀäÄ®µÄ
offish adj. Àäµ­µÄ
phlegmatic adj. Àäµ­µÄ£¬Àä¾²µÄ
snub v. ÀäÂ䣬²»Àí²Ç
stolid adj. ÎÞ¶¯ÓÚÖÔµÄ
unmoved adj. ÎÞ¶¯ÓÚÖԵģ¬ÀäÄ®µÄ£»Õò¶¨µÄ

3.6 ÈÏÕæÓë´ÖÐÄ
3.6.1 ÈÏÕæ
assiduous adj. רÐĵģ»ÇÚÃãµÄ £¨assiduity n. ÇÚÃ㣩
canny adj. ¾«Ã÷×ÐϸµÄ
cautionary adj. È°È˽÷É÷µÄ£¬¾¯½äµÄ
chary adj. СÐĵģ¬ÉóÉ÷µÄ
conscientious adj. СÐĽ÷É÷µÄ£»¾¡ÔðµÄ
discreet adj. ÑÔÐн÷É÷µÄ
discretion n. ½÷É÷£¬ÉóÉ÷
earnest adj. ÈÏÕæµÄ
engross v. È«Éñ¹á×¢ÓÚ
engrossment n. רע£¨È«Éñ¹á×¢£©£»ÕýʽÌÜдµÄÎļþ
gingerly adj./adv. СÐĵģ¨µØ£©£»½÷É÷µÄ£¨µØ£©
intent adj. רÐĵģ¬¿ÊÍûµÄ£»n. Ä¿µÄ£¬ÒâÏò
measured adj. É÷Öصģ»¾«È·µÄ
methodical adj. ϸÐĵģ¬ÓÐÌõ²»Îɵģ¨Óз½·¨µÄ£¬ÓÐϵͳµÄ£©
meticulous adj. ϸÐĵģ¬Ò»Ë¿²»¹¶µÄ
modest adj. ½÷É÷µÄ£¬Ç«ÐéµÄ£»ÊÊ¶ÈµÄ £¨modesty n. Ç«Ð飬ǫѷ£©
pious adj. ¾¡ÔðµÄ£¬ò¯³ÏµÄ
preoccupation n. È«Éñ¹á×¢£»Ê¹ÈËרעµÄ¶«Î÷
prissy adj. ½÷СÉ÷΢µÄ£¬Éñ¾­Öʵģ¬ÎªÐ¡Ê¹ÒÂǵÄ
prudence n. ½÷É÷£¬Ð¡ÐÄ
prudent adj. ½÷É÷µÄ£¬Èý˼¶øºóÐеģ¬¾«Ã÷µÄ£»½Ú¼óµÄ
punctilious adj. ½÷СÉ÷΢µÄ £¨punctual adj. ׼ʱµÄ punctuate v. ¼Ó±êµã£©
rapt adj. רÐÄÖÂÖ¾µÄ£¬È«Éñ¹á×¢µÄ
reserve n. ½÷É÷£¬¼êĬ£»´¢±¸£¨Î£¬´¢²ØÁ¿£»v. ±£Áô£¬´¢±¸£¬Ô¤¶©
sedulous adj. ¾Û¾«»áÉñµÄ£¬ÇÚÃãµÄ
studied adj. É÷Öصģ»ÈÏÕæÏ°µÃµÄ
wary adj. ½÷É÷µÄ£¬Ð¡ÐÄÒíÒíµÄ

3.6.2 Éî˼ÊìÂÇ
calculating adj. ÉîıԶÂǵģ¬¾«Ã÷µÄ
cogitate v. É÷ÖØ˼¿¼£¬Ë¼Ë÷ £¨cogitation n. ˼¿¼£¬¿à˼£©
cerebral adj. Éî˼µÄ£»´óÄÔµÄ
deliberate adj. Éî˼ÊìÂǵģ¬¹ÊÒâµÄ£»v. É÷ÖØ¿¼ÂÇ £¨deliberateness/deliberation n. ¹ÊÒ⣻Éî˼ÊìÂÇ£©
foresight n. Ô¶¼û£¬ÉîıԶÂÇ
mature adj. Éî˼ÊìÂǵģ»³ÉÊìµÄ
meditative adj. ³Á˼µÄ£¬ÉÆÓÚ˼¿¼µÄ
visionary adj. ÓÐÔ¶¼ûµÄ£»»ÃÏëµÄ£»n. ¿ÕÏë¼Ò

improvident adj. ÎÞÔ¶¼ûµÄ£»²»½Ú¼óµÄ
myopia n. ȱ·¦Ô¶¼û£»½üÊÓ

3.6.3 ´ÖÐÄ
bungle v. ´ÖÖÆÀÄÔì £¨bungler n. ±¿ÊÖ±¿½ÅµÄÈË£©
cursory adj. ´ÖÂԵģ¬²ÝÂʵÄ
distract v. ·ÖÐÄ£¬×ªÒÆ£»Ê¹·¢¿ñ
distracted adj. ¾«Éñ²»¼¯Öеģ¬ÐÄ·³ÒâÂÒµÄ
distrait adj. ÐIJ»ÔÚÑɵÄ
gloss-over v. Áʲݵػò·óÑܵش¦ÀíijÊÂ
halfhearted adj. ²»ÈÏÕæµÄ£¬²»ÈÈÐĵÄ
inadvertence n. Âþ²»¾­ÐĵÄ
inadvertently adv. ²»Ð¡Ðĵأ¬·Ç¹ÊÒâµØ
insouciance n. Âþ²»¾­ÐÄ£¬Ä®²»¹ØÐÄ
insouciant adj. Âþ²»¾­ÐĵÄ
negligence n. ´ÖÐÄ£¬Êèºö £¨neglect v./n. ºöÊÓ£»Êèºö£©
perfunctorily adv. ·óÑܵأ¬Áʲݵأ¬±íÃæµØ
perfunctory adj. ·óÑܵģ¬²ÝÂʵÄ
potboiler n. ´ÖÖÆÀÄÔìµÄÎÄÒÕ×÷Æ·
sketchy adj. ´ÖÂԵģ¬¸ÅÂÔµÄ
slapdash adv./adj. Âí»¢µØ£¨µÄ£©
slipshod adj. Âí»¢µÄ£¬²ÝÂʵÄ
toy v. ²»ÈÏÕ濼ÂÇ£¬ÍæŪ

3.6.4 ²ÝÂÊ
bandy v. ÇáÂÊ̸ÂÛ£»À´»ØÅ×Çò
cursory adj. ²ÝÂʵģ¬´ÖÂÔµÄ
curt adj. £¨ÑÔ´Ê¡¢ÐÐΪ£©¼òÂÔ¶ø²ÝÂʵÄ
facetious adj. ÇḡµÄ£¬ºÃ¿ªÍæЦµÄ
flippant adj. ÇáÂʵģ»ÎÞÀñµÄ
frivolous adj. ÇᱡµÄ£¬ÇáÙ¬µÄ £¨frivolity n. Çḡ£©
giddy adj. ÇḡµÄ£¬²»ÑÏËàµÄ
headlong adj./adv. ÇáÂʵģ¨µØ£©£¬Ñ¸Ã͵ģ¨µØ£©
imprudent adj. ÇáÂʵģ»²»ÖǵÄ
levity n. ÇáÂÊ£»Çḡ
perfunctory adj. ²ÝÂʵģ¬·óÑܵÄ
skittish adj. ÇḡµÄ£¬ÇáÙ¬µÄ
slipshod adj. ²ÝÂʵģ¬Âí»¢µÄ

abrupt adj. ÌÆÍ»µÄ£»Í»È»µÄ£¬ÒâÍâµÄ
brusque adj. ³çµÄ£¬ÌÆÍ»µÄ
compulsion n. ÄÑÒÔ¿¹¾ÜµÄ³å¶¯£»Ç¿ÆÈ
daredevil adj./n. ðʧµÄ£¨ÈË£©£»µ¨´óµÄ£¨ÈË£©
forward adj. çײµÄ£¬¹ý¼¤µÄ £¨forwardness n. ´óµ¨£¬Â³Ã§£©
impetuous adj. ³å¶¯µÄ£¬Â³Ã§µÄ £¨impetuosity n. ³å¶¯£©
impudent adj. ³çµÄ£¨´Ö³µÄ£©£¬ÎÞÀñµÄ
impulse n. ³å¶¯£»´Ì¼¤
impulsive adj. Ò׳嶯µÄ
liberty n. ðʧ£¬ËæÒâ
lowbred adj. ³çµÄ£¬´ÖÒ°µÄ
precipitate adj. ³çµÄ£»v. ¼ÓËÙ£¬´Ù³É £¨precipitous adj. ¶¸Ç͵ģ»²Ö´ÙµÄ£©
temerity n. ³ç£¬´óµ¨

3.6.5 Êèºö
delinquent adj. ÊèºöÖ°ÎñµÄ£¨ÍæºöÖ°Êصģ©
delinquency n. ʧְ£¬¹ýʧ
derelict adj. ÍæºöÖ°Êصģ»»Ä·ÏµÄ£»n. ±»ÒÅÆúµÄÈË
disregard v./n. Êèºö£¬Ä®ÊÓ
malfeasance n. äÂÖ°£¬²»·¨ÐÐΪ
malpractice n. ÍæºöÖ°ÊØ£¬äÂÖ°
negligence n. Êèºö£¬´ÖÐÄ £¨neglect v./n. ºöÊÓ£»Êèºö£©
noncommittal adj. ̬¶ÈêÓÃÁµÄ£»²»³Ðµ£ÒåÎñµÄ
oblivious adj. ÊèºöµÄ£¬ÒÅÍüµÄ
omit v. Êèºö£»Ê¡ÂÔ£¬ÒÅ©
overlook v. ºöÊÓ£»¸©ÊÓ
oversight n. Êèºö£¬Ê§²ì£¬¿±Â©
remiss adj. ÊèºöµÄ£¬²»ÁôÐĵÄ

3.7 Ç«ÐéÓë°ÁÂý
3.7.1 Ç«Ðé
condescending adj. Ç«Ñ·µÄ£¬¹ÊÒâÇü×ðµÄ
humble v. ʹǫ±°£»adj. ±°Î¢µÄ £¨humbleness n. Ç«Ñ·£©
humility n. Ç«Ñ·£¬Ç«¹§
modest adj. Ç«ÐéµÄ£¬½÷É÷µÄ£»ÊÊ¶ÈµÄ £¨modesty n. Ç«Ð飬ǫѷ£©
self-abasement n. ×ÔÇ«£¬×Ô±°
unassuming adj. ²»°Ú¼Ü×ӵģ¬²»Ôì×÷µÄ

3.7.2 °ÁÂý
arrogance n. °ÁÂý£¬×Ô´ó
arrogant adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£¬×Ô´óµÄ
bloated adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£»Ö×Õ͵Ä
bumptious adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£¬×Ô¿äµÄ
conceit n. ×Ô¸º£¬×Ô´ó £¨conceited adj. ×Ô¸ºµÄ£¬×Ô¸ß×Ô´óµÄ£©
consequential adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£¬×ÔÒÔΪÊǵÄ
contumely n. °ÁÂý£¬ÎÞÀñ
haughty adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£¬×Ô´óµÄ
hauteur n. °ÁÂý
headstrong adj. ¸Õã¹×ÔÓõÄ
hubris n. Ä¿ÖÐÎÞÈË£¬¹ý·Ö×ÔÐÅ
imperious adj. °ÁÂýµÄ£¬×¨ºáµÄ
insolence n. °ÁÂý£¬ÎÞÀñ
narcissism n. ×ÔÁµ£¬×Ô°® £¨narcissus n. Ë®ÏÉ»¨ narcissistic adj. ×ÔÁµµÄ£©
overweening adj. ×Ô¸ºµÄ£¬¹ýÓÚ×ÔÐŵÄ
perverse adj. ¸Õã¹×ÔÓõģ¬²»ºÏÊʵģ¬¹ÊÒâ×ö¶ÔµÄ £¨perversity n. ¸Õã¹£¬ã£ÀíÐÐΪ£©
pomposity n. ×Ô´óµÄÐÐΪ£¬°ÁÂý£¬×ÔÃü²»·²
pompous adj. ×Ô´óµÄ
pontifical adj. ×ÔÒÔΪÊǵģ»Îä¶ÏµÄ £¨pontiff n. ½Ì»Ê£¬Ö÷½Ì£©
pontificate v. ×Ô´óÎä¶ÏµØ×ö»ò˵
pretension n. ×ÔÃü²»·²£¬¿äÒ«
pretentious adj. ×Ô̧Éí¼ÛµÄ£¨×ÔÃü²»·²µÄ£©
self-absorbed adj. ×ÔÁµµÄ
smug adj. ×ÔÂúµÄ£¬×ÔÃü²»·²µÄ
supercilious adj. Ä¿ÖÐÎÞÈ˵Ä
unscrupulousness n. ¿ñÍý£¬ËÁÎ޼ɵ¬
upstage adj. ½¾°ÁµÄ£¬¸ß°ÁµÄ
vain adj. ×Ô¸ºµÄ£»Í½À͵Ä
vanity n. ×Ô¸º£¬ÐéÈÙ
virtuous adj. ×ÔÃüÇå¸ßµÄ£»ÓÐÃÀµÂµÄ £¨virtue n. ÃÀµÂ£©

plume v. ɦÊ×Ū×Ë£¨±í×Ô¸ºµÄ¶¯×÷£©£»ÕûÀíÓð룻n. Óðë
preen v. £¨ÈË£©´ò°çÐÞÊΣ¨±í×Ô¸ºµÄ¶¯×÷£©£»ÕûÀíÓðë
primp v. £¨¸¾Å®£©¿ÌÒâ´ò°ç£¨±í×Ô¸ºµÄ¶¯×÷£©

highbrow n. ×ÔÒÔΪÎÄ»¯ÐÞÑøºÜ¸ßµÄÈË
narcissist n. ×Ô¸ºµÄÈË£¬×ÔÁµÕß
prig n. ×ÔÃü²»·²Õߣ¬µÀѧÏÈÉú

3.8 ×ÔÐÅÓë×Ô±°
3.8.1 ×ÔÐÅ
assertive adj. ¹ý·Ö×ÔÐŵģ»ÓнøÈ¡ÐĵÄ
assertiveness n. ¹ý·Ö×ÔÐÅ
assured adj. ×ÔÐŵģ»È·¶¨µÄ £¨assuredness n. Õò¾²£¬³Á×Å£©
confidence n. ×ÔÐÅ£¬ÐÅÈΣ¬ÐÅÐÄ
hubris n. ¹ý·Ö×ÔÐÅ£¬Ä¿ÖÐÎÞÈË
overweening adj. ¹ýÓÚ×ÔÐŵģ¬×Ô¸ºµÄ
self-assertion n. ×ÔÐÅ£¬¼á³Ö¼º¼û

3.8.2 ×Ô±°
diffident adj. ȱ·¦×ÔÐŵÄ
self-abasement n. ×Ô±°£¬×ÔÇ«

3.9 Ó¸ÒÓëųÈõ
3.9.1 Ó¸ң¬´óµ¨
audacious adj. ´óµ¨µÄ£»ÓÞÓ嵀 £¨audacity n. ´óµ¨£¬Â³Ã§£©
bravado n. ¹Ê×÷Ó¸ң¬ÐéÕÅÉùÊÆ
collected adj. Ì©È»×ÔÈôµÄ
daredevil adj./n. µ¨´óµÄ£¨ÈË£©£¬Ã°Ê§µÄ£¨ÈË£©
epic adj. Ó¢Ð۵ģ»´ó¹æÄ£µÄ£»n. ÐðÊÂÊ«£¬Ê·Ê«
exploit n. Ó¢ÓÂÐÐΪ£»v. °þÏ÷£»¿ª·¢ÀûÓÃ
gallant adj. Ó¸ҵģ»£¨ÏòÅ®ÈË£©Ï×ÒóÇÚµÄ £¨gallantry n. Ó¸ң¬ÒóÇÚ£©
grit n. ÓÂÆø£¬¾öÐÄ£»É³Á££»v. ϶¨¾öÐÄ£¬Ò§½ôÑÀ¹Ø
hardihood n. ´óµ¨£¬Â³Ã§
hardy adj. Äͺ®µÄ£»Ç¿×³µÄ
intrepid adj. ÎÞηµÄ£¬¸ÕÒãµÄ
mettle n. ÓÂÆø£¬¶·Ö¾
morale n. Ê¿Æø£¬¾«ÉñÁ¦Á¿
nerve n. ÓÂÆø£»v. ¹ÄÆðÓÂÆø £¨nervous adj. ½ôÕŵģ©
pluck n. ÔÚÀ§ÄÑÃæÇ°×ãÖǶàıµÄÓÂÆø£¬µ¨Á¿£»¾«Á¦£»v. °Î룻µ¯À­
prowess n. Ó¸ң»²»·²µÄÄÜÁ¦ £¨prow adj. Ó¢Óµģ©
spunk n. ÓÂÆø£¬µ¨Á¿
stouthearted adj. ´óµ¨µÄ£¬¸ÕÒãµÄ
temerity n. ´óµ¨£¬Â³Ã§
valiant adj. Ó¸ҵģ¬Ó¢ÓµÄ
valor n. ÓÂÎ䣬ӢÓÂ
valorous adj. Ó¸ҵÄ
vivid adj. ´óµ¨µÄ£¬»îÆõģ¬±ÆÕæµÄ£»ÇåÎúµÄ£¬ÏÊÑÞµÄ

3.9.2 ¼áÇ¿
dogged adj. ÍçÇ¿µÄ
fortitude n. ¼áÒ㣬¼áÈ̲»°Î
hardbitten adj. ²»ÇüµÄ£¬ÍçÇ¿µÄ
harden v. ±ä¼áÇ¿£¬±äÓ²
intrepid adj. ¸ÕÒãµÄ£¬ÎÞηµÄ
scrappy adj. ¼áÒãµÄ£»ËéƬµÄ£»ºÃ¶·µÄ
stouthearted adj. ¸ÕÒãµÄ£¬´óµ¨µÄ
volition n. ÒâÖ¾£¬¾ö¶ÏÁ¦

3.9.3 ųÈõ£¬µ¨Ð¡
craven adj. ųÈõµÄ£¬Î·ËõµÄ
effeminate adj. ȱ·¦ÓÂÆøµÄ£¬ÈáÈõµÄ
fainthearted adj. ųÈõµÄ£¬ÎÞ¾«ÉñµÄ£»µ¨Ð¡µÄ
gutless adj. ûÓÐÓÂÆøµÄ£¬Å³ÇÓµÄ
ooze v. £¨ÓÂÆø£©Öð½¥Ïûʧ£»Éø³ö£¬ÂýÂýµØÁ÷
pusillanimous adj. µ¨Ð¡µÄ
spineless adj. û¹ÇÆøµÄ£¬Å³ÈõµÄ
timid adj. µ¨ÇÓµÄ
timidity n. µ¨ÇÓ
timorous adj. µ¨Ð¡µÄ£¬µ¨ÇÓµÄ

brittle adj. ´àÈõµÄ£¬Ò×ËéµÄ £¨brittleness n. ´àÈõ£©
effeminate adj. ÈáÈõµÄ£¬È±·¦ÓÂÆøµÄ
emasculate adj. ÈáÈõµÄ£»v. Ï÷Èõ£»Ñ˸î
fickle adj. ²»¼á¶¨µÄ£¬£¨°®Çé»òÓÑÒêÉÏ£©Ò×±äµÄ
flabby adj. ÒâÖ¾±¡ÈõµÄ£»£¨¼¡È⣩ËÉÈíµÄ
flaccid adj. ÈíÈõµÄ£»ËÉ³ÚµÄ £¨flaccidity n. ÈíÈõ£©
flimsy adj. ´àÈõµÄ£»Çá¶ø±¡µÄ
frail adj. ´àÈõµÄ£»²»¼áʵµÄ
limp adj. ÈíÈõµÄ£¬ËÉÈíµÄ£»v. õËÐÐ
maudlin adj. ¸ÐÇé´àÈõµÄ£¬°®¿ÞµÄ
spongy adj. ²»¼áʵµÄ£»Ïñº£ÃàµÄ
supple adj. ÉìÇü×ÔÈçµÄ £¨suppleness n. ÈáÈí£©
susceptible adj. ´àÈõµÄ£¬Ò×ÊÜÓ°ÏìµÄ

coward n. µ¨Ð¡¹í
dastard n. ų·ò£¬µ¨Ð¡µÄÈË
poltroon n. ų·ò

3.9.4 ÈáÈí
complaisance n. Èá˳£¬±ò±òÓÐÀñ£¬ÒóÇÚ
flabby adj. £¨¼¡È⣩ËÉÈíµÄ£»ÒâÖ¾±¡ÈõµÄ
flaccid adj. Ëɳڵģ»ÈíÈõµÄ £¨flaccidity n. ÈíÈõ£©
lank adj. ³¤¶øÈíµÄ£»ÊÝÏ÷µÄ
limp adj. ËÉÈíµÄ£¬ÈíÈõµÄ£»v. õËÐÐ
lissome adj. ÈáÈíµÄ£¬×Ë̬ÓÅÑŵÄ
lithe adj. ÈáÈíµÄ£¬Ò×ÍäÇúµÄ
malleable adj. ¿ÉËܵģ¬Ò׸ıäµÄ
pliable adj. ÈáÈíµÄ£¬Ò×ÍäµÄ
satiny adj. ÈáϸµÄ£¬¹â»¬µÄ
yielding adj. Èá˳µÄ£»ÍäÇú×ÔÈçµÄ £¨yield v. ²úÉú£»Çü·þ£©

3.10 Íç¹Ì¡¢¼áÓ²
3.10.1 Íç¹Ì
adamant adj. ¹ÌÖ´µÄ£»Ç¿Ó²µÄ
diehard n. Íç¹Ì·Ö×Ó
hidebound adj. Íç¹ÌµÄ£¬ÐÄÐØÏÁÕ­µÄ
intractable adj. ¾óÇ¿µÄ£»ÄѹܵÄ
mulish adj. Ö´Þֵģ¬ÂâÒ»ÑùµÄ
obdurate adj. ¹ÌÖ´µÄ£¬Íç¹ÌµÄ
obsession n. ¹ÌÖ´µÄÄîÍ·£»ÈëÃÔ
obstinacy n. ¹ÌÖ´£¬¾óÇ¿£¬Íç¹Ì
obstinate adj. ¹ÌÖ´µÄ£¬¾óÇ¿µÄ
opinionated adj. ¹ÌÖ´¼º¼ûµÄ
pertinacious adj. ¹ÌÖ´µÄ£»ÎÞ·¨¼ÝÔ¦µÄ£»²»Í×ЭµÄ £¨pertinacity n. Íç¹Ì£©
refractory adj. ¾óÇ¿µÄ£»·´Ó¦³Ù¶ÛµÄ
restiveness n. ¾óÇ¿£»ÄÑÒÔ¼ÝÔ¦
stubborn adj. ¹ÌÖ´µÄ£»ÄÑÒԸıäµÄ
tenacity n. ¹ÌÖ´£¬¼á³Ö
balky adj. ¾óÇ¿µÄ£»Í£Ö¹²»Ç°µÄ
closed-minded adj. ¾óÇ¿µÄ£¬Íç¹ÌµÄ

Byzantine adj. Äѱä¸üµÄ£»ÏñÃÔ¹¬ËƵÄ
doctrinaire adj. ½ÌÌõµÄ£¬Óظ¯µÄ£»n. ¿ÕÂÛ¼Ò
doctrine n. ½ÌÌõ£¬Ö÷Ò壻ѧ˵
dogma n. ½ÌÌõ£¬ÐÅÌõ
frigid adj. ËÀ°åµÄ£»º®ÀäµÄ
gospel n. ½ÌÒ壬ÐÅÌõ
mechanical adj. ´ô°åµÄ£¬»úеËƵģ¬ÌåÁ¦µÄ£»»úеµÄ£¬»úеÖÆÔìµÄ
pronounced adj. £¨¹ÛµãµÈ£©Ç¿Ó²µÄ£¬Ã÷ÏÔµÄ
self-assertion n. ¼á³Ö¼º¼û£¬×ÔÐÅ
stalwart adj. ¼á¶¨µÄ£¬½¡×³µÄ

3.10.2 ¼áÓ²
callous adj. ½áÓ²¿éµÄ£»ÎÞÇéµÄ
harden v. ±äÓ²£¬±ä¼áÇ¿
indurate v. ʹ¼áÓ²£»Ê¹Ï°¹ßÓÚ
ironclad adj. ¼á¹ÌµÄ£»×°Ìú¼×µÄ
ossify v. ʹ£¨´«Í³£©½©»¯£»Ó²»¯£¬¹Ç»¯ £¨ossiferous adj. º¬¹Ç»¯Ê¯µÄ£©
rigid adj. Ó²ÐԵģ¬¸ÕÓ²µÄ
stark adj. £¨Íâ±í£©½©Ó²µÄ£»ÍêÈ«µÄ
stiff adj. ½©Ö±µÄ£¬´ô°åµÄ£¬ÑÏÀ÷µÄ
substantial adj. ¼á¹ÌµÄ£¬½áʵµÄ£»ÊµÖʵÄ

spongy adj. ²»¼áʵµÄ£»Ïñº£ÃàµÄ
unsound adj. ²»½áʵµÄ£¬²»¼á¹ÌµÄ£»ÎÞ¸ù¾ÝµÄ

starchy adj. ¿Ì°åµÄ£»º¬µí·ÛµÄ
static adj. ´ô°åµÄ£¬¾²Ì¬µÄ
stiff adj. ´ô°åµÄ£¬½©Ö±µÄ£¬ÑÏÀ÷µÄ
tenacious adj. ¼áÈ̲»°ÎµÄ

3.11 ¿Ì±¡¡¢ÌôÌÞ¡¢ÑÏÀ÷
3.11.1 ¿Ì±¡¡¢¿Á¿Ì
acerbic adj. ¿Ì±¡µÄ£»¿àɬµÄ
acerbity n. ¿Ì±¡£¬É¬£¬Ëá
acrid adj. ¿Ì±¡µÄ£¬ÐÁÀ±µÄ
acrimony n. ¼â¿Ì£¬¿Ì±¡
caustic adj. ¿Ì±¡µÄ£»¸¯Ê´ÐԵģ»n. ¸¯Ê´¼Á
demand v. ¿ÁÇó£¬ÒªÇó
demanding adj. ¿Á¿ÌµÄ£¬¹ý·ÖÒªÇóµÄ
exacting adj. ¿ÁÇóµÄ£»ÑϸñÒªÇóµÄ
finicky adj. ¿ÁÇóµÄ£¬¹ý·Ö½²¾¿µÄ
mordant adj. ¼âËáµÄ£¬¼¥·íµÄ
nipping adj. ¼âËáµÄ£»´Ì¹ÇµÄ
pungent adj. ¿Á¿ÌµÄ£»Î¶µÀ´Ì¼¤µÄ£¨ÐÁÀ±µÄ£©
rigor n. ¿Á¿Ì£¬Ñϸñ£»ÑϿ᣻ÑÏÃÜ£¬¾«È·
scathing adj. ¿Á¿ÌµÄ£¬ÑÏÀ÷µÄ
stringent adj. ¿Á¿ÌµÄ£¬£¨¹æ¶¨£©ÑϸñµÄ£»È±Ç®µÄ
tart adj. ¼âËáµÄ£»ËáµÄ
vinegared adj. ¼â¿ÌµÄ£¬ËáµÄ £¨vinegar n. ´×£©
vitriolic adj. ¿Ì±¡µÄ£¬Ç¿ÁÒµÄ
waspish adj. ¼â¿ÌµÄ£»Ò×Å­µÄ

3.11.2 ÌôÌÞ
captious adj. ´µÃ«Çó´ÃµÄ £¨captiously adv. ºÃ´µÃ«Çó´ÃµØ£©
carp v. ´µÃ«Çó´Ã£»n. ÀðÓã
cavil v. Ìô벡£¬´µÃ«Çó´Ã
critical adj. Ìô벡µÄ£»¹Ø¼üµÄ£¬Î£¼±µÄ
fastidious adj. ÌôÌ޵ģ¬ÄÑÈ¡ÔÃµÄ £¨fastidiousness n. ¾«Ìôϸѡ£¬´µÃ«Çó´Ã£©
faultfinder n. ϲ»¶ÌôÌÞµÄÈË
fussy adj. °®ÌôÌÞµÄ
nitpick v. ÌôÌÞ£¬´µÃ«Çó´Ã
persnickety adj. ÌôÌ޵ģ»ÊÆÀûµÄ
quibble n. ´µÃ«Çó´ÃµÄ·´¶ÔÒâ¼û£»¶Ý´Ê

3.11.3 ÑÏÀ÷£¬ÑϿᣬÑÏËà
asperity n. ÑϿ᣻´Ö³
brutal adj. ÑÏ¿áµÄ£»²ÐÈ̵Ä
dour adj. ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£¬Á³É«Òõ³ÁµÄ
draconian adj. ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£¬ÑÏ¿áµÄ
forbidding adj. ÐÎÊÆÏÕ¶ñµÄ£»£¨±íÇ飩Àä¾þµÄ
grave adj. ÑϾþµÄ£»n. ĹѨ
harsh adj. ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£»´Ö²ÚµÄ£»´Ì¶úµÄ
harshly adv. ÑÏ¿áµØ£¬ÎÞÇéµØ
inclement adj. £¨ÌìÆø£©ÑÏ¿áµÄ£»ÑÏÀ÷µÄ
ordeal n. ÑϾþ¿¼Ñ飬ʹ¿à¾­Ñé
rigor n. ÑϿ᣻Ñϸñ£¬¿Á¿Ì£»ÑÏÃÜ£¬¾«È·
scathing adj. ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£¬¿Á¿ÌµÄ
severe adj. ÑϸñµÄ£»Ð×Ã͵Ä
stiff adj. ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£¬½©Ö±µÄ£¬´ô°åµÄ
stringent adj. £¨¹æ¶¨£©ÑϸñµÄ£¬¿Á¿ÌµÄ£»È±Ç®µÄ

damn v. ÑÏÀ÷µØÅúÆÀ£¬Ç´Ôð
flay v. ÑÏÀ÷Ö¸Ô𣻰þƤ£»Õ©È¡
scathe n./v. ÑÏÀ÷ÅúÆÀ£»ÉÕÉË£¬ÉÕ½¹
stricture n. ÑÏÀ÷Ç´Ôð£»Êø¸¿

demure adj. ÑÏËàµÄ£¬ñæ³ÖµÄ
gravity n. ÑÏË࣬Õý¾­
solemn adj. ÑÏËàµÄ£¬×¯Ñϵģ»ºÚÉ«µÄ

4. ÐÎÈÝÉíÌå
4.1 ÉíÌå
homeostasis n. ÌåÄÚƽºâ
mechanical adj. ÌåÁ¦µÄ£¬´ô°åµÄ£¬»úеËƵģ»»úеµÄ£¬»úеÖÆÔìµÄ

4.1.1 ½¡¿µ
brisk adj. Çåн¡¿µµÄ£»Ãô½ÝµÄ£¬»îÆõÄ
prosperity n. ½¡¿µ£»·±ÈÙ£»ÐÒÔË
restorative adj. »Ö¸´½¡¿µµÄ
rosy adj. ½¡¿µµÄ£»ÃÀºÃµÄ£»Àֹ۵ģ»Ãµ¹åÉ«µÄ
salubrious adj. ÓÐÒ潡¿µµÄ
salutary adj. ÓÐÒ潡¿µµÄ£¬ÓÐÒæµÄ
tonic n. Ôö½ø½¡¿µÖ®Î²¹Æ·£»adj. ×̲¹µÄ
wholesome adj. ´Ù½ø½¡¿µµÄ

4.1.2 ǿ׳
brawny adj. £¨ÈË£©Ç¿×³µÄ
exuberance n. ×Â׳£»Óä¿ì £¨exuberant adj. ×Â׳µÄ£¬·±Ã¯µÄ£©
hale adj. ½¡×³µÄ£¬ÛÇîåµÄ
hardy adj. ǿ׳µÄ£»Äͺ®µÄ
invigorating adj. ʹÈ˽¡×³µÄ£¬Ê¹ÈËÓо«ÉñµÄ
robust adj. ½¡×³µÄ
stalwart adj. ½¡×³µÄ£¬¼á¶¨µÄ
sturdy adj. £¨ÉíÌ壩ǿ½¡µÄ£»½áʵµÄ
vigorous adj. ½¡×³µÄ£¬¾«Á¦ÍúÊ¢µÄ
virile adj. ÐÛ½¡µÄ£¬ÓÐÄÐ×ÓÆøµÄ
virility n. ÐÛ¾¢£¬´óÕÉ·òÆø

4.1.3 ÐéÈõ
fainthearted adj. ÎÞ¾«ÉñµÄ£»Å³ÈõµÄ£¬µ¨Ð¡µÄ
malaise n. ²»ÊÊ£¬²»Êæ·þ
miasma n. ²»½¡¿µµÄ»·¾³»òÓ°Ï죻ÕÎÆø
morbid adj. ²¡Ì¬µÄ£¬²»Õý³£µÄ £¨morbific adj. ÒýÆð¼²²¡µÄ morbidity n. ²¡Ì¬£©
pallid adj. ²Ô°×µÄ£¬Ã»ÑªÉ«µÄ

debilitate v. ʹ˥Èõ
debility n. Ë¥Èõ£¬ÐéÈõ
declination n. ˥΢£»Çãб
decline v. ±äÈõ£¬±äС£»¾Ü¾ø£»n. Ïû¼õ
effete adj. ÐéÈõµÄ£»ÎÞÉú²úÁ¦µÄ
emaciate v. ʹÊÝÈõ
emaciation n. Ë¥Èõ£¬ÏûÊÝ
emasculate v. Ï÷Èõ£»Ñ˸adj. ÈáÈõµÄ
enervate v. ʹÐéÈõ£¬Ê¹ÎÞÁ¦ £¨enervation n. ÐéÈõ£©
enfeeble v. ʹ˥Èõ
feeble adj. ÐéÈõµÄ
flabby adj. £¨¼¡È⣩ËÉÈíµÄ£»ÒâÖ¾±¡ÈõµÄ
flag v. ¼õÈõ£¬Ë¥ÍË£»¿Ýή£»£¨n. Æ죬¹úÆ죩
flagging adj. Ë¥ÈõµÄ£»Ï´¹µÄ£¨Ç¿µ÷¹ý³Ì£©
flaggy adj. ËÉÈíÎÞÁ¦µÄ£¨Ç¿µ÷״̬£©£»¿ÝήµÄ
floppy adj. Ë¥ÈõµÄ£»ËÉÈíµÄ
gaunt adj. ã¾ã²µÄ£¬ÊÝÏ÷µÄ
haggard adj. ã¾ã²µÄ£¬ÏûÊݵÄ
impair v. ʹÈõ£¬Ëðº¦
impuissance n. ÎÞÁ¦£¬ÐéÈõ
infirm adj. ÐéÈõµÄ £¨infirmity n. ÐéÈõ infirmary n. Ò½ÎñÊÒ£©
languish v. Ë¥Èõ£»±äµÃÏûÊÝ
peak v. ã¾ã²£¬ÏûÊÝ£»£¨n. ɽ·å£©
peaky adj. ÐéÈõµÄ£¬ÏûÊݵÄ
pine v. £¨Òò¼²²¡µÈ£©ã¾ã²£»¿ÊÍû£»n. ËÉÊ÷
puny adj. ÈõСµÄ£¬·¢Óý²»Á¼µÄ
relent v. ¼õÈõ£»¶¯Á¯ÃõÐÄ
relenting adj. ¼õÈõµÄ£¬Á¯ÃõµÄ
sap v. ÏûÈõ£¬ºÄ¾¡£»n. Ê÷Òº£»»îÁ¦
spindly adj. ÏËÈõµÄ£¬Ï¸³¤µÄ
valetudinarian n. ÌåÈõµÄÈË£¬¹ý·Öµ£ÐÄÉú²¡µÄÈË
vitiate v. Ï÷Èõ£¬Ëðº¦
wan adj. ÐéÈõµÄ£»²¡Ì¬µÄ

4.2 Éí²Ä
stature n. Éí¸ß£¬Éí²Ä

4.2.1 ÃçÌõ£¬ÏûÊÝ
curvaceous adj. æ¹Äȶà×˵ģ»ÇúÏßµÄ
spindly adj. ϸ³¤µÄ£¬ÏËÈõµÄ
svelte adj. £¨Å®ÈË£©Ìå̬ÃçÌõµÄ
willowy adj. ÃçÌõµÄ

angular adj. £¨Ö¸ÈË£©ÊÝÏ÷µÄ£»ÓÐ½ÇµÄ £¨angularity n. ÓнÇÐÔ£¬¶à½Ç£©
emaciate v. ʹÊÝÈõ
emaciation n. ÏûÊÝ£¬Ë¥Èõ
gangling adj. Êݳ¤ÄÑ¿´µÄ
gangly adj. Éí²ÄÊݳ¤µÄ
gaunt adj. ÊÝÏ÷µÄ£¬ã¾ã²µÄ
haggard adj. ÏûÊݵģ¬ã¾ã²µÄ
languish v. ±äµÃÏûÊÝ£»Ë¥Èõ
lank adj. ÊÝÏ÷µÄ£»³¤¶øÈíµÄ
lean adj. ÊݹÇá×᾵ģ»v. Çãб£»Ð±¿¿
macerate v. ÏûÊÝ£»½þÈí
meager adj. ÊÝÏ÷µÄ£»Æ¶·¦µÄ
peak v. ÏûÊÝ£¬ã¾ã²£»£¨n. ɽ·å£©
peaky adj. ÏûÊݵģ¬ÐéÈõµÄ
waste v. ʹÉíÌåÏûÊÝ£¬ËðºÄ
wraith n. ¹ÇÊÝÈç²ñµÄÈË£»ÓÄÁé

4.2.2 ·ÊÅÖ
buxom adj. Ìå̬·áÂúµÄ
cherubic adj. £¨ÓÈÖ¸º¢×Ó£©ÅÖºõºõ¶øÌìÕæÎÞаµÄ
corpulent adj. ·ÊÅÖµÄ £¨corpulence n. ·ÊÅÖ£¬Ó·Ö×£©
fatten v. ʹ³¤·Ê£»Ê¹ÍÁµØ·ÊÎÖ£»×°Âú
obese adj. ¼«·ÊÅÖµÄ £¨obesity n. ·ÊÅÖ£©
paunchy adj. ´ó¶Ç×ÓµÄ
plump adj. ÆÄÅֵģ¬·áÂúµÄ
rotund adj. £¨ÈË£©Ô²Åֵģ»£¨ÉùÒô£©ºéÁÁµÄ
squat v. adj. °«Åֵģ»¶×ÏÂ
stocky adj. °«Åֵģ¬´Ö׳µÄ
stout adj. ·ÊÅÖµÄ

4.2.3 °«Ð¡
dwarf n. ÙªÈ壻°«Ð¡µÄÖ²Îv. ʹ±ä°«Ð¡
midget n. ÙªÈå
pygmy n. °«ÈË£¬ÙªÈå
scrub n. ÉíÌ尫СµÄÈË£»°«Ê÷´Ô£»v. ÓÃÁ¦²ÁÏ´

4.3 Æ£ÀÍÓ뷱æ
4.3.1 Æ£ÀÍ
ennui n. ¾ëµ¡£¬ÎÞÁÄ£»v. ʹÎÞÁÄ
exhaust v. ʹ·Ç³£Æ£¾ë£»n. £¨»úÆ÷ÅųöµÄ£©·ÏÆø£¬ÕôÆû
fatigue n. Æ£·¦£¬ÀÍÀÛ
grueling adj. ·±ÖضøÀÛÈ˵Ä
jade n. Æ£±¹µÄÀÏÂí£»Óñ£¬ôä´ä
jaded adj. Æ£±¹µÄ£»Ñá¾ëµÄ£»£¨½º¾í£©Æعâ¹ý·ÖµÄ
labored adj. ³ÔÁ¦µÄ£»£¨ÎÄÌåµÈ£©²»×ÔÈ»µÄ
languor n. ÉíÐÄÆ£±¹
lethargy n. ¾ëµ¡£»»è˯£»´ôÖÍÀÁÉ¢
tire v. Æ£ÀÍ£»n. ÂÖÌ¥
wearisome adj. ʹÈ˸е½Æ£¾ë»òÑá¾ëµÄ£¨ÐÎÈÝÎ
weary adj. Æ£À͵ģ¬ÁîÈËÑá¾ëµÄ£»v. Ñá·³

lackadaisical adj. ÎÞ¾«´ò²ÉµÄ£»ÎÞÐËȤµÄ
languid adj. û¾«´ò²ÉµÄ£¬¾ëµ¡µÄ
lassitude n. û¾«´ò²É£»ÎÞÁ¦
listless adj. ÎÞ¾«´ò²ÉµÄ
slouch n. û¾«´ò²ÉµÄÑù×Ó£»v. û¾«´ò²ÉµØ×ø£¨Õ¾¡¢×ߣ©

fag v. ¿à¸É£»n. ¿à¹¤
lucubrate v. ÂñÍ·¿à¸É£¬¿Ì¿à¹¥¶Á
plod v. ³ÔÁ¦µØ¸É£»Öز½×ß
toil v./n. ÐÁ¿à£¬ÐÁÇÚÀÍ×÷

indefatigable adj. ²»ÖªÆ£¾ëµÄ
refresh v. Ïû³ý¡­µÄÆ£ÀÍ£¬Ê¹¾«ÉñÕñ×÷£»£¨Ë¢Ð£©

4.3.2 ·±Ã¦
engaged adj. 浵ģ¬Ê¹ÓÃÖеÄ
hasty adj. ¼±¼±Ã¦Ã¦µÄ
hectic adj. ·±Ã¦µÄ£»Ð˷ܵÄ
onerous adj. ·±Öصģ¬Âé·³µÄ
summarily adv. ²Ö´ÙµØ£»¸ÅÀ¨µØ
taxing adj. ·±ÖصÄ

hive n. æµ֮µØ£»·ä·¿

5. ÐÎÈݹØϵ
5.1 ÏàͬÓ벻ͬ
5.1.1 Ïàͬ
assimilate v. ͬ»¯£»ÎüÊÕ
cognate adj. ͬÀàµÄ£»Í¬´ÊÔ´µÄ
coordinate adj. ͬµÈµÄ£»n. ͬµÈÎ×ø±ê£»v. ʹ¸÷²¿·ÖЭµ÷
egalitarian adj. Ö÷ÕÅÈËÈËƽµÈµÄ
equate v. ÈÏΪ¡­ÏàµÈ»òÏà·Â
equation n. µÈͬ£¬ÏàµÈ£»µÈʽ
equivalent adj. ÏàµÈµÄ£¬µÈÖµµÄ £¨equivalence n. ÏàµÈ£¬µÈÖµ£©
even adj. £¨ÏàµÈµÄ£»Å¼ÊýµÄ£©£»Æ½µÄ
fraternity n. ͬÀàÈË£»ÓÑ°®
homogeneity n. ͬÖÖ£¬Í¬ÖÊ
homogeneous adj. ͬÀàµÄ£¬ÏàËƵÄ
homogenize v. ʹ¾ùÔÈ£¬Ê¹Ò»Ö £¨homogenization n. ¾ùÔÈ»¯£¬´¿Ò»»¯£©
kindred adj. ͬÀàµÄ£¬ÖÖ×åµÄ
parity n. £¨Ë®Æ½¡¢µØλ¡¢ÊýÁ¿µÈµÄ£©Í¬µÈ£¬ÏàµÈ
peer n. ͬµÈÖ®ÈË£¬Í¬±²
poise v. ʹÏàµÈ£¬Ê¹Æ½ºâ£»n. Ì©È»×ÔÈô£¬Õò¶¨
tantamount adj. Óë¡­ÏàµÈµÄ

5.1.2 ÏàËÆ
analogous adj. ÀàËƵÄ
analogy n. ÏàËÆ£»Àà±È
approximate adj. ´óÔ¼µÄ£¬¹À¼ÆµÄ £¨approximately adv. ´óÔ¼µØ approximation n. ½üËÆÖµ£©
homogeneous adj. ÏàËƵģ¬Í¬ÀàµÄ
parallel adj. ÀàËƵģ»Æ½Ðеģ»n. ƽÐÐÏߣ»v. Óë¡­ÏàËÆ
parallelism n. ÀàËÆ£¬Æ½ÐÐ
semblance n. ÏàËÆ£»Íâò

5.1.3 Ïà¹Ø
apposite adj. Ïà¹ØµÄ£¬Êʵ±µÄ£¬Ç¡µ±µÄ
apropos adj./adv. Óйأ»ÊÊÒ˵ģ¨µØ£©
pertinent adj. Óйصģ¬Ïà¹ØµÄ
reciprocal adj. Ï໥µÄ£¬»¥»ÝµÄ £¨reciprocity n. »¥»Ý£¬»Ø±¨£©
relate v. ÓйØÁª£»½²Êö
relevance n. Ïà¹Ø

extraneous adj. ÍâÀ´µÄ£»Î޹صÄ

5.1.4 ƽºâ
counterbalance v. Æðƽºâ×÷ÓÃ
counterpoise n./v. ƽºâ£¬Æ½¾ù
equilibrium n. ƽºâ
homeostasis n. ÌåÄÚƽºâ
poise v. ʹƽºâ£¬Ê¹ÏàµÈ£»n. Ì©È»×ÔÈô£¬Õò¶¨

lopsided adj. ²»Æ½ºâµÄ£¬ÇãÏòÒ»·½µÄ

5.1.5 ²»Í¬
chasm n. ´ó²î±ð£»ÉîÔ¨£¬´ó¹µ
discrepancy n. ²»Í¬£¬Ã¬¶Ü
disparate adj. åÄÈ»²»Í¬µÄ
disparity n. ²»Í¬£¬²îÒì
distinction n. Çø±ð£¬²î±ð£»ÖªÃû
diverse adj. ²»Í¬µÄ£»¶àÑùµÄ
diversity n. ¶àÑù£¬Ç§±äÍò»¯
heterogeneous adj. ÒìÀàµÄ£¬²»Í¬µÄ
multifarious adj. ¶àÖֵģ¬¸÷ʽ¸÷ÑùµÄ
multiple adj. ¶àÑùµÄ£¬¶àÖصÄ
multiplicity n. ¶àÑùÐÔ
nuance n. ϸ΢µÄ²îÒì
separate adj. ²»Í¬µÄ£»¶À×Եģ»v. ʹ·Ö¿ª
sundry adj. ¸÷ʽ¸÷Ñù£¬¸÷ÖÖµÄ
variance n. ²»Í¬£»Ã¬¶Ü
variegate v. ʹ¡­¶àÑù»¯

5.1.6 Ïà·´
antithesis n. ¶ÔÁ¢£»Ïà¶Ô £¨antithetic adj. ¶ÔÁ¢µÄ£©
adverse adj. Ïà·´µÄ£¬²»ÀûµÄ£»µÐ¶ÔµÄ
converse n. Ïà·´µÄÊÂÎadj. ÄæÏòµÄ£»v. ̸»°
disjunctive adj. Ïà·´µÄ£¬·ÖÀëµÄ
inverse adj. Ïà·´µÄ£»µ¹×ªµÄ
invert v. ÉÏϵ¹ÖÃ
reverse n. Ïà·´£»·´Ã棻v. µ¹³µ£»·´×ª
topsy-turvy adj. Ïà·´µÄ£¬µßµ¹µÄ£»ÂÒÆß°ËÔãµÄ£¬»ìÂÒµÄ

5.1.7 ì¶Ü
ambivalence n. ì¶ÜÐÄÀí
ambivalent adj. £¨¶ÔÈ˺ÍÎÓÐì¶Ü¿´·¨µÄ
discrepancy n. ì¶Ü£¬²»Í¬
friction n. ì¶Ü£¬³åÍ»£»Ä¦²Á
irreconcilable adj. ì¶ÜµÄ£¬²»ÄÜЭµ÷µÄ£¨²»¿Éµ÷ºÍµÄ£©
paradox n. ì¶Ü£»ËÆì¶Ü¶øÕýÈ·µÄ˵·¨
rift n. ì¶Ü£»ÁÑ¿Ú£¬¶ÏÁÑ
variance n. ì¶Ü£»²»Í¬

consistency n. ²»Ã¬¶Ü£»Ò»ÖÂÐÔ£»¼áʵ¶È£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ

5.2 Ò»Ö¡¢ºÍг
5.2.1 ͳһ£¬Ò»Ö£¬·ûºÏ
accommodate v. Óë¡­Ò»Ö£»ÌṩʳËÞ
assimilate v. ͬ»¯£»ÎüÊÕ
coherent adj. Ò»Öµģ¬Á¬¹áµÄ
coincide v. Ò»Ö£»ÇÉºÏ £¨coincidence n. ÇɺÏ֮ʠcoincident adj. Çɺϵģ©
conformity n. Ò»Ö£¬×ñ´Ó£»Ë³´Ó
congruent adj. Ò»Öµģ¬È«µÈµÄ £¨congruity n. È«µÈ£»Ò»Ö£©
congruous adj. Ò»Öµģ»·ûºÏµÄ£»[Êý]È«µÈµÄ
consistency n. Ò»ÖÂÐÔ£»¼áʵ¶È£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ£»²»Ã¬¶Ü
consistent adj. Ç°ºóÒ»ÖµÄ
consonance n. Ò»Ö£¬µ÷ºÍ£»ºÍÒô
consonant adj. Ò»Öµģ¬µ÷ºÍµÄ
entity n. ͳһÌ壬ʵÌå
harmony n. Ò»Ö£¬Ïà·û£»Ð­µ÷£¬Ôȳƣ¨ºÍг£©
homogenize v. ʹһÖ£¬Ê¹¾ùÔÈ £¨homogenization n. ¾ùÔÈ»¯£¬´¿Ò»»¯£©
jibe v. Óë¡­Ò»Ö£¬·ûºÏ£»£¨³°Ð¦£©
procrustean adj. Ç¿ÇóÒ»ÖµÄ
rapport n. Òâ¼ûÒ»Ö£¬ºÍÄÀ
solidarity n. Ò»Ö£¬ÍŽá
square v. Ò»Ö£¬·ûºÏ£»½áÇ壻£¨n. Õý·½ÐΣ©
tally v. £¨Ê¹£©Ò»Ö£¬·ûºÏ
unanimous adj. È«ÌåÒâ¼ûÒ»ÖµÄ
unification n. ͳһ£¬Ò»ÖÂ
uniform adj. Ò»Öµģ¬ÏàͬµÄ£»n. ÖÆ·þ
unify v. ͳһ£¬Ê¹³ÉÒ»Ì壻ʹÏàͬ
unison n. Ò»ÖµĻòЭµ÷µÄÐж¯£»Æë×࣬Æ볪

congruous adj. ·ûºÏµÄ£»Ò»Öµģ»[Êý]È«µÈµÄ
correspondent adj. ·ûºÏµÄ£»n. ¼ÇÕß
fulfil v. ·ûºÏ£¬Âú×㣻ÂÄÐÐ
jibe v. ·ûºÏ£¬Óë¡­Ò»Ö£»£¨³°Ð¦£©
square v. ·ûºÏ£¬Ò»Ö£»½áÇ壻£¨n. Õý·½ÐΣ©
tally v. ·ûºÏ£¬£¨Ê¹£©Ò»ÖÂ

5.2.2 ºÍг
appease v. °²¸§£¬Ê¹Æ½¾² £¨appeasement n. ƽϢ£¬Âú×㣩
attune v. ʹµ÷ºÍ
conciliate v. °²¸§£¬Ñ±·þ£»µ÷ºÍ £¨conciliation n. °²Î¿£¬°²¸§£©
conciliatory adj. ¸§Î¿µÄ£¬µ÷ºÍµÄ
console v. °²Î¿£¬¸§Î¿ £¨consolation n. °²Î¿£¬Î¿½å֮ʣ©
mediate v. µ÷Í£ £¨mediation n. µ÷Í£ mediator n. µ÷Í£Õߣ¬ÖÙ²ÃÕߣ©
mollify v. °²Î¿£¬°²¸§
neutralize v. Öкͣ»Ê¹ÎÞЧ
pacify v. ¸§Î¿£¬Ê¹°²¾² £¨pacific adj. ºÍƽµÄ pacification n. ºÍ½â£¬Æ½¶¨ pacifier n. µ÷Í£Õߣ¬ºÍ½âÈË£©
placate v. ¸§Î¿£¬Æ½Ï¢£¨·ßÅ­£©
propitiate v. ¸§Î¿£»ÌÖºÃ
relieved adj. ¿íοµÄ£¬ÈçÊÍÖظºµÄ £¨relieve v. ¼õÇᣬ½â³ý£©
solace n. °²Î¿£¬Î¿½å
soothe v. ¸§Î¿£»¼õÇá
sop n. °²Î¿Æ·£»ÅݹýµÄʳÎï

compatible adj. ºÍг¹²´¦µÄ£¬ÏàÈÝµÄ £¨compatibility n. ºÍг¹²´¦£¬²»Ã¬¶Ü£©
concord n. ºÍÄÀ£»¹«Ô¼
consonance n. µ÷ºÍ£¬Ò»Ö£»ºÍÒô
consonant adj. µ÷ºÍµÄ£¬Ò»ÖµÄ
empathy n. ÐÄÒâÏàͨ£¬£¨¸ÐÇéµÈ£©ÈÚΪһÌå
rapport n. ºÍÄÀ£¬Òâ¼ûÒ»ÖÂ
rapprochement n. ºÍºÃ£¬ºÍÄÀ
reconcile v. ºÍ½â£¬µ÷ºÍ
solidarity n. ÍŽᣬһÖÂ

cacophonous adj. ·¢Òô²»ºÍгµÄ£¬²»Ð­µ÷µÄ
dissonant adj. ²»ºÍгµÄ£¬²»Ò»ÖµÄ
incompatible adj. ²»ÄܺÍг¹²´æµÄ
incongruent adj. ²»Ð­µ÷µÄ£¬²»ºÍгµÄ£¬²»ºÏÊʵÄ
incongruity n. ²»Ð­µ÷£¬²»Ïà³Æ
irreconcilable adj. ²»ÄÜЭµ÷µÄ£¬Ã¬¶ÜµÄ£¨²»¿Éµ÷ºÍµÄ£©
off-key adj. ²»ºÍгµÄ£¬×ßµ÷µÄ

5.3 Ö±½ÓÓë¼ä½Ó
5.3.1 Ö±½Ó
incisive adj. Ò»Õë¼ûѪµÄ
outspoken adj. Ö±ÑÔ²»»äµÄ
straightforward adj. Ö±½ØÁ˵±µÄ£»ÕýÖ±µÄ£»Ò׶®µÄ
trenchant adj. Ò»Õë¼ûѪµÄ

5.3.2 Ö±ÂÊ
blunt adj. Ö±Âʵģ»¶ÛµÄ£»v. ±ä¶Û
candid adj. ÂÊÖ±µÄ
candor n. ÂÊÖ±£¬Ì¹°×
forthright adj. Ö±ÂʵÄ
tacit adj. ÐÄÕÕ²»ÐûµÄ
taciturn adj. ³ÁĬ¹ÑÑÔµÄ
transparent adj. Ö±Âʵģ»Í¸Ã÷µÄ £¨transparency n. ͸Ã÷£»»ÃµÆƬ£©
upfront adj. ̹ÂʵÄ

5.3.3 ¼ä½Ó
allude v. ¼ä½ÓÌáµ½£¬°µÖ¸ £¨allusive adj. º¬°µÊ¾µÄ£¬°µÖ¸µÄ£©
allusion n. ¼ä½ÓÌáʾ£¬°µÊ¾
backhanded adj. ¼ä½ÓµÄ£»·´ÊÖ»÷ÇòµÄ
oblique adj. ¼ä½ÓµÄ£»Ð±µÄ

5.4 µØλÓëÉí·Ý
status n. Éí·Ý£¬µØλ

5.4.1 ¸ß¹ó
august adj. ¸ß¹óµÄ£¬ÍþÑϵģ»£¨°ËÔ£©
choice adj. Éϵȵģ»¾«Ñ¡µÄ
dignity n. ×ð¹ó£¬×ðÑÏ
ennoble v. ʹ¸ß¹ó£¬ÊÚÓè¾ôλ
genteel adj. ÉÏÁ÷Éç»áµÄ£»×°×÷±ò±òÓÐÀñµÄ
imperial adj. ÖÁ×ðµÄ£¬µÛÍõµÄ
magisterial adj. ÓÐȨÍþµÄ£»Íþ·çµÄ
regal adj. µÛÍõµÄ£»»ªÀöµÄ
supremacy n. ÖÁ¸ßÎÞÉÏ£¬°ÔȨ
supreme adj. ÖÁ¸ßµÄ£»¼«¶ÈµÄ

aristocracy n. ¹ó×壻¹ó×åÕþ¸®£¬¹ó×åͳÖÎ
aristocrat n. ¹ó×å
baron n. ¹ó×壻¾ÞÍ·
patrician n. ¹ó×å

bourgeois adj. Öвú½×¼¶µÄ£»×Ô˽°ÝÎïµÄ
gentry n. ÉðÊ¿£¬ÉϵÈÈË
snobbish adj. ¼Ù³äÉðÊ¿µÄ£»ÊÆÀûÑÛµÄ

5.4.2 ±°¼ú
abase v. ʹ±°Ï£¬½µµÍ×Ô¼º£¬±áÒÖ
abject adj. ±°Ïµģ»¼«¿ÉÁ¯µÄ
currish adj. ϼúµÄ£»ÔÓÖÖµÄ
grovel v. Å«ÑÕæ¾Ï¥£¬Ò¡Î²ÆòÁ¯ £¨groveler n. ÆòÁ¯Õߣ©
hangdog adj. µÍ¼úµÄ£»ÓdzîµÄ
humble adj. ±°Î¢µÄ£»v. ʹǫ±° £¨humbleness n. Ç«Ñ·£©
inferior adj. ϼ¶µÄ£¬µÍµÈµÄ£¬Öʴεģ¬½Ï²îµÄ
mean adj. ±°¼úµÄ£»ÁßØĵÄ
menial adj. ±°Î¢µÄ£¬ÆÍÈ˵ģ»n. ¼ÒÆÍ
reptilian adj. ±°Ïµģ»ÅÀ³æÀàµÄ £¨reptant adj. ÅÀÐеģ©
servile adj. Å«ÐԵģ¬°ÙÒÀ°Ù˳µÄ

lackey n. ±°¹ªÇüÏ¥Õߣ¬×ß×ä
laity n. Ë×È˽׼¶£¬Ë×ÐÅͽ£»ÍâÐÐ
menial adj. n. ¼ÒÆÍ£»ÆÍÈ˵ģ¬±°Î¢µÄ
pariah n. ¼úÃñ£¬±»Éç»áÒÅÆúÕß
pawn n. ±»ÀûÓõÄСÈËÎn./v. µäµ±£¬µÖѺ
rabble n. ÎÚºÏÖ®ÖÚ£»ÏµÈÈË
riffraff n. [±á]ÎÚºÏÖ®ÖÚ£¬ÈºÃ¥

helot n. Å«Á¥£»ÊÜÈËÇáÊÓÖ®ÈË
minion n. Å«²Å£¬µÍÏÂÖ®ÈË
serfdom n. Å©Å«Éí·Ý£¬Å©Å«¾³Óö
servitude n. Å«ÒÛ£¬ÀÍÒÛ
thrall n. Å«Á¥£¬Å©Å«

mendicant n. Æòؤ£»adj. ÐÐÆòµÄ
pauper n. ƶÃñ£¬Æòؤ

nomad n. Á÷ÀËÕߣ»ÓÎÄÁ²¿ÂäµÄÈË
refugee n. Á÷ÍöÕߣ¬ÄÑÃñ
vagabond n. Á÷ÀËÕߣ¬À˵´×Ó£»adj. Á÷À˵Ä
vagrant n. Á÷À˺º£¬ÎÞÀµ£»adj. Ư²´µÄ

6. ÐÎÈݶԴí
6.1 ÃÀÀöÓë³ó¶ñ
6.1.1 ÃÀÀö
aesthetic adj. ÃÀѧµÄ£¬ÓÐÉóÃÀ¸ÐµÄ
bravura adj. »ªÃÀµÄ£»ÏÔʾ¼¼Çɵģ»n. »ªÃÀÀÖ¶Î
florid adj. »ªÀöµÄ£»£¨Á³£©ºìÈóµÄ
grace n. ÓÅÃÀ
gracious adj. ÉÝ»ªµÄ£»´ó·½µÄ£¬ºÍÉƵÄ
imposing v. ׳ÀöµÄ£¬ÐÛΰµÄ
magnificent adj. ׳ÀöµÄ£¬ºêΰµÄ£»¸ßÉеÄ
ornate adj. »ªÃÀµÄ£»³äÂú×°ÊεÄ
regal adj. »ªÀöµÄ£»µÛÍõµÄ
resplendent adj. »ªÀöµÄ£¬»Ô»ÍµÄ
rosy adj. ÃÀºÃµÄ£»Àֹ۵ģ»½¡¿µµÄ£»Ãµ¹åÉ«µÄ
superb adj. Éϳ˵ģ¬³öÉ«µÄ

delectable adj. ÉÍÐÄÔÃÄ¿µÄ
delicacy n. ¾«Ö£¬ÓÅÑÅ£»Ï¸ÄÛ
delicate adj. ¾«Öµģ¬ÓÅÃÀµÄ£»½¿ÄÛµÄ
diaphanous adj. ¾«Öµģ»Í¸Ã÷µÄ
elaborate adj. ¾«Öµģ¬¸´Ôӵģ»v. Ï꾡µØ˵Ã÷£¬²ûÃ÷
exquisite adj. ¾«Öµģ»½üºõÍêÃÀµÄ

affinity n. ÎüÒýÁ¦£¬ÃÜÇйØϵ
alluring adj. ÎüÒýÈ˵ģ¬ÃÔÈ˵Ä
charisma n. ÷ÈÁ¦£»£¨´óÖÚ°®´÷µÄ£©ÁìÐäÆøÖÊ £¨charismatic adj. ÓÐ÷ÈÁ¦µÄ£©
charm n. ÷ÈÁ¦£»ÖäÓÖä·û£»v. ÎüÒý£¬ÃÔס
chic adj. ƯÁÁµÄ£¬Ê±÷ÖµÄ
comely adj. ¶¯È˵ģ¬ÃÀÀöµÄ
debonair adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ»ÓѺõÄ
engaging adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬ÃÀÀö¶¯È赀 £¨engage v. ÎüÒý£©
enthralling adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬ÎüÒýÈ˵Ä
glamorous adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬¸»ÓÐ÷ÈÁ¦µÄ
glitter n. ÷ÈÁ¦£¬ÓÕ»óÁ¦£»²ÓÀõĹ⻪£»v. ÉÁ˸£¬ÉÁÒ«
gorgeous adj. ÃÀÀöµÄ£»¼«ºÃµÄ
nubile adj. ÎüÒýÈ˵ģ»£¨Å®º¢£©µ½»é¼ÞÄêÁäµÄ
pulchritude n. ÃÀÀö
saccharine adj. £¨Ì¬¶È£©½¿Ãĵģ»£¨Ëµ»°Éù£©½¿µÎµÎµÄ
seraphic adj. ÈçÌìʹ°ãµÄ£¬ÃÀÀöµÄ
stunning adj. ¼«¸»÷ÈÁ¦µÄ
taking adj. ³þ³þ¶¯È˵Ä
winsome adj. ÃÄÈ˵ģ¬Æ¯ÁÁµÄ

natty adj. äìÈ÷µÄ£»Õû½àµÄ
personable adj. Ó¢¿¡µÄ£¬·ç¶ÈºÃµÄ
rakish adj. äìÈ÷µÄ£»·Åµ´µÄ
snappy adj. äìÈ÷µÄ£»¾«Á¦³äÅæµÄ

delicacy n. ÓÅÑÅ£¬¾«Ö£»Ï¸ÄÛ
lissome adj. ×Ë̬ÓÅÑŵģ¬ÈáÈíµÄ
polish n. £¨Ì¬¶ÈµÈ£©ÓÅÑÅ£»ÉϹâ¼Á£»v. °Ñ¡­²Á¹âÁÁ£¬Å×¹â
prim adj. ¶ËׯµÄ£¬Õû½àµÄ

glorify v. ÃÀ»¯£¬´µÅõ
transfigure v. ÃÀ»¯£¬¸Ä¹Û

6.1.2 ºÍ°ª
affable adj. ºÍ°ªµÄ£»Ò×ÓÚ½»Ì¸µÄ £¨affability n. ºÍ°ª¿ÉÇ×£©
amiable adj. ºÍ°ªµÄ£¬Ç×ÇÐµÄ £¨amiability n. ÓѺ㬺Ͱª¿ÉÇ×£©
balmy adj. £¨Æøºò£©Îº͵ģ»·¼ÏãµÄ
bonhomie n. ºÃÐÔÇ飬κͣ¬ºÍ°ª
clemency n. κͣ»ÈÊ´È£¬¿íºñ
clement adj. κ͵ģ»ÈʴȵÄ
congenial adj. ÐÔÇéºÃµÄ£»ÒâÆøÏàͶµÄ
equable adj. £¨Æ¢Æø£©Îº͵ģ»Îȶ¨µÄ£¬²»±äµÄ
even-tempered adj. ÐÔÇéƽºÍµÄ£»²»Ò×ÉúÆøµÄ
gentle adj. κ͵ģ¬´ÈÏéµÄ
gracious adj. ºÍÉƵģ¬´ó·½µÄ£»ÉÝ»ªµÄ
leniency n. κͣ¬¿íÈÝ
meek adj. ÎÂ˳µÄ£¬Ë³·þµÄ
prepossessing adj. £¨¸öÐԵȣ©¸øÈ˺øеÄ
subdued adj. £¨ÈË£©Îº͵ģ»£¨¹âºÍÉù£©ÈáºÍµÄ£¬»ººÍµÄ
tractability n. ÎÂ˳
tractable adj. ÎÂ˳µÄ£¬Ò×ÓÚ¼ÝÔ¦µÄ

benevolent adj. ÉÆÐĵģ¬ÈÊÐĵÄ
benign adj. ´ÈÏéµÄ
catholic adj. £¨ÈË£©¿íºñµÄ£»ÆÕ±éµÄ£»¹ã·ºµÄ
charitable adj. Èʴȵģ»¿íºñµÄ
charity n. ÈÊ´È£»Ê©Éá
clemency n. ÈÊ´È£¬¿íºñ£»ÎºÍ
clement adj. Èʴȵģ»Îº͵Ä
humane adj. ´È±¯µÄ£¬È˵ÀµÄ
lenient adj. Èʴȵģ»¿í´óµÄ £¨lenience n. ¿í´ó£¬ÎÂºÍ lenitive adj. »ººÍµÄ£©

6.1.3 ÓѺÃ
affinity n. ÃÜÇйØϵ£¬ÎüÒýÁ¦
amicable adj. ÓѺõÄ
amity n. £¨ÈË»ò¹úÖ®¼äµÄ£©ÓѺùØϵ
familiarity n. Ç×½ü£»¾«Í¨£»²»¾ÐÀñÒÇ £¨familiar adj. ÊìϤµÄ£©
fraternal adj. ÓÑÉƵģ»ÐֵܵÄ
fraternity n. ÓÑ°®£»Í¬ÀàÈË
goodwill n. ÓѺÃ
intimate adj. Ç×Ãܵģ»n. ÃÜÓÑ£»v. °µÊ¾
outgoing adj. ÓÑÉƵģ»¼´½«ÀëÈ¥µÄ
sociable adj. ÓѺõģ¬ºÃ½»¼ÊµÄ£¬ºÏȺµÄ
speculate v. Ͷ»ú£»³Á˼£¬Ë¼Ë÷ £¨speculation n. ˼Ë÷£¬ÍƲ⣻Ͷ»ú£©
speculative adj. Ͷ»úµÄ£»ÍÆÀíµÄ£¬Ë¼Ë÷µÄ

6.1.4 ³ç¸ß
lofty adj. ³ç¸ßµÄ£¬¸ßÉеÄ
magnificent adj. ¸ßÉеģ»×³ÀöµÄ£¬ºêΰµÄ
sublime adj. ³ç¸ßµÄ

6.1.5 ÎÄÃ÷
amenable adj. ͨÇé´ïÀíµÄ£¬Ô¸·þ´ÓµÄ
chivalrous adj. ¶ÔÅ®È˱ò±òÓÐÀñµÄ£»ÎäÊ¿¾«ÉñµÄ
civil adj. ÎÄÃ÷µÄ£»¹úÄڵģ»¹«ÃñµÄ
civility n. ±ò±òÓÐÀñ£¬Ë¹ÎÄ
complaisance n. ±ò±òÓÐÀñ£¬ÒóÇÚ£¬Èá˳
complaisant adj. ˳´ÓµÄ£¬Ìֺõģ¨ËæºÍµÄ£©
cultivated adj. ÓÐÐÞÑøµÄ£»¸ûÖֵģ¬ÔÔÖ²µÄ
virtuous adj. ÓÐÃÀµÂµÄ£»×ÔÃüÇå¸ßµÄ £¨virtue n. ÃÀµÂ£©

genteel adj. ×°×÷±ò±òÓÐÀñµÄ£»ÉÏÁ÷Éç»áµÄ
unenlightened adj. ²»ÎÄÃ÷µÄ£»ÓÞÃÁÎÞÖªµÄ
vulgar adj. ÎÞ½ÌÑøµÄ £¨vulgarian n. Ó¹ÈË vulgarize v. Ó¹Ë×»¯ vulgarity n. ´ÖË×£¬µÍ¼¶£©

6.1.6 ³óª
ugly adj. ÄÑ¿´µÄ£¬¿ÉŵÄ
gangling adj. Êݳ¤ÄÑ¿´µÄ
homely adj. ²»Æ¯ÁÁµÄ£»ÆÓËصÄ
scandal n. ³óÎÅ£»¶ñÒâ·Ì°ù

6.1.7 ´ÖË×
bedizen v. °Ñ¡­×°ÊεÃÑÞÀö¶øË×Æø
flamboyant adj. ÑÞÀöµÄ£¬ìÅÒ«µÄ
foppish adj. Ë×ÀöµÄ£¬¸¡»ªµÄ
fop n. £¨Ï²ºÃ¾«Ö·þ×°µÄ£©»¨»¨¹«×Ó
garish adj. Ë×ÀöµÄ£¬¹ý·ÖÑÞÀöµÄ £¨garishness n. Ë×Àö£©
gaudy adj. Ë×ÀöµÄ
meretricious adj. Ë×Ñ޵ģ¬»ª¶ø²»ÊµµÄ £¨meretrix n. ¼ËÅ®£©
raffish adj. Ë×Ñ޵ģ»´ÖË×µÄ £¨raff n. À¬»ø£©
tawdry adj. Ë×ÀöµÄ£¬»ª¶ø²»ÊµµÄ

plume v. ɦÊ×Ū×Ë£¨±í×Ô¸ºµÄ¶¯×÷£©£»ÕûÀíÓð룻n. Óðë
pose v. Ôì×÷£»°Ú×ËÊÆ
poseur n. ×°Ä£×÷ÑùµÄÈË
posture v. ¹Ê×÷×Ë̬£»n. ×ËÊÆ£¬Ìå̬£»Ì¬¶È £¨posturer n. ×ö×÷Õߣ¬×°Ä£×÷ÑùÕߣ©
primp v. £¨¸¾Å®£©¿ÌÒâ´ò°ç£¨±í×Ô¸ºµÄ¶¯×÷£©

meretricious adj. »ª¶ø²»ÊµµÄ£¬Ë×ÑÞµÄ £¨meretrix n. ¼ËÅ®£©
specious adj. »ª¶ø²»ÊµµÄ£»ËÆÊǶø·ÇµÄ
tawdry adj. »ª¶ø²»ÊµµÄ£¬Ë×ÀöµÄ
trumpery adj. Öп´²»ÖÐÓõÄ

mundane adj. ÊÀË׵ģ¬ÏÖÊÀµÄ
secular adj. ÊÀË׵ģ¬³¾ÊÀµÄ
temporal adj. ÊÀË׵ģ»Ê±¼äµÄ £¨temporary adj. ÔÝʱµÄ£¬ÁÙʱµÄ£©
ultramundane adj. ³¬Ë׵ģ¬ÊÀ½çÖ®ÍâµÄ
unworldly adj. ·ÇÊÀË׵ģ»¾«ÉñÉϵÄ

artless adj. ´ÖË׵ģ»×ÔÈ»µÄ
coarse adj. ´ÖË׵ģ»´Ö²ÚµÄ£»µÍÁÓµÄ
earthy adj. ´ÖË׵ģ¬´ÖªµÄ
provincial adj. ´ÖË׵ģ¬Æ«ÏÁµÄ £¨province n. Ê¡£©
raffish adj. ´ÖË׵ģ»Ë×ÑÞµÄ £¨raff n. À¬»ø£©
slobber v. ´ÖË׵رíʾ£»Á÷¿ÚË®£»n. ¿ÚË®

unenlightened adj. ²»ÎÄÃ÷µÄ£»ÓÞÃÁÎÞÖªµÄ
vulgar adj. ÎÞ½ÌÑøµÄ £¨vulgarian n. Ó¹ÈË vulgarize v. Ó¹Ë×»¯ vulgarity n. ´ÖË×£¬µÍ¼¶£©

abrasive adj. ÉúÓ²´Ö±©µÄ£»Ä¥ËðµÄ
asperity n. ´Ö³£»ÑÏ¿á
filth n. ´ÖÓ°¹Ôà
gruff adj. £¨Ö¸ÈË¡¢ÉùÒô£©´ÖÒ°µÄ
grumpy adj. Æ¢Æø±©ÔêµÄ £¨grump v./n. ·¢Æ¢Æø£¬ÉúÆø£©
impertinence n. ´Ö³£¬ÎÞÀñ
insolent adj. ´ÖÒ°µÄ£¬ÎÞÀñµÄ
loutish adj. ´Ö³µÄ
lowbred adj. ´ÖÒ°µÄ£¬Â³Ã§µÄ
ribald adj. ´Ö±ÉµÄ£¬ÏÂÁ÷µÄ £¨ribaldry n. ´ÖË×ÏÂÁ÷µÄÑÔ´Ê»òЦ»°£©
rowdy adj. ´Ö±©µÄ£¬³³ÄÖµÄ
snappish adj. Æ¢Æø±©ÔêµÄ
surly adj. Æ¢Æø±©ÔêµÄ£»Òõ³ÁµÄ

arbitrary adj. רºáµÄ£¬²»ÀíÖÇµÄ £¨arbitrarily adv. ËæÐÄËùÓûµØ£¬°ÔµÀµØ£©
imperious adj. רºáµÄ£¬°ÁÂýµÄ
overbearing adj. רºáµÄ£¬¶À¶ÏµÄ
peremptory adj. רºáµÄ£»²»ÈÝ·´¿¹µÄ
pontifical adj. Îä¶ÏµÄ£»×ÔÒÔΪÊÇµÄ £¨pontiff n. ½Ì»Ê£¬Ö÷½Ì£©
presumption n. רºá£¬Ã°ÃÁ£»¼Ù¶¨
riotous adj. ÂùºáµÄ£»±©ÂÒµÄ

brash adj. ÎÞÀñµÄ£»ÐÔ¼±µÄ
contumely n. ÎÞÀñ£¬°ÁÂý
flip adj. ÎÞÀñµÄ£»v. ÓÃÖ¸Çᵯ£»±ÄÌø
flippant adj. ÎÞÀñµÄ£»ÇáÂʵÄ
impertinence n. ÎÞÀñ£¬´Ö³
impudent adj. ÎÞÀñµÄ£¬Â³Ã§µÄ£¨´Ö³µÄ£©
insolence n. ÎÞÀñ£¬°ÁÂý
insolent adj. ÎÞÀñµÄ£¬´ÖÒ°µÄ

boor n. ¾ÙÖ¹´ÖÒ°µÄÈË£»ÏçÏÂÈË
churl n. ´Ö±ÉÖ®ÈË £¨churlish adj. Æ¢Æø±©ÔêµÄ churlishness n. ´ÖÒ°£©
laity n. Ë×È˽׼¶£¬Ë×ÐÅͽ£»ÍâÐÐ
lout n. ´ÖÈË
philistine n. Ó¹ÈË£¬Êпë
virago n. Æø¾£¬ºÃÂîÈË»òºÃÖ§ÅäÈ˵ÄÅ®ÈË

6.1.8 ²ÐÈÌ
atrocious adj. ²ÐÈ̵ģ¬Ð׶ñµÄ
atrocity n. ²Ð±©£¬±©ÐÐ
barbarous adj. ²Ð±©µÄ£»Ò°ÂùµÄ
bestial adj. ²ÐÈ̵ģ¬Ò°ÊÞµÄ
brutal adj. ²ÐÈ̵ģ»ÑÏ¿áµÄ £¨brutality n. ²Ð¿á£¬ÊÞÐУ©
brute n./adj. ²ÐÈ̵ģ¨ÈË£©£»Ò°ÊÞ£¨µÄ£©
callous adj. ÎÞÇéµÄ£»½áÓ²¿éµÄ
cold-blooded adj. [Éú]ÀäѪµÄ£»²Ð¿áµÄ
fell adj. Ð×Ã͵ģ¬¿Éŵģ»n. ÊÞƤ£»v. ¿³·¥
feral adj. Ð×Ã͵ģ¬Ò°µÄ
ferocious adj. Ð×Ã͵ģ¬²Ð±©µÄ
grim adj. Àä¿áµÄ£¬¿ÉŵÄ
outrage n. ±©ÐÐ
pitiless adj. ÎÞÇéµÄ£¬Àä¿áµÄ£¬ÎÞÁ¯ÃõÐĵÄ
ruffian adj. ²Ð±©µÄ£»n. ¶ñ¹÷£¬´õͽ
ruthlessness n. ÎÞÇ飬²ÐÈÌ
savage adj. Ð×Ã͵ģ¬Ò°ÂùµÄ
severe adj. Ð×Ã͵ģ»ÑϸñµÄ
truculent adj. ²Ð±©µÄ£¬Ð׺ݵÄ
tyranny n. ±©ÐУ»±©Õþ£¬×¨ÖÆͳÖÎ
vicious adj. ²Ð¿áµÄ£¬Î£ÏÕµÄ

6.1.9 а¶ñ£¬±°±É
baleful adj. а¶ñµÄ£¬¶ñÒâµÄ
condign adj. ×ïÓÐÓ¦µÃµÄ£»ÊÊÒ˵Ä
diabolic adj. ¶ñħ£¨Ò»Ñù£©µÄ£¬Ä§¹íÐÔ¸ñµÄ
diabolical adj. ¶ñ¶¾µÄ£¬ºÝ¶¾µÄ £¨diabol n. ¶ñħ£©
enormity n. ¼«¶ñ£»±©ÐÐ
execrable adj. ¼«»µµÄ
foul adj. а¶ñµÄ£»¶ñ³ôµÄ£»v. ŪÔࣻn. £¨ÌåÓýµÈ£©·¸¹æ
heinous adj. Ê®¶ñ²»ÉâµÄ
heretical adj. Òì¶Ëа˵µÄ
hideous adj. ³ó¶ñµÄ£¬ÌÖÑáµÄ £¨hideousness n. ¿ÉÅ£¬³óª£©
iniquity n. а¶ñ£¬²»¹«Õý
malevolent adj. ÓжñÒâµÄ£¬¶ñ¶¾µÄ
malice n. ¶ñÒ⣬ԹºÞ
malicious adj. ¶ñÒâµÄ£¬Ô¹¶¾µÄ
malign adj. а¶ñµÄ£»v. ·Ì°ù£¬ÖÐÉË
malignant adj. ¶ñ¶¾µÄ£¬³äÂúºÞÒâµÄ
nefarious adj. а¶ñµÄ£¬Î¥·¨µÄ
satanic adj. ÇîÐ×¼«¶ñµÄ
scandal n. ¶ñÒâ·Ì°ù£»³óÎÅ
seamy adj. ¶ñÁӵģ¬°¹ÔàµÄ
shoddy n. ÁÓÖʵģ¬Ã°³äºÃ»õµÄ
sinister adj. ÏÕ¶ñµÄ£»²»¼ªÏéµÄ £¨sinistral adj. ×ó±ßµÄ sinistrorse adj. ×óÐýµÄ£©
spite n. ¶ñÒ⣬ԹºÞ
treachery n. ÒõÏÕ£»±³ÅÑ
turpitude n. а¶ñ£¬±°±É£¨ÐÐΪ£©
venom n. ¶ñ¶¾£¬Í´ºÞ£»¶¾Òº
vile adj. ¶ñÁӵģ¬±°±ÉµÄ
villainous adj. а¶ñµÄ£¬¶ñ¶¾µÄ
virulent adj. ¶ñ¶¾µÄ£»¾ç¶¾µÄ
wicked adj. ¼«»µµÄ£»ÌÔÆøµÄ

base adj. ±°±ÉµÄ £¨baseness n. ±°±É£©
despicable adj. ¿É±ÉµÄ£¬±°ÁÓµÄ
ignoble adj. ±°±ÉµÄ
ignominious adj. ¿É³ÜµÄ£»³ÜÈèµÄ
scurvy adj. ±°±ÉµÄ£¬¿É±ÉµÄ
sordid adj. ±°±ÉµÄ£»°¹ÔàµÄ
underhanded adj. ±°±ÉµÄ£¬²»¹âÃ÷µÄ
vile adj. ±°±ÉµÄ£¬¶ñÁÓµÄ
shabby adj. ±°±ÉµÄ£»ÆÆÀõÄ

barefaced adj. ºñÑÕÎ޳ܵģ¬¹«È»µÄ
blatant adj. ºñÑÕÎ޳ܵģ»ÏÔÑ۵ģ»ìÅÒ«µÄ
brassy adj. ºñÁ³Æ¤µÄ£¬ÎÞÀñµÄ
brazen adj. ºñÁ³Æ¤µÄ
effrontery n. ºñÑÕÎÞ³Ü

gargoyle n. Ãæò³ó¶ñµÄÈË£»£¨µñ¿Ì³É¹ÖÊÞ×´µÄ£©µÎË®×ì
harridan n. Ð׶ñµÄÀϸ¾£¬ÀÏÎ×ÆÅ£¨ÆﻵµÄÀÏÂí£©
knave n. Á÷Ã¥£¬¶ñ¹÷
miscreant n. ¶ñ¹÷£¬´õͽ
rapscallion n. Á÷Ã¥£¬¶ñ¹÷
reptile n. ±°±ÉµÄÈË£»ÅÀÐж¯Îï
ruffian n. ¶ñ¹÷£¬´õͽ£»adj. ²Ð±©µÄ

6.2 ÕæʵÓëÐé¼Ù
6.2.1 Õæʵ
authentic adj. ÕæÕýµÄ£»·¨ÂÉ֤ʵµÄ £¨authenticate v. Ö¤Ã÷ijÎïΪÕ棩
authenticity n. ÕæʵÐÔ£¬È·ÊµÐÔ
factual adj. ÕæʵµÄ£¬ÊÂʵµÄ
genuine adj. ÕæµÄ£»Õæ³ÏµÄ £¨genuineness n. Ãû¸±Æäʵ£©
particular n. ÊÂʵ£¬Ï¸½Ú
reportorial adj. ¼ÍʵµÄ£»¼ÇÕßµÄ
unfeigned adj. ÕæʵµÄ£»²»×÷¼ÙµÄ
veracity n. ÕæʵÐÔ£¬³Ïʵ
verisimilar adj. ºÃÏñÕæʵµÄ£»¿ÉÄܵÄ
veritable adj. ȷʵµÄ£¬Ãû¸±ÆäʵµÄ
vivid adj. ±ÆÕæµÄ£¬´óµ¨µÄ£¬»îÆõģ»ÇåÎúµÄ£¬ÏÊÑÞµÄ

unaffected adj. ²»½ÃÈàÔì×÷µÄ£¬×ÔÈ»µÄ
unassuming adj. ²»°Ú¼Ü×ӵģ¬²»Ôì×÷µÄ

6.2.2 Õæ³Ï
genuine adj. Õæ³ÏµÄ£»ÕæµÄ £¨genuineness n. Ãû¸±Æäʵ£©
integrity n. ³Ïʵ£¬ÕýÖ±£»ÍêÕû
obliging adj. ¿ÒÇеģ¬ÈÈÐÄÖúÈ˵Ä
rectitude n. ³Ïʵ£¬ÕýÖ±
sincere adj. ³ÏʵµÄ£¬ÕýÖ±µÄ£»ÕæÖ¿µÄ£¬´¿¾»µÄ
veracious adj. ³ÏʵµÄ£¬ËµÕæ»°µÄ
veracity n. ³Ïʵ£¬ÕæʵÐÔ

6.2.3 Ðé¼Ù
adulterate v. ²ô¼Ù
affectation n. Ðé¼Ù£¬×ö×÷ £¨affecting adj. ¸ÐÈ˵ģ©
apocryphal adj. ¼ÙðµÄ£¬Ðé¼ÙµÄ
artificial adj. ¼ÙµÄ£¬ÈËÔìµÄ
belie v. Ö¤Ã÷Ϊ¼Ù£»ÑÚÊÎ
bogus adj. ¼ÙµÄ£¬¼Ù×°µÄ
ersatz adj. ¼ÙµÄ£¬´úÓõÄ
factitious adj. ²»ÕæʵµÄ£¬ÈËΪµÄ
fictitious adj. ¼ÙµÄ£»Ðé¹¹µÄ
figment n. Ðé¹¹µÄ¶«Î÷
illusion n. ¼ÙÏ󣬴í¾õ
illusive adj. ÃԻõģ¬ÃÔ»óÈ˵Ä
illusory adj. Ðé»ÃµÄ
imitation n. ØÍÆ·£»Ð§·¨£¬Ã°³ä £¨imitate v. Ä£·Â£¬·ÂÖÆ£©
mendacious adj. ²»ÕæµÄ£¬Èö»ÑµÄ
mendacity n. Ðé¼Ù
phony adj. ¼ÙµÄ£¬Î±ÔìµÄ
sham n. Ðé¼Ù£»v. αװ
spurious adj. ¼ÙµÄ£»Î±ÔìµÄ

denture n. ¼ÙÑÀ
toupee n. ÄÐÓüٷ¢
wig n. ¼Ù·¢

figurehead n. ÃûÒåÁìÐ䣻¿þÀÜ
nominal adj. ÃûÒåÉϵģ¬ÓÐÃûÎÞʵµÄ
titular adj. ÓÐÃûÎÞʵµÄ£¬ÃûÒåÉϵÄ

6.2.4 ¼Ù×°
affected adj. ¼Ù×°µÄ£»²»×ÔÈ»µÄ
bogus adj. ¼Ù×°µÄ£¬¼ÙµÄ
camouflage n./v. αװ£¬ÑÚÊÎ
disguise v. ¼Ù°ç£»ÑÚÊÎ
fake v. Ñð×°£»Î±Ôì
feign v. ¼Ù×°£¬Î±×°
feigned adj. ¼Ù×°µÄ£»²»Õæ³ÏµÄ
masquerade v. αװ£»n. »¯×°Îè»á
pretend v. ¼Ù×°£»×°°ç
sham v. αװ£»n. Ðé¼Ù
simulate v. ¼Ù×°£¬Ä£·Â

imitation n. ð³ä£¬Ð§·¨£»ØÍÆ· £¨imitate v. Ä£·Â£¬·ÂÖÆ£©
impostor n. ð³äÕߣ¬Æ­×Ó
imposture n. ð³ä
quack n. ð³äÄÚÐÐÖ®ÈË£»Ó¹Ò½

bluff n. ÐéÕÅÉùÊÆ£»ÐüÑÂÇͱÚ
fulsome adj. ÐéÇé¼ÙÒâµÄ£»³ä×ãµÄ
hypocritical adj. ÐéαµÄ
pretence n. Ðéα£»½è¿Ú
smarmy adj. ÐéÇé¼ÙÒâµÄ

affected adj. ²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£»¼Ù×°µÄ
affectation n. ×ö×÷£¬Ðé¼Ù £¨affecting adj. ¸ÐÈ˵ģ©
affected adj. ²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£»¼Ù×°µÄ
contrived adj. ²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£¬×ö×÷µÄ
labored adj. £¨ÎÄÌåµÈ£©²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£»³ÔÁ¦µÄ
mannered adj. ×ö×÷µÄ
pose v. Ôì×÷£»°Ú×ËÊÆ
poseur n. ×°Ä£×÷ÑùµÄÈË
stagy adj. ²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£¬ÑÝÏ·Ò»°ãµÄ
stilted adj. £¨ÎÄÕ¡¢Ì¸»°£©²»×ÔÈ»µÄ£»¿äÕÅµÄ £¨stilt n. ¸ßõΣ©

bathetic adj. ¼Ù×÷±¯É˵ģ»³Â¸¯µÄ
bravado n. ¹Ê×÷Ó¸ң¬ÐéÕÅÉùÊÆ
doze v. ¼Ùã¬î§Ë¯
feint v./n. Ñð¹¥£¬Ñð»÷
genteel adj. ×°×÷±ò±òÓÐÀñµÄ£»ÉÏÁ÷Éç»áµÄ
gild v. ÐéÊΣ¨Ðé¼ÙµÄ×°ÊΣ©£»¶Æ½ð
hypocrite n. αÉÆÕߣ¬Î±¾ý×Ó
insincerity n. αÉÆ£¨²»Õæ³Ï£©
pharisaic adj. αÉƵģ¬Î±×°ò¯³ÏµÄ
prudish adj. ¼ÙµÀѧµÄ£¬¹ý·ÖÊØÀñµÄ
sanctimonious adj. ¼Ù×°ÉñÊ¥µÄ
shoddy n. ð³äºÃ»õµÄ£¬ÁÓÖʵÄ
snobbish adj. ¼Ù³äÉðÊ¿µÄ£»ÊÆÀûÑÛµÄ

6.2.5 αÔì
concoct v. ÄóÔ죻µ÷ÖÆ £¨concoction n. µ÷Å䣨Î£»»ÑÑÔ£©
counterfeit v. αÔ죬·ÂÔì
fabricate v. ÄóÔ죻ÖÆÔì £¨fabrication n. ±àÔ죬ÄóÔ죻αÔìµÄÊÂÎ
fake v. αÔ죻Ñð×°
forge v. αÔ죻´¸Á¶£»n. Ìú½³ÆÌ
forger n. αÔìÕߣ»´òÌú½³
forgery n. αÔ죨Î
phony adj. αÔìµÄ£¬¼ÙµÄ
rig v. αÔ죬Îè±×£¬ÆÛÆ­
spurious adj. αÔìµÄ£»¼ÙµÄ

perjure v. ×÷α֤£¬·¢¼ÙÊÄ
perjury n. ×÷α֤£¬·¢¼ÙÊÄ

6.2.6 Ä£·Â
imitation n. Ч·¨£¬Ã°³ä£»ØÍÆ· £¨imitate v. Ä£·Â£¬·ÂÖÆ£©
imitative adj. Ä£·ÂµÄ
impersonate v. Ä£·Â£»°çÑÝ
inimitable adj. ÎÞ·¨·ÂЧµÄ£¬²»¿É±ÈÄâµÄ
mimic v. Ä£·Â£¬Ï·Åª£»n. Ä£·ÂËûÈËÑÔÐеÄÈË £¨mimicry n. Ä£·Â£»Äâ̬£©
mock v. Ä£·ÂµØ³°Åª£»³°Ð¦
simulate v. Ä£·Â£¬¼Ù×°
travesty v./n. ÍáÇúÄ£·Â£¬Çú½â

effigy n. Ä£ÄâÏñ
facsimile n. ¸´ÖƱ¾£¬Ä¡±¾
replica n. ¸´ÖÆÆ·

6.3 Ö÷¹ÛÓë¿Í¹Û
6.3.1 Ö÷¹Û
initiative n. Ö÷¶¯£»Ê×´´¾«Éñ
quixotic adj. ¿ÕÏëµÄ£¬²»ÇÐʵ¼ÊµÄ
subjective adj. Ö÷¹ÛµÄ£¬ÏëÏñµÄ
theoretical adj. ²»ÇÐʵ¼ÊµÄ£»ÀíÂÛ£¨ÉÏ£©µÄ £¨theory n. ÀíÂÛ£©

6.3.2 ¿Í¹Û
clinical adj. Àä¾²¿Í¹ÛµÄ£»ÁÙ´²µÄ
disinterested adj. ¿Í¹ÛµÄ£¬¹«ÕýµÄ
objective adj. ¿Í¹ÛµÄ£»n. Ä¿±ê £¨objectivity n. ¿Í¹ÛÐÔ£©
passive adj. ±»¶¯µÄ£¬È±·¦»îÁ¦µÄ

6.4 ¹«ÕýÓëÆ«Ì»
6.4.1 ¹«Õý
aboveboard adj./adv. ¹âÃ÷Õý´óµÄ
detached adj. ³¬È»µÄ£¨¹«ÕýµÄ£©£»·Ö¿ªµÄ
disinterested adj. ¹«ÕýµÄ£¬¿Í¹ÛµÄ
equity n. ¹«Æ½£¬¹«Õý
even adj. ƽµÄ£»£¨ÏàµÈµÄ£»Å¼ÊýµÄ£©
evenhanded adj. ¹«Æ½µÄ£¬²»Æ«²»ÒеÄ
impartial adj. ¹«Æ½µÄ£¬ÎÞ˽µÄ

6.4.2 ÕýÖ±
conscience n. Á¼ÐÄ£¬ÊǷǸÐ
decency n. ÕýÅÉ£¬¶Ëׯ
integrity n. ÕýÖ±£¬³Ïʵ£»ÍêÕû
probity n. ¸ÕÖ±£¬ÕýÖ±
rectitude n. ³Ïʵ£¬ÕýÖ±
sincere adj. ³ÏʵµÄ£¬ÕýÖ±µÄ£»ÕæÖ¿µÄ£¬´¿¾»µÄ
straightforward adj. ÕýÖ±µÄ£»Ò׶®µÄ£»Ö±½ØÁ˵±µÄ

6.4.3 Æ«Ì»
cronyism n. ¶ÔºÃÅóÓѵÄÆ«Ì»£»ÈÎÈËΨÇ×
devious adj. ²»ÕýÖ±µÄ£»ÍäÇúµÄ
inequity n. ²»¹«Õý£¬²»¹«Æ½
iniquity n. ²»¹«Õý£¬Ð°¶ñ
jaundice n. Æ«¼û£»»Æðã
jaundiced adj. ÓÐÆ«¼ûµÄ
lopsided adj. ÇãÏòÒ»·½µÄ£¬²»Æ½ºâµÄ
partial adj. Æ«Ì»µÄ£»¾Ö²¿µÄ
partiality n. Æ«Ì»£¬Æ«ÐÄ
predilection n. Æ«Ì»£¬°®ºÃ
prejudice n. Æ«¼û£¬³É¼û£»v. ʹ²úÉúÆ«¼û
tendentious adj. ÓÐÆ«¼ûµÄ £¨tendency n. Ç÷ÊÆ£¬ÇãÏò£©
unjustly adv. ²»·¨µØ£¨²»¹«ÕýµØ£©£¬²»ÒåµØ

6.5 ÎÞ˽Óë×Ô˽
6.5.1 ÎÞ˽
abnegation n. ×ÔÎÒÎþÉü£»·ÅÆú
accommodating adj. ÀÖÓÚÖúÈ˵Ä
altruism n. ÎÞ˽£»ÀûËûÖ÷Òå £¨altruist n. ÎÞ˽µÄÈË£©
altruistic adj. ÎÞ˽µÄ£¬ÎªËûÈË×ÅÏëµÄ
impartial adj. ÎÞ˽µÄ£¬¹«Æ½µÄ
obliging adj. ÈÈÐÄÖúÈ˵ģ¬¿ÒÇеÄ

6.5.2 ×Ô˽
bourgeois adj. ×Ô˽°ÝÎïµÄ£»Öвú½×¼¶µÄ
clannish adj. ÅÅËûµÄ£¬ÃÅ»§Ö®¼ûµÄ
egocentric adj. Àû¼ºµÄ
egotist n. ×Ô˽×ÔÀûÕß £¨egoism n. ×ÔÎÒÖ÷Ò壬˽ÐÄ£©

6.5.3 ÈÎÐÔ
brattish adj. £¨Ö¸Ð¡º¢£©³è»µµÄ£¬ÌÖÑáµÄ£¬²»ÀñòµÄ
caprice n. ÈÎÐÔ£¬Ææ˼¹ÖÏ룬±ä»¯ÎÞ³£
capricious adj. ÈÎÐԵģ¬±ä»¯ÎÞ³£µÄ £¨capriciousness n. ·´¸´ÎÞ³££©
cranky adj. ÈÎÐԵģ¬¹Öñ±µÄ£»²»ÎȵÄ
pettish adj. ʹÐÔ×ӵģ¬Ò×Å­µÄ
willful adj. ÈÎÐԵģ»¹ÊÒâµÄ

6.6 ÓÐÀíÓëÎÞÀí
6.6.1 ÓÐÀí
grounded adj. ÓÐÀíÓɵģ¨Óиù¾ÝµÄ£©£»adv. µØÃæÉÏ
justifiable adj. ÓÐÀíÓɵģ¬ÎÞ¿É·ÇÒéµÄ
justification n. Õýµ±ÀíÓÉ£¬ºÃµÄ£¨ÕýÒåµÄ£©Ô­Òò
justify v. Ö¤Ã÷¡­Õýµ±
plead v. Ìá³ö¡­ÎªÀíÓÉ£¬¿ÒÇó £¨plea n. ¿ÒÇ󣬱绤£©
substance n. ¸ù¾Ý£¬´óÒ⣬ʵÖÊ£»ÎïÖÊ
warrant n. Õýµ±ÀíÓÉ£»Ðí¿ÉÖ¤
warranted adj. ƾÕýµ±ÀíÓɵģ»±£Ö¤µÄ
warranty n. ÓÐÕýµ±ÀíÓÉ£»±£Ö¤£»±ç½â£»Åú×¼

incontrovertible adj. Î޿ɱ粵µÄ
indubitable adj. ²»ÈÝÖÃÒɵÄ
tenable adj. ÎÞи¿É»÷µÄ£¬Õ¾µÃס½ÅµÄ
undisputable adj. ÎÞ¿ÉÕù±çµÄ£¬ºÁÎÞÒÉÎʵÄ
unexceptionable adj. ÎÞ¿É·ÇÒéµÄ
unimpeachable adj. ÎÞ¿ÉÖ¸ÕªµÄ£¬ÎÞ¿ÉÖÃÒɵÄ

affliction n. ÊÜÄѵÄÔ­Òò£¬±¯Í´
causal adj. Ô­ÒòµÄ£¬Òò¹û¹ØϵµÄ £¨causality n. Òò¹û¹Øϵ£©
justification n. ºÃµÄ£¨ÕýÒåµÄ£©Ô­Òò£¬Õýµ±ÀíÓÉ

6.6.2 ÎÞÀí
gratuitous adj. ÎÞÔµÎ޹ʵģ»Ãâ·ÑµÄ
unfounded adj. ÎÞÊÂʵ¸ù¾ÝµÄ
unjustified adj. δ±»Ö¤Ã÷ΪÕýµ±µÄ£¬ÎÞ·¨½âÊ͵Ä
unprovoked adj. £¨ÉúÆøµÈ£©ÎÞÔµÎ޹ʵÄ
unsound adj. ÎÞ¸ù¾ÝµÄ£»²»½áʵµÄ£¬²»¼á¹ÌµÄ
unsubstantiated adj. δ¾­Ö¤ÊµµÄ£¬ÎÞÊÂʵ¸ù¾ÝµÄ
unwarranted adj. ûÓиù¾ÝµÄ

6.7 ÓÐÒâÓëÎÞÒâ
6.7.1 ÓÐÒâ
calculated adj. ÐîÒâµÄ
deliberate adj. ¹ÊÒâµÄ£¬Éî˼ÊìÂǵģ»v. É÷ÖØ¿¼ÂÇ £¨deliberateness/deliberation n. ¹ÊÒ⣻Éî˼ÊìÂÇ£©
expressly adv. ÌØÒâµØ£»Çå³þµØ £¨express v. ±í´ï£»adj. ÌرðµÄ£©
intentional adj. ¹ÊÒâµÄ£¬´æÐĵÄ
perverse adj. ¹ÊÒâ×ö¶ÔµÄ£¬²»ºÏÊʵģ¬¸Õã¹×ÔÓÃµÄ £¨perversity n. ¸Õã¹£¬ã£ÀíÐÐΪ£©
willful adj. ¹ÊÒâµÄ£»ÈÎÐÔµÄ

6.7.2 ÎÞÒâ
inadvertently adv. ·Ç¹ÊÒâµØ£¬²»Ð¡ÐĵØ
involuntary adj. ÎÞÒâµÄ
loath adj. ²»ÇéÔ¸µÄ£¬ÃãÇ¿µÄ
unguarded adj. ²»ÁôÉñµÄ£»Ã»ÓзÀ±¸µÄ
unwitting adj. ÎÞÐĵģ¬²»¾­ÒâµÄ

6.8 ÓÐÒæÓëÓк¦
6.8.1 ÓÐÒæ
convenience n. ÓÐÒ棬±ãÀû£»·½±ã£¨µÄÓþߡ¢»úеµÈ£©
expedient adj. £¨Ö¸Ðж¯£©ÓÐÓõģ»n. ȨÒËÖ®¼Æ£¬ÁÙʱÊÖ¶Î
favorable adj. ÓÐÀûµÄ£»ÔÞ³ÉµÄ £¨favor n. ºÃÒ⣬ϲ°®£©
instrumental adj. ÓаïÖúµÄ£¬ÓÐ×÷ÓõÄ
reciprocal adj. »¥»ÝµÄ£¬Ï໥µÄ £¨reciprocity n. »¥»Ý£¬»Ø±¨£©
rewarding adj. ÓÐÒæµÄ£¬ÖµµÃ×öµÄ
salubrious adj. ÓÐÒ潡¿µµÄ
salutary adj. ÓÐÒæµÄ£¬ÓÐÒ潡¿µµÄ

optimization n. ×îÓÅ»¯ £¨optimize v. ʹ×îÓÅ»¯£©
optimum adj. ×îºÃµÄ£¬×îÓÐÀûµÄ
prime adj. ×îºÃµÄ£»Ê×Ïȵģ»n. ȫʢʱÆÚ
superlative adj. ×î¼ÑµÄ

lucre n. [±á]ÀûÒ棬Ǯ
perquisite n. ÀûÒ棻¹Ì¶¨½òÌù
privilege n. ÌرðÀûÒ棬ÌØȨ

expediency n. ȨÒËÖ®¼Æ£»·½±ã
expedient n. ȨÒËÖ®¼Æ£¬ÁÙʱÊֶΣ»adj. £¨Ö¸Ðж¯£©ÓÐÓõÄ
makeshift n./adj. ȨÒËÖ®¼Æ£¨µÄ£©£»´úÓÃÆ·£¨µÄ£©

6.8.2 ÓÐЧ
applicable adj. ÉúЧµÄ£¬ÊÊºÏµÄ £¨applicability n. ÊÊÓÃÐÔ£©
efficacious adj. ÓÐЧµÄ
efficacy n. ÓÐЧÐÔ£¬¹¦Ð§
invoke v. £¨·¨Âɵģ©ÊµÊ©ÉúЧ£»ÆíÇ󣻿ÒÇó £¨invocation n. Æíµ»£©
operative adj. ÉúЧµÄ£»£¨¼Æ»®µÈ£©ÊµÊ©ÖеÄ
telling adj. ÓÐЧµÄ£¬ÏÔÖøµÄ
validate v. ʹ¡­ÉúЧ £¨valid adj. ÓÐЧµÄ£¬Óиù¾ÝµÄ£©

productivity n. Éú²úÂÊ£»Éú²úÁ¦

6.8.3 Óк¦
adverse adj. ²»ÀûµÄ£¬Ïà·´µÄ£»µÐ¶ÔµÄ
annul v. Ðû¸æÎÞЧ£»È¡Ïû
bootless adj. ÎÞÒæ´¦µÄ£»ÎÞÓõÄ
deactivate v. ʹÎÞЧ
futility n. ÎÞÓã¬ÎÞÒæ
ineffectual adj. ÎÞЧµÄ£¬Í½ÀÍÎÞÒæµÄ
neutralize v. ʹÎÞЧ£»ÖкÍ
nullify v. ʹÎÞЧ£¬È¡Ïû £¨nullity n. ÎÞЧ£©
paralyze v. ʹÎÞЧ£»Ê¹Ì±»¾ £¨paralysis n. ̱»¾£¬Öз磩
unproductive adj. ͽȻµÄ£¬ÎÞ³ÉЧµÄ
vain adj. ͽÀ͵ģ»×Ô¸ºµÄ

deleterious adj. £¨¶ÔÉíÐÄ£©Óк¦µÄ£¬Óж¾µÄ
injurious adj. Óк¦µÄ £¨injury n. É˺¦£©
maleficent adj. Óк¦µÄ£¬·¸×ïµÄ
mischievous adj. Óк¦´¦µÄ£»ÌÔÆøµÄ
noxious adj. Óк¦µÄ£¬Óж¾µÄ
pernicious adj. Óк¦µÄ£¬ÖÂÃüµÄ
pestilent adj. Óк¦µÄ£»ÖÂËÀµÄ
poisonous adj. Óк¦µÄ£»Óж¾µÄ

innocuous adj. £¨ÐÐΪ¡¢ÑÔÂ۵ȣ©ÎÞº¦µÄ

6.8.4 Óж¾
deleterious adj. Óж¾µÄ£¬£¨¶ÔÉíÐÄ£©ÓꦵÄ
noxious adj. Óж¾µÄ£¬ÓꦵÄ
poisonous adj. Óж¾µÄ£»ÓꦵÄ
toxic adj. Óж¾µÄ£¬Öж¾µÄ £¨toxicity n. ¶¾ÐÔ£©
toxin n. ¶¾ËØ£¬¶¾ÖÊ
venom n. ¶¾Òº£»¶ñ¶¾£¬Í´ºÞ
virulent adj. ¾ç¶¾µÄ£»¶ñ¶¾µÄ

6.9 Õý³£ÓëÒì³£
6.9.1 Õý³£
commonplace adj. ƽ³£µÄ
corny adj. ƽµ­ÎÞÆæµÄ£»Ïç°ÍÀеÄ
frequent adj. ¹ß³£µÄ£»v. ʱ³£À´·Ã
hackneyed adj. ƽ³£µÄ£¬³Â¸¯µÄ
mediocre adj. ƽӹµÄ£¬Æ½·²µÄ
quotidian adj. ƽ·²µÄ£»Ã¿ÈÕµÄ

catholic adj. ÆÕ±éµÄ£»¹ã·ºµÄ£»£¨ÈË£©¿íºñµÄ
immanent adj. ÆÕ±é´æÔڵģ»ÄÚÔÚµÄ
putative adj. ÆÕ±éÈÏΪµÄ£¬¹«ÈϵÄ
rife adj. ÆÕ±éµÄ£¬Á÷ÐеÄ
stock adj. ÆÕͨµÄ£¬¹ßÓõģ»n. ´æ»õ£»£¨¹ÉƱ£»¼ÒÐó£»´¢±¸£©
unexceptional adj. ÆÕͨµÄ£¬Æ½·²µÄ£¬·ÇÀýÍâµÄ

demotic adj. ͨË׵ģ¬ÃñÖÚµÄ
orthodox adj. ÕýͳµÄ

6.9.2 Òì³£
aberrant adj. Òì³£µÄ£»Ô½¹ìµÄ £¨aberrance n. Ô½¹ì£©
aberration n. À뿪Õý·£¬ÍÑÀë³£¹ì£»±äÐÎ
anomalous adj. ·´³£µÄ£»²»¹æÔòµÄ
anomaly n. Òì³££¬·´³£
arrhythmic adj. ²»¹æÔòµÄ£»ÎÞ½Ú×àµÄ
deviant adj. Ô½³ö³£¹æµÄ £¨deviance n. ·´³£µÄÐÐΪ»òÇãÏò£©
deviate v. Ô½¹ì£¬ÍÑÀë
deviation n. ±³Àë
eccentric adj. ·´³£µÄ£¬¹Å¹ÖµÄ£»n. ¹Å¹ÖµÄÈË
freak adj. ·´³£µÄ£»n. ¹ÖÎÆæÊÂ
offbeat adj. ²»¹æÔòµÄ£¬²»Æ½³£µÄ
phenomenal adj. ·Ç·²µÄ£¬ÏÔÖøµÄ £¨phenomenon n. ÏÖÏó£¬Ææ¼££©
preternatural adj. Òì³£µÄ£»³¬×ÔÈ»µÄ
unwonted adj. ²»Ñ°³£µÄ£¬²»Ï°¹ßµÄ

antic adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ
bizarre adj. ÆæÒìµÄ£¬¹Å¹ÖµÄ
cranky adj. ¹Öñ±µÄ£¬ÈÎÐԵģ»²»ÎȵÄ
droll adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ£¬ºÃЦµÄ
eccentric adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ£¬·´³£µÄ£»n. ¹Å¹ÖµÄÈË
erratic adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ£»·´¸´ÎÞ³£µÄ
exotic adj. ÕäÆæµÄ£»À´×ÔÒì¹úµÄ
grotesque adj. £¨ÍâÐλò·½Ê½£©¹Öµ®µÄ£¬¹Å¹ÖµÄ
heretical adj. Òì¶Ëа˵µÄ
heresy n. Òì¶Ëа˵
heterodox adj. Òì¶ËµÄ£¬·ÇÕýͳµÄ
heterogeneous adj. ÒìÀàµÄ£¬²»Í¬µÄ
marvel v. ¶Ô¡­¸Ðµ½¾ªÒ죻n. Ææ¼£
misshapen adj. ÆæÐιÖ×´µÄ£¬»ûÐεÄ
outlandish adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ
quaint adj. ÀëÆæÓÐȤµÄ
queer adj. Ææ¹ÖµÄ£¬·è¿ñµÄ
unearthly adj. ÆæÒìµÄ
vagary n. ÆæÏ룬ÒìÏëÌ쿪
weird adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ£¬»ÄÌƵÄ
whim n. ¹ÖÄîÍ·£¬¶à±ä
whimsical adj. ¹Å¹ÖµÄ£¬ÒìÏëÌ쿪µÄ
whimsy n. ¹Å¹Ö£¬ÒìÏëÌ쿪

apparition n. ÉñÆæµÄÏÖÏó£»ÓÄÁé
marvel n. Ææ¼££»v. ¶Ô¡­¸Ðµ½¾ªÒì
miracle n. ÆæÊ£¬Ææ¼£
miraculous adj. Ææ¼£µÄ£¬²»¿É˼ÒéµÄ
mystic adj. ²»¿É˼ÒéµÄ£¬ÉñÃصģ»n. ÉñÃØÖ÷ÒåÕß
prodigy n. ÆæÊ£»Ææ²Å
quirk n. ÆæÊ£»¹Öñ±

absurd adj. »ÄÃýµÄ£¬¿ÉЦµÄ £¨absurdity n. »ÄÃý£©
farce n. »ÄÃýºúÄÖ£»ÄÖ¾ç
footle v. ºúÄÖ£»ÀË·Ñ£¨Ê±¼ä£©
lurid adj. º§ÈËÌýÎŵģ»Ò«ÑÛµÄ
pathological adj. ²¡Ì¬µÄ£»²¡ÀíµÄ
preposterous adj. »ÄÃýµÄ

6.9.3 Ìرð
discrete adj. ¸ö±ðµÄ£»²»Á¬ÐøµÄ£»£¨·Ö¿ªµÄ£©
exceptional adj. Ìر𣨺ã©µÄ £¨exceptionable adj. ¿É·´¶ÔµÄ£¬¿ÉÕù±çµÄ£©
individual adj. ÌØÓеģ¬µ¥¶ÀµÄ£»n. ¸öÌ壬¸öÈË
maverick n. Ïë·¨ÓëÖÚ²»Í¬µÄÈË£»£¨Î´´òÀÓÓ¡µÄСţ»òСÂí£©
originality n. ¶ÀÌØÐÔ£¬´´ÔìÐÔ
singularity n. ¶ÀÌØ£»Ææµã£¨ÌìÎÄѧÉÏÃܶÈÎÞÇî´ó£¬Ìå»ýÎÞÇîСµÄµã£©
unique adj. ¶ÀÒ»ÎÞ¶þµÄ£¬¶ÀÌصģ»ÎÞÓëÂױȵÄ

expertise n. רÃż¼Êõ£¬×¨ÒµÖªÊ¶
know-how n. רҵ¼¼ÄÜ£¬ÖªÊ¶
specialize v. רÃÅÑо¿£¨×¨ÃÅ»¯£©
specialized adj. רÃŵÄ

6.9.4 ÒâÍâ
abrupt adj. ÒâÍâµÄ£¬Í»È»µÄ£»ÌÆÍ»µÄ
contingent adj. ÒâÍâµÄ£»ÊÓÇé¿ö»òÌõ¼þ¶ø¶¨µÄ
fluke n. ÒâÏë²»µ½µÄÊ£»½ÄÐÒ
fortuitous adj. ÒâÍâµÄ£¬Å¼È»µÄ£»ÐÒÔ˵Ä
ironic adj. ³öºõÒâÁϵģ»ÍÚ¿àµÄ
irony n. ³öÈËÒâÁϵÄÊÂÇé»òÇé¿ö£»·´»°

6.10 ×ʸñ
eligible adj. ºÏ¸ñµÄ
qualified adj. ÓÐ×ʸñµÄ£»ÓÐÏÞÖÆµÄ £¨qualify v. ¾ßÓÐ×ʸñ£»ÏÞÖÆ£©
rational adj. ºÏÀíµÄ£»ÀíÐÔµÄ

candidacy n. ºòÑ¡È˵Ä×ʸñ £¨candidateship n. ºòÑ¡È˵Ä×ʸñ£©
slate n. ºòÑ¡ÈËÃûµ¥£»Ê¯°å£»v. ÌáÃû

disbar v. È¡ÏûÂÉʦ×ʸñ
flunk v. ¿¼ÊÔ²»¼°¸ñ
ineligible adj. ûÓÐ×ʸñµÄ
unqualified adj. ÎÞ×ʸñµÄ£»ÎÞÏÞÖƵģ¬¾ø¶ÔµÄ

6.11 ´íÎó
6.11.1 ´íÎó
amiss adv. ÓÐ벡µØ£¬³ö²î´íµØ
delinquency n. ¹ýʧ£¬Ê§Ö°
err v. ·¸´íÎ󣬳ö´í £¨error n. ´íÎó£©
fallacious adj. ÃýÎóµÄ£»ÆÛÆ­µÄ£¨Î󵼵ģ©
fallacy n. ÃýÎ󣬴íÎó
fallibility n. Ò×ÓÚ³ö´í£¬³ö´íÐÔ
fallible adj. »á·¸´íµÄ£¬Ò×·¸´íµÄ
fault n. ´íÎ󣻣¨µØÖÊѧ£©¶Ï²ã
howler n. »¬»ü¿ÉЦµÄ´íÎ󣻺¿½ÐµÄÈË»ò¶¯Îï
illusion n. ´í¾õ£¬¼ÙÏó
lapse n. ʧÎ󣻣¨Ê±¼äµÈ£©Á÷ÊÅ
offence£¨offense£© n. ´íÊ£»µÃ×ï
peccadillo n. С¹ýʧ £¨peccable adj. Ò×·¸×ïµÄ peccant adj. ÓÐ×ïµÄ£©
transgression n. ×ï¹ý£¬Î¥·¨

fail-safe n. ×Ô¶¯·À¹ÊÕÏ×°ÖÃ
glitch n. С¹ÊÕÏ
malfunction n. ¹ÊÕÏ£¬ÕÏ°­£»v. ·¢Éú¹ÊÕÏ

corrupt adj. ÎÄÌåÓдíÎóµÄ£»¶éÂäµÄ£¬¸¯°ÜµÄ
malapropism n. ×ÖµÄÎóÓÃ
misnomer n. Ãû×ÖµÄÎóÓÃ
typo n. ÅÅÓ¡´íÎó

6.11.2 Îó½â
contort v. Çú½â£»£¨Ê¹£©Å¤Çú £¨contortion n. ŤÇú£¬ÍäÇú£©
garble v. Çú½â£¬´Ü¸Ä
garbled adj. ÒýÆðÎó½âµÄ£»´Ü¸ÄµÄ
heretical adj. Òì¶Ëа˵µÄ
misinform v. Ïò¡­Ìṩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢
misperceive v. Îó½â
misrepresent v. Îó´«£¬ÍáÇú
misrepresentation n. ÍáÇú
pervert v. ÍáÇú£»ÎóÓã»Ê¹¶éÂä
travesty v./n. Çú½â£¬ÍáÇúÄ£·Â

7. ÐÎÈÝÍâ¹Û
7.1 ÇåÎúÓëÄ£ºý
7.1.1 ÇåÎú
clarion adj. ÉùÒô¸ß¶øÇåÎúµÄ£»n. ¼âÒôСºÅÉù£»¼âÒôСºÅ
clarity n. Çå³þ
conclusive adj. È·ÔäµÄ£¬Ïû³ý»³Òɵģ»×îºóµÄ£¬½áÂÛµÄ
defined adj. ÇåÎúµÄ£»¶¨ÒåµÄ
definite adj. Çå³þµÄ£¬Ã÷È·µÄ
definition n. £¨ÂÖÀªµÈ£©ÇåÎú£»¶¨Òå
definitive adj. Ã÷È·µÄ£¬ÓÐȨÍþµÄ
discernible adj. ¿Éʶ±ðµÄ£¬ÒÀÏ¡¿É±æµÄ
distinct adj. Çå³þµÄ£¬Ã÷ÏÔµÄ
explicit adj. Çå³þÃ÷È·µÄ
expressly adv. Çå³þµØ£»ÌØÒâµØ £¨express v. ±í´ï£»adj. ÌرðµÄ£©
intelligible adj. ÇåÎúµÄ£¬¿ÉÁ˽âµÄ £¨intelligence n. ÖÇÁ¦£¬Öǻۣ©
lucid adj. ±í´ïÇå³þµÄ£¬Ã÷°×Ò׶®µÄ £¨lucidity n. ÇåÎú£¬Ã÷°×£©
pellucid adj. ÇåÎúµÄ£¬Ç峺µÄ
perspicuity n. Ã÷Îú£»´ÏÃ÷î£ÖÇ
perspicuous adj. Ã÷ÎúµÄ£»Ã÷Á˵Ä
plain adj. Çå³þµÄ£»¼òµ¥µÄ£»n. ƽԭ
vivid adj. ÇåÎúµÄ£¬ÏÊÑ޵ģ»´óµ¨µÄ£¬»îÆõģ¬±ÆÕæµÄ

appreciable adj. Ã÷ÏÔµÄ
blatant adj. ÏÔÑ۵ģ»ºñÑÕÎ޳ܵģ»ìÅÒ«µÄ
conspicuous adj. ÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûµÄ£¬ÏÔÖøµÄ
dominant adj. ÏÔÐԵģ¬ÓÅÊƵÄ
manifest adj. ÏÔÈ»µÄ£»n. ÂÿÍÃûµ¥£¬ÔØ»õÇåµ¥
marked adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ»±»¼àÊÓµÄ
notable adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ¬³öÖڵģ¬ÖØÒªµÄ
notability n. ÖøÃû£¬ÏÔÖø
obvious adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ¬ÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûµÄ
palpable adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ¬¿É´¥ÖªµÄ £¨palpate v. ÓÃÊÖ´¥Ãþ£©
patent adj. ÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûµÄ£»n. רÀûȨ£¨Ö¤Ê飩 £¨patency n. Ã÷ÏÔ£©
pronounced adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ¬£¨¹ÛµãµÈ£©Ç¿Ó²µÄ
splashy adj. ìÅÒ«ÏÔÑ۵ģ»½¦Ë®µÄ
striking adj. Ã÷ÏԵģ¬ÒýÈËעĿµÄ
univocal adj. Òâ˼Ã÷È·µÄ

clarify v. ³ÎÇå £¨clarification n. ½âÊÍ£¬³ÎÇ壩
demystify v. ŪÇå³þ
disentangle v. ³ÎÇ壬½â¾ö£¬½âÍÑ£¬½â¿ª
externalize v. ʹ¡­±íÃ滯

7.1.2 ÖøÃû
arresting adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£¬ÒýÈË×¢ÒâµÄ
celebrated adj. ÓÐÃûµÄ£¬ÖªÃûµÄ
conspicuous adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£¬ÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûµÄ
distinction n. ÖªÃû£»Çø±ð£¬²î±ð
distinctive adj. ³öÖڵģ¬ÓÐÌØÉ«µÄ
distinguished adj. ÖøÃûµÄ£¬×¿Ô½µÄ £¨distinguish v. Çø±ð£©
eminence n. ׿Խ£¬½Ü³ö
eminent adj. ÖøÃûµÄ£¬ÏÔÖøµÄ
illustrious adj. ÖøÃûµÄ£¬ÏÔºÕµÄ
magisterial adj. ÓÐȨÍþµÄ£»Íþ·çµÄ
notability n. ÖøÃû£¬ÏÔÖø
phenomenal adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£¬·Ç·²µÄ £¨phenomenon n. ÏÖÏó£¬Ææ¼££©
preeminent adj. ³öÀà°ÎÝ͵Ä
prestigious adj. ÓÐÃûÍûµÄ£¬ÓÐÍþÐŵÄ
prominent adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£»ÖøÃûµÄ
proverbially adv. ÎÞÈ˲»ÖªµØ £¨proverb n. ÑèÓ
salient adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£¬Í»³öµÄ
signal adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£»n. Ðźţ»v. ·¢ÐźÅ
superb adj. ³öÉ«µÄ£¬Éϳ˵Ä
telling adj. ÏÔÖøµÄ£¬ÓÐЧµÄ
trait n. È˵ÄÏÔÖøÌØÐÔ
transcendent adj. ׿ԽµÄ£¬³öÖڵģ¬³¬Ô½µÄ

arbiter n. ȨÍþÈËÊ¿£¬Ì©¶·
celebrity n. ÖªÃûÈËÊ¿£»ÃûÉù
dignitary n. ÏÔÒªÈËÎï
galaxy n. ÏÔºÕµÄÈËȺ£¨Ðǹâ´óµÀ£©£»£¨ÒøºÓ£©ÐÇȺ
guru n. £¨ÊÜ×𾴵ģ©½Ìʦ»òȨÍþ£»¹Å³£¨Ó¡¶ÈµÄ×Ú½ÌÁìÐ䣩
luminary n. ½Ü³öÈËÎÃûÈË
maven n. ר¼Ò£¬ÄÚÐÐ
mogul n. ÏÔÒªÈËÎȨÊÆÖ®ÈË
personage n. ÃûÈË£»£¨Ï·¾ç£©½ÇÉ«
pundit n. ȨÍþÈËÊ¿£¬×¨¼Ò£¨Ó¡¶ÈѧÕߣ¬èóÎÄѧÕߣ¬²©Ñ§Õߣ©

baron n. ¾ÞÍ·£»¹ó×å
tycoon n. ´óºà£¬ÓÐÇ®ÓÐÊƵÄÆóÒµ¼Ò

obscurity n. ²»³öÃû£»·Ñ½â

7.1.3 ¾«È·
accuracy n. ¾«È·£¬×¼È·
accurate adj. ¾«È·µÄ£¬×¼È·µÄ
exact adj. ¾«È·µÄ£»v. Ç¿Çó£¬Ç¿Ë÷¸¶¿î
exactitude n. ¼«¶ËµÄÕýÈ·ÐÔ»ò¾«È·ÐÔ
germane adj. ÌùÇеģ»ÓÐÃÜÇйØϵµÄ £¨german adj. ͬ¸¸Ä¸µÄ£»n. µÂ¹úÈË£©
literal adj. ¾«È·µÄ£»×ÖÃæÉϵģ»ÖÒʵԭÒâµÄ
measured adj. ¾«È·µÄ£»É÷ÖصÄ
nice adj. ¾«ÃܵÄ
nicety n. ׼ȷ£¬¾«È·
pinpoint adj. ·Ç³£¾«È·µÄ£»v. ¾«È·µØÕÒ³ö»òÃèÊö
plumb adv. ¾«È·µØ£»v. ÉîÈëÁ˽⣻²âË®Éadj. ´¹Ö±µÄ£»£¨n. Ǧ´¸£©
precise adj. ¾«È·µÄ
rigor n. ¾«È·£¬ÑÏÃÜ£»ÑϿ᣻Ñϸñ£¬¿Á¿Ì
sophisticated adj. £¨ÒÇÆ÷£©¾«Ãܵģ»ÀÏÓÚÊÀ¹ÊµÄ

7.1.4 Ïêϸ
concrete adj. ¾ßÌå´æÔڵģ»n. »ìÄýÍÁ
elaboration n. ÏêϸµÄϸ½Ú£¬Ï꾡²ûÊö
expatiate v. ÏêÊö£¬Ï¸Ëµ
explicate v. Ïêϸ½â˵
minutia n. ϸ½Ú£¬Ï¸Ö¦Ä©½Ú
particular n. ϸ½Ú£¬ÊÂʵ
particularize v. ÏêÊö£¬ÁоÙ
scrutinize v. Ïêϸ¼ì²é£»Ï¸¶Á £¨scrutiny n. ¾«¶Á£©

incogitant adj. ¿¼ÂDz»Öܵģ¬ÎÞ˼ÏëµÄ

7.1.5 Ä£ºý
abstract adj. ³éÏóµÄ£»n. ÕªÒª
ambiguous adj. º¬ºýµÄ £¨ambiguity n. º¬ºý²»Ç壩
ambivalent adj. £¨¶ÔÈË»òÎÓÐì¶Ü¿´·¨µÄ
bleak adj. °µµ­µÄ£¬ÒõÓôµÄ£»º®ÀäµÄ£»Òõ³ÁµÄ
blur n. Ä£ºý²»ÇåµÄÊÂÎv. ʹ¡­Ä£ºý
connotation n. º¬ÐîÒ壬ÑÔÍâÖ®Òâ £¨connotative adj. ÓÐÄÚº­µÄ£¬°µÊ¾µÄ£©
crepuscular adj. ëüëʵģ¬Î¢Ã÷µÄ
dim v. ʹģºý£¬Ê¹°µµ­
equivocate v. Ä£ÀâÁ½¿ÉµØ˵£¬Ö§ÎáÆä´Ê£¬Ëµ»Ñ
equivocation n. Ä£ÀâÁ½¿ÉµÄ»°£¬º¬ºý»°
illegible adj. ÄÑÈϵģ¬ÄѶÁµÄ
implicit adj. º¬ÐîµÄ£¬²»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷µÄ
loom v. £¨ÍþвÐÔ£©ÒþÔ¼³öÏÖ£»n. Ö¯²¼»ú
murky adj. ëüëʵģ»ºÚ°µµÄ
nebulous adj. Ä£ºý²»ÇåµÄ£»ÔÆ×´µÄ
oracular adj. ÒâÒåÄ£ºýµÄ£»ÉñÚ͵Ä
perfunctorily adv. Áʲݵأ¬·óÑܵأ¬±íÃæµØ
vague adj. Ä£ºýµÄ

dull adj. ²»ÏÊÃ÷µÄ£»³Ù¶ÛµÄ£»£¨¿ÝÔ﷦ζµÄ£©v. ±ä³Ù¶Û
elude v. ¸ã²»Ç壻ÌÓ±Ü
imprecise adj. ²»¾«È·µÄ£¬²»ÑÏÃܵÄ
inappreciable adj. ΢²»×ãµÀµÄ£¨²»Ã÷ÏԵģ©
indeterminate adj. ²»Ã÷È·µÄ£¬²»È·¶¨µÄ
obscure adj. ²»Çå³þµÄ£»ÄÑÀí½âµÄ£»v. Òþ²Ø£»Ê¹¡­Ä£ºý
random adj. ûÓÐÃ÷È·Ä¿µÄ¡¢¼Æ»®»òÕßÄ¿±êµÄ£»Å¼È»µÄ£¬Ëæ±ãµÄ£¨Ëæ»úµÄ£©
unnoticed adj. ²»ÒýÈË×¢ÒâµÄ
unobtrusive adj. ²»ÒýÈËעĿµÄ

potential adj. DZÔڵģ¬ÓпÉÄÜÐÔµÄ
recessive adj. ÒþÐÔÒÅ´«µÄ£»ºóÍ˵Ä
subliminal adj. DZÒâʶµÄ

7.1.6 ÃØÃÜ
arcane adj. ÉñÃصģ¬ÃØÃܵÄ
clandestine adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬°µÖдÓʵÄ
closet adj. ÃØÃܵģ»n. ±Ú³÷
confidential adj. »úÃܵÄ
covert adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬ÒþÃصÄ
cryptic adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬ÉñÃصÄ
esoteric adj. ÉñÃصģ»ÃØ´«µÄ
furtive adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬ÍµÍµµÄ
inscrutable adj. ÉñÃصģ¬¸ßÉîĪ²âµÄ £¨inscrutability n. ÉñÃØ£©
mystic adj. ÉñÃصģ¬²»¿É˼ÒéµÄ£»n. ÉñÃØÖ÷ÒåÕß
occult adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬²»¹«¿ªµÄ
runic adj. ÉñÃصģ»±±Å·¹Å´úÎÄ×ÖµÄ
sneaking adj. ÃØÃܵģ¬²»¹«¿ªµÄ £¨sneaker n. ¹í¹íËîËî×öʵÄÈË£¬Ô˶¯Ð¬£©
stealth n. ÃØÃܵÄÐж¯

secretive adj. ÊØ¿ÚÈçÆ¿µÄ
sly adj. ¹í¹íËîËîµÄ£¬½Æ»«µÄ
surreptitious adj. ¹í¹íËîËîµÄ
ulterior adj. ²»¿É¸æÈ˵ģ»½ÏÍíµÄ£¬½ÏÔ¶µÄ

allude v. °µÖ¸£¬¼ä½ÓÌáµ½ £¨allusive adj. º¬°µÊ¾µÄ£¬°µÖ¸µÄ£©
allusion n. °µÊ¾£¬¼ä½ÓÌáʾ
cue v. °µÊ¾£¬Ìáʾ£»n. °µÊ¾£¬Ìáʾ
implicate v. °µÊ¾£»Ç£Á¬£¨ÓÚ×ïÐÐÖУ©
implication n. °µÊ¾£»Ç£Á¬
indicative adj. °µÊ¾µÄ
inkling n. °µÊ¾£¬¼£Ïó£»ÂÔÖª£¬Ä£ºý¸ÅÄî
innuendo n. °µ·í£¬º¬É³ÉäÓ°
insinuate v. °µÖ¸£¬°µÊ¾
intimate v. °µÊ¾£»adj. Ç×Ãܵģ»n. ÃÜÓÑ
snide adj. º¬É³ÉäÓ°µÄ£¬·í´ÌµÄ
suggestive adj. °µÊ¾µÄ

eavesdrop v. ͵Ìý£¬ÇÔÌý
wiretap n. ÇÔÌý£»ÇÔÌýÆ÷

peek v. ͵¿´
peep n./v. Ƴ¼û£¬Íµ¿´£»³õÏÖ
peery adj. ¿úÊӵģ»ºÃÆæµÄ£»»³ÒɵÄ

prowl v. DZÐÐÓÚ£¬ÍµÍµµØÂþÓÎ
sidle v. £¨ÍµÍµµØ£©²àÉí¶øÐÐ
stowaway n. £¨²ØÓÚÂÖ´¬¡¢·É»úÖеģ©Íµ³ËÕß

emissary n. ÃÜʹ£¬ÌØʹ
hoard v./n. Ãزأ¬Öü²Ø
intrigue v. ÃÜı£»ÒýÆ𼫴óÐËȤ

declassify v. ³·Ïú±£ÃÜ
informer n. ¸æÃÜÕߣ¬¸æ·¢Õß
overt adj. ·ÇÃØÃܵģ¬¹«¿ªµÄ
snitch v. ¸æÃÜ£»Íµ

7.2 ¹â»¬Óë´Ö²Ú
7.2.1 ¹â»¬
even adj. ƽµÄ£»£¨ÏàµÈµÄ£»Å¼ÊýµÄ£©
glossy adj. ¹â»¬µÄ£¬¹âÔóµÄ
lubricious adj. ¹â»¬µÄ£»ºÃÉ«µÄ
satiny adj. ¹â»¬µÄ£¬ÈáϸµÄ
slick adj. ¹â»¬µÄ£»Ô²»¬µÄ£»ÊìÁ·µÄ
slippery adj. »¬µÄ£»½Æ»«µÄ
smooth adj. ¹â»¬µÄ£»Æ½Îȵģ»v. Ūƽ£¬Ê¹¹â»¬£»Ïû³ý

7.2.2 ´Ö²Ú
coarse adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ£»µÍÁӵģ»´ÖË×µÄ
coarsen v. ʹijÎï±ä´Ö²Ú
crass adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ£¬ÓÞ¶ÛµÄ
crudity n. ´Ö²Ú£¬ÉúÓ²
gnarled adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ£»£¨Ê÷ľ£©¶à½ÚµÄ £¨gnarl n. Ê÷½Ú£©
harsh adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ£»ÑÏÀ÷µÄ£»´Ì¶úµÄ
raucous adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ£¬£¨ÉùÒô£©É³ÑƵÄ
roughen v. ±äµÃ´Ö²Ú£¬±äµÃ²»Æ½
scabrous adj. ´Ö²ÚµÄ

7.3 ÓйØÑÕÉ«
7.3.1 ÑÕÉ«
coloration n. ÑÕÉ«£¬É«Ôó£»×ÅÉ«·¨£¬È¾É«·¨
hue n. É«²Ê£¬É«Ôó
pastel n. ÈáºÍµÄÉ«²Ê£»²ÊÉ«·Û±Ê»òÀ¯±Ê»­
tint n. É«Ôó£»v. ¸ø¡­µ­µ­µØ×ÅÉ«

alabaster adj. Ñ©°×µÄ
blanch v. ʹ±ä°×£»Ê¹£¨Á³É«£©±ä²Ô°×
bleach v. Ư°×
ghastly adj. ²Ò°×µÄ£¬¿Éŵģ¬¾ªÈ˵Ä
hoary adj. £¨Í··¢£©»Ò°×µÄ£»¹ÅÀϵÄ
livid adj. £¨Á³É«£©²Ô°×µÄ£»£¨ÉË£©Çà»ÒÉ«µÄ£»¿ñÅ­µÄ
pallid adj. ²Ô°×µÄ£¬Ã»ÑªÉ«µÄ

drab adj. ¿Ý»ÆÉ«µÄ£»ÎÞÁĵÄ

blush v. ÒòijÊÂÎïÁ³ºì£»n. ÒòijÊÂÎïÁ³ÉÏ·º³öºìÔÎ
flush n./v. Á³ºì£»±¼Á÷£»³åÏ´
glow v./n. £¨Á³£©ºì£»¹âÁÁ£¬·¢ÈÈ
rubicund adj. £¨Á³É«£©ºìÈóµÄ £¨rubify v. ʹ³ÉΪºìÉ« ruby n. ºì±¦Ê¯£©
ruddy adj. £¨Á³É«£©ºìÈóµÄ£¬ºìÉ«µÄ

magenta n./adj. ×ϺìÉ«£¨µÄ£©£»n. ×ϺìÉ«µÄȾÁÏ
mauve adj. µ­×ÏÉ«µÄ
rosy adj. õ¹åÉ«µÄ£»ÃÀºÃµÄ£»Àֹ۵ģ»½¡¿µµÄ
violet adj. ×ÏÂÞÀ¼É«µÄ£»n. ×ÏÂÞÀ¼

emerald adj. ´äÂÌÉ«µÄ£»n. ôä´ä
turquoise n. adj. ±ÌÂ̵ģ»ÂÌËÉʯ
verdant adj. ´äÂ̵ģ¬Çà´ÐµÄ
verdigris n. Í­ÂÌ£¬Í­Ðâ

azure n. ÌìÀ¶É«£»adj. εÀ¶µÄ
sapphire adj. ÌìÀ¶É«µÄ£»n. Çàʯ£¬À¶±¦Ê¯

solemn adj. ºÚÉ«µÄ£»ÑÏËàµÄ£¬×¯ÑϵÄ
swarthy adj. £¨Æ¤·ôµÈ£©÷îºÚµÄ

achromatic adj. ·Ç²ÊÉ«µÄ£¬ÎÞÉ«µÄ
monochromatic adj. µ¥É«µÄ
monochrome adj. µ¥É«µÄ£¬µ¥É«»­µÄ

chromatic adj. ²ÊÉ«µÄ£¬Îå²ÊµÄ
motley adj. ÔÓÉ«µÄ£»»ìÔÓµÄ
mottle v. ʹ³ÉÔÓÉ«
mottled adj. ÓÐÔÓÉ«µÄ£¬°ß²µµÄ
piebald adj. »¨°ßµÄ£¬°ß²µµÄ
pied n. ÔÓÉ«µÄ
stain v. ÔÓÉ«£»çèÎÛ
variegation n. ÔÓÉ«£¬°ß²µ

brindled adj. ÓÐ×ØÉ«°ßÎÆµÄ £¨brindle n. °ßÎÆ£¬ÓаߵãµÄ¶¯Î
complexion n. ·ôÉ«£»Íâ±íÌØÕ÷
iridescence n. ²ÊºçÉ«
maroon n./adj. ÀõÉ«£¨µÄ£©
salmon n. ÏÊÈâÉ«£»´óÂé¹þÓã
saturated adj. ÉîÑÕÉ«µÄ£»½þ͸µÄ£¬±¥ºÍµÄ

7.3.2 ÉÏÉ«ÓëÍÊÉ«
coloration n. ×ÅÉ«·¨£¬È¾É«·¨£»ÑÕÉ«£¬É«Ôó
glaze v. ÉÏÓÔÉ«£»×°²£Á§ÓÚ£»n. ÓÔ
retouch v. ÈóÉ«£»ÐÞÃè
suffuse v. £¨É«²ÊµÈ£©ÃÖÂþ£¬È¾±é
tint n. v. ¸ø¡­µ­µ­µØ×ÅÉ«£»É«Ôó
tinge v. Ⱦɫ£»Ê¹´øÆøÏ¢
varnish v. Í¿ÉÏÇåÆ᣻n. ÇåÆá

dingy adj. ÍÊÉ«µÄ£¬°¹ÔàµÄ
fade v. ÍÊÉ«£¬Ïûʧ£¬µòл
overshadow v. ʹʧɫ£¬ÕÚ±Î

7.3.3 ÑÕÁÏ
magenta n. ×ϺìÉ«µÄȾÁÏ£»n./adj. ×ϺìÉ«£¨µÄ£©
pigment n. ÌìȻɫËØ£»¸É·ÛÑÕÁÏ
varnish n. ÇåÆ᣻v. Í¿ÉÏÇåÆá

7.3.4 »­¾ß
canvas n. »­²¼£»·«²¼
easel n. »­¼Ü£¬ºÚ°å
palette n. µ÷É«°å£¬ÑÕÁÏÅäÖÃ
tripod n. »­¼Ü£¬Èý½Å¼Ü

7.4 ÐÛΰ¡¢»Ô»Í
7.4.1 ÐÛΰ
edifice n. ºêΰµÄ½¨Öþ£¨È繬µî¡¢½ÌÌã©
grandiose adj. ºêΰµÄ£»¿ä´óµÄ
majestic adj. ÐÛΰµÄ£¬×¯ÑϵÄ
palatial adj. ºêΰµÄ£»¹¬µî°ãµÄ

florid adj. »ªÀöµÄ£»£¨Á³£©ºìÈóµÄ
grandeur n. ׳Àö£¬Î°´ó £¨grand adj. ºêΰµÄ£¬×¯Ñϵģ©
imposing v. ׳ÀöµÄ£¬ÐÛΰµÄ
magnificent adj. ׳ÀöµÄ£¬ºêΰµÄ£»¸ßÉеÄ
regal adj. »ªÀöµÄ£»µÛÍõµÄ
resplendent adj. »ªÀöµÄ£¬»Ô»ÍµÄ
spectacular adj. ׳¹ÛµÄ£¬ÒýÈËÈëʤµÄ £¨spectacle n. Ææ¹Û£¬×³¹Û£©
splendor n. ׳Àö£»»Ô»Í

7.4.2 ׯÑÏ
hallowed adj. ÉñÊ¥µÄ
numinous adj. ׯÑϵģ¬ÉñÊ¥µÄ
prim adj. ¶ËׯµÄ£¬Õû½àµÄ
sacred adj. ÉñÊ¥µÄ£¬×¯ÑϵÄ
sanctimonious adj. ¼Ù×°ÉñÊ¥µÄ
sober adj. ׯÖصģ»ÇåÐѵÄ
sobriety n. ׯÖØ£¬½ÚÖÆ
solemn adj. ׯÑϵģ¬ÑÏËàµÄ£»ºÚÉ«µÄ
solemnity n. ׯÑÏ£¬ËàÄÂ

7.4.3 »Ô»Í
effulgent adj. ²ÓÀõÄ
refulgent adj. »Ô»ÍµÄ£¬²ÓÀõÄ
resplendent adj. »Ô»ÍµÄ£¬»ªÀöµÄ
splendor n. »Ô»Í£»×³Àö

7.4.4 ¡ÖØ
ceremonious adj. ÒÇʽ¡ÖصÄ

8. ÐÎÈÝ״̬
8.1 ¶àÓëÉÙ
8.1.1 ·á¸»£¬´óÁ¿£¬¶àÓà
abound v. ¸»ÓÚ£»³äÂú
abundance n. ³äÔ££¬¶àÁ¿ £¨abound v. ¸»ÓÚ£¬´óÁ¿´æÔÚ£©
abundant adj. ·á¸»µÄ£¬Ê¢²úµÄ
adequate adj. ×ã¹»µÄ £¨adequacy n. ×ã¹»£¬³ä·Ö£©
affluence n. ³äÔ££¬¸»×ã
affluent adj. ¸»Ô£µÄ£¬·á¸»µÄ
ample adj. ¸»×ãµÄ£»³ä×ãµÄ
bounteous adj. ·á¸»µÄ£»¿¶¿®µÄ
copious adj. ·á¸»µÄ£¬¶à²úµÄ
fecundity n. ¸»ÈÄ£¬¶à²ú£»·±Ö³Á¦£¬ÉúÖ³Á¦
fulsome adj. ³ä×ãµÄ£»ÐéÇé¼ÙÒâµÄ
lavish adj. ·á¸»µÄ£»À˷ѵÄ
opulent adj. ¸»Ô£µÄ£»³ä×ãµÄ £¨opulence n. ¸»Ô££©
plentitude n. ³ä·Ö
suffice v. ×ã¹»£¬£¨Ê³ÎÂú×ã
sufficient adj. ×ã¹»µÄ

bulk n. ´ó¶àÊý£»ÊýÁ¿£»Ìå»ý£»´óÉíÇû
chunk n. ´óÁ¿£»¶Ìºñ¿é×´Îï £¨chunky adj. £¨ÈË»ò¶¯Î°«Åֵģ©
considerable adj. Ï൱¶àµÄ£»ÖµµÃ¿¼ÂǵÄ
manifold adj. ·±¶àµÄ£»¶àÖÖµÄ
mint n. ´óÁ¿£»¾Þ¶î£»Ôì±Ò³§£»£¨±¡ºÉ£¨ÌÇ£©£©
multitude n. ¶àÊý£»´óÖÚ£¬Æ½Ãñ
myriad adj. Ðí¶àµÄ£¬ÎÞÊýµÄ
numerous adj. Ðí¶àµÄ£¬ºÜ¶àµÄ£©
plenitude n. ´óÁ¿£»ÍêÈ«
profuse adj. ºÜ¶àµÄ£»À˷ѵÄ
scad n. Ðí¶à£¬´óÁ¿
scads n. ´óÁ¿£¬¾Þ¶î
significant adj. Ï൱ÊýÁ¿µÄ£»ÒâÒåÖØ´óµÄ
slew n. ´óÁ¿£»v. £¨Ê¹£©Ðýת
spate n. ´óÅú£¬´óÁ¿£»£¨Ë®£©·ºÀÄ

glut v./n. ¹ý¶à£»¹©¹ýÓÚÇó
otiose adj. ¶àÓàµÄ£¬²»±ØÒªµÄ
plethora n. ¹ýÁ¿£¬¹ýÊ£
redundancy£¨redundance£© n. ¹ýÊ££»±¸·Ý£»Ëƺõ¶àÓàÆäʵÖØÒªµÄºó±¸Á¦Á¿
redundant adj. ¶àÓàµÄ£¬ÀÛ׸µÄ
superfluity n. ¶àÓàµÄÁ¿
superfluous adj. ¶àÓàµÄ£¬ÀÛ׸µÄ
surfeit n. £¨Ê³Î¹ýÁ¿£¬¹ý¶È£»v. ʹ¹ýÁ¿
surplus adj. ¹ýÊ£µÄ£»Ó¯ÓàµÄ

8.1.2 ȱ·¦£¬Ï¡ÉÙ
bereft adj. ȱÉٵģ»±»°þ¶áµÄ
dearth n. ȱ·¦£¬¶Ìȱ
deficiency n. ȱÏÝ£»²»×ã
deficit n. ²»×㣬³à×Ö
deprivation n. ȱ·¦£»°þ¶á
destitute adj. ƶ·¦µÄ£»ÇîÀ§µÄ
destitution n. ØÑ·¦£¬ÇîÀ§
devoid adj. ȱÉٵģ¬¿ÕµÄ
exiguous adj. Ì«Éٵģ¬²»×ãµÄ
indispensability n. ²»¿ÉȱÉÙ
insufficient adj. ²»×ãµÄ
iota n. ¼«ÉÙ£¬¼«Ð¡Á¿
meager adj. ƶ·¦µÄ£»ÊÝÏ÷µÄ
modicum n. ÉÙÁ¿
scant adj. ²»×ãµÄ£¬È±·¦µÄ
scarcity n. ²»×㣬ȱ·¦
shred n. ЩÐí£»ËéƬ£¬ÆƲ¼
smattering n. ÉÙÊý£»ÂÔÖª
sparse adj. Ï¡Éٵģ¬Æ¶·¦µÄ
speck n. ÉÙÁ¿£»°ßµã
stringent adj. ȱǮµÄ£»£¨¹æ¶¨£©ÑϸñµÄ£¬¿Á¿ÌµÄ
void adj. ȱ·¦µÄ£¬¿ÕµÄ£»n. ¿Õ϶£¬¿Õ´¦£»¿ÕÐé¸Ð
want n. ȱ·¦£¬Æ¶À§£¬ÐèÒª
whit n. ÉÙÁ¿£¬Ò»µã¶ù

dilute v. °Ñ£¨ÒºÌ壩Ūϡ£¬Åªµ­
rarefaction n. Ï¡±¡ £¨rarefy v. Ï¡±¡£©
tenuous adj. Ï¡±¡µÄ£¬Ï¸±¡µÄ£»¿Õ¶´µÄ

populous adj. ÈË¿Ú³íÃܵÄ

8.1.3 ƶÀ§
destitute adj. ÇîÀ§µÄ£»Æ¶·¦µÄ
destitution n. ÇîÀ§£¬ØÑ·¦
impecunious adj. ƶÀ§µÄ£¬Ò»ÎIJ»ÃûµÄ
impoverish v. ʹ³É³àƶ
indigence n. ƶÇî
indigent adj. ƶÇîµÄ£¬Æ¶À§µÄ
necessitous adj. ƶÀ§µÄ£»¼±ÐèµÄ
needy adj. ƶÇîµÄ
penury n. ƶÇÁßØÄ
privation n. ƶÀ§£¬É¥Ê§ £¨privacy n. ˽Ï£¬Òþ¾Ó privative adj. °þ¶áÐԵģ©
stringent adj. ȱǮµÄ£»£¨¹æ¶¨£©ÑϸñµÄ£¬¿Á¿ÌµÄ
want n. ƶÀ§£¬È±·¦£¬ÐèÒª

8.2 ´óÓëС
8.2.1 ¾Þ´ó£¬Ç¿´ó
astronomical adj. ÅÓ´óµÄ
bulk n. ´óÉíÇû£»Ìå»ý£»ÊýÁ¿£»´ó¶àÊý
colossal adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£¬ÅÓ´óµÄ
colossus n. ¾ÞÈË£»¾ÞÐ͵ñÏñ
elephantine adj. ÅÓ´óµÄ£¬±¿×¾µÄ
enormous adj. ¼«´óµÄ£¬¾Þ´óµÄ
gargantuan adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£¬ÅÓ´óµÄ
immense adj. ¼«´óµÄ£»ÎÞÏÞµÄ
immensity n. ¾Þ´óÖ®ÎÎÞÏÞ
mammoth adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£»£¨n. ÃÍáïÏó£©
massive adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£¬ºñÖصÄ
monolithic adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£¬¾ÞʯµÄ
monstrous adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£»¿ÉÅ嵀 £¨monster n. Ñý¹Ö£©
monumental adj. ¼«´óµÄ£»¼ÍÄî±®µÄ
mountainous adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£»¶àɽµÄ
prodigious adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ
stupendous adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£¬´óµÃ¾ªÈ˵Ä
titanic adj. ¾ÞÈ˵ģ¬Á¦´óÎޱȵÄ
tremendous adj. ¾Þ´óµÄ£»¾ªÈ˵Ä

impregnable adj. Õ÷·þ²»Á˵ģ¬¹¥²»ÆƵÄ
irrepressible adj. ÎÞ·¨Ô¼Êø»ò×èÖ¹µÄ
mighty adj. Ç¿ÓÐÁ¦µÄ£¬Ç¿´óµÄ£»£¨adv. ·Ç³££©
nonesuch n. ÎÞÆ¥µÐµÄÈË
nonpareil adj./n. ÎÞÆ¥µÐµÄ£¨ÈË£©
overpowering adj. ѹµ¹ÐԵģ¬²»¿É¿¹¾ÜµÄ
overwhelming adj. ѹµ¹ÐԵģ¬ÊƲ»¿Éµ²µÄ
peerless adj. ÎÞ¿ÉÆ¥µÐµÄ
peremptory adj. ²»ÈÝ·´¿¹µÄ£»×¨ºáµÄ
predominant adj. ÓÐÊÆÁ¦µÄ
predominate v. Ö§Å䣬ͳÖΣ»Õ¼ÓÅÊÆ
puissant adj. Ç¿ÓÐÁ¦µÄ£¬Ç¿´óµÄ
titanic adj. Á¦´óÎޱȵģ¬¾ÞÈ˵Ä

8.2.2 ΢С£¬ËöËé
fractional adj. ΢СµÄ£¬¼«Ð¡µÄ
inappreciable adj. ΢²»×ãµÀµÄ£¨²»Ã÷ÏԵģ©
inconsequential adj. ΢²»×ãµÀµÄ£¬²»ÖØÒªµÄ
measly adj. СµÃ¿ÉÁ¯µÄ£»»¼ÂéÕîµÄ
microscopic adj. ¼«Ð¡µÄ£»ÏÔ΢¾µµÄ
minuscule adj. ¼«Ð¡µÄ
paltry adj. ΢²»×ãµÀµÄ£¬ÎÞ¼ÛÖµµÄ
slight adj. ΢СµÄ£»n./v. ÇáÃï
trifle n. ΢²»×ãµÀ£¬ËöÊÂ
venial adj. £¨´íÎóµÈ£©Çá΢µÄ£¬¿ÉÔ­ÁµÄ

fleck n. ΢Á££»°ßµã
grain n. СµÄÓ²Á££»¹ÈÎï
granule n. СÁ££¬Î¢Á£
mote n. ΢Á££¬Î¢³¾
molecule n. ·Ö×Ó
neutron n. ÖÐ×Ó
nucleus n. £¨Ô­×Ó£©ºË
scrap n. СƬ£¬Ëéм£»v. ·ÏÆú
singularity n. Ææµã£¨ÌìÎÄѧÉÏÃܶÈÎÞÇî´ó£¬Ìå»ýÎÞÇîСµÄµã£©£»¶ÀÌØ

iota n. ¼«Ð¡Á¿£¬¼«ÉÙ
mite n. ¼«Ð¡Á¿£»Ð¡³æ£¨òý³æ£©
modicum n. ÉÙÁ¿
morsel n. СÁ¿£»Ò»Ð¡¿é£¨Ê³Î
paucity n. СÁ¿£¬È±·¦
quantum n. Á¿×Ó£»¶¨Á¿
speck n. ÉÙÁ¿£»°ßµã
whit n. ÉÙÁ¿£¬Ò»µã¶ù

futile adj. ËöϸµÄ£»ÎÞЧµÄ£¬ÎÞÓõģ»£¨ÈË£©Ã»³öÏ¢µÄ
niggling adj. ËöËéµÄ
nugatory adj. ËöËéµÄ£¬ÎÞ¼ÛÖµµÄ
petty adj. ËöËéµÄ£»Ð¡ÐÄÑÛµÄ
piddling adj. ËöËéµÄ£¬Î¢²»×ãµÀµÄ
piecemeal adj. ÁãËéµÄ£¬Ò»¼þÒ»¼þµÄ
stray adj. ÁãÂäµÄ£»ÃÔÁË·µÄ£»v. Æ«À룬ÃÔ·
trivial adj. ËöϸµÄ £¨triviality n. ËöË飻ËöÊ£©

minutia n. ϸ֦ĩ½Ú£¬Ï¸½Ú
nuance n. ϸ΢µÄ²îÒì
specifics n. ϸСÎÊÌ⣬ϸ½Ú

chore n. ¼ÒÎñËöÊ£»ÌÖÑáµÄ¹¤×÷
gnat n. ËöÊ£¬¶ÔСʽï½ï¼Æ½Ï
trifle n. ËöÊ£¬Î¢²»×ãµÀ
trivia n. ËöÊ£¬ÎÞ¼ÛÖµÖ®Îï

8.3 ¿ìÓëÂý
8.3.1 ѸËÙ
celerity n. ¿ìËÙ£¬Ñ¸ËÙ
dispatch n. ѸËÙ£»v. ÅÉDz£»Ò»ÏÂ×Ó×öÍꣻ³ÔÍê
expeditious adj. ѸËٵģ¬Ãô½ÝµÄ £¨expedite v. ʹ¼ÓËÙ£¬´Ù½ø£©
fast adv. ºÜ¿ìµØ£¬½ô½ôµØ£»n. ¾øʳ£¬Õ«½ä
fleet adj. ¿ìËٵģ»v. ÏûÄ¥£¬¼²³Û£»·ÉÊÅ£¬ÂÓ¹ý
hasty adj. ¼±¼±Ã¦Ã¦µÄ
headlong adj./adv. ѸÃ͵ģ¨µØ£©£¬ÇáÂʵģ¨µØ£©
prompt adj. ѸËٵģ¬Ãô½ÝµÄ£»v. ´Ùʹ£¬¼¤Æ𣻠£¨promptness n. Ãô½Ý£¬Ñ¸ËÙ£©
readily adv. ѸËٵأ¬ÇáÒ׵أ»²»³ÙÒɵØ
ready adj. ѸËٵģ¬»úÃôµÄ
swift adj. ѸËٵģ»Ãô½ÝµÄ
velocity n. ѸËÙ£»ËÙ¶È

8.3.2 »ºÂý
dilatory adj. ÂýÍÌÍ̵ģ¬Ä¥²äµÄ
laggard adj. »ºÂýµÄ£»ÂäºóµÄ£»n. ÂäºóÕß
tardy adj. »ºÂýµÄ£¬³Ù»ºµÄ

8.4 ¾²Ó붯
8.4.1 ¾²Ö¹
dormant adj. ¾²Ö¹µÄ£»¶¬ÃßµÄ
quiescent adj. ²»¶¯µÄ£¬¾²Ö¹µÄ
static adj. ¾²Ì¬µÄ£¬´ô°åµÄ
stationary adj. ¾²Ö¹µÄ£¬²»¶¯µÄ

8.4.2 Ô˶¯
dynamic adj. ¶¯Ì¬µÄ£»ÓлîÁ¦µÄ
kinetic adj. Ô˶¯µÄ
locomotion n. Ô˶¯£¬Òƶ¯
locomotive adj. Òƶ¯µÄ£»n. »ú³µ£¬»ð³µÍ·
motility n. Ô˶¯ÐÔ £¨motion n. Ô˶¯£©
motile adj. Äܶ¯µÄ£¬ÓÐ×Ô¶¯Á¦µÄ

8.5 ¼òµ¥Ó븴ÔÓ
8.5.1 ¼òµ¥
apt adj. Ò×ÓÚ¡­µÄ£¬Ç¡µ±µÄ
facile adj. ÈÝÒ××öµÄ£»·ôdzµÄ
facilitate v. ʹÈÝÒ×£¬´Ù½ø
foolproof adj. ÈÝÒ׶®µÄ£¬¼òÒ׶ø²»»áÎóÓõÄ
legible adj. Ò׶ÁµÄ
lucid adj. Ã÷°×Ò׶®µÄ£¬±í´ïÇå³þµÄ £¨lucidity n. ÇåÎú£¬Ã÷°×£©
readily adv. ÇáÒ׵أ¬Ñ¸Ëٵأ»²»³ÙÒɵØ
straightforward adj. Ò׶®µÄ£»ÕýÖ±µÄ£»Ö±½ØÁ˵±µÄ
superficial adj. ·ôdzµÄ£¬±íÃæµÄ
superficiality n. dz±¡

8.5.2 ¼ò½à
compact adj. ¼ò½àµÄ£»½áʵµÄ£»n. ºÏͬ£¬Ð­Òé
concise adj. ¼ò½àµÄ £¨concision n. ¼òÃ÷£¬¼ò½à conciseness n. ¼òÃ÷£©
curt adj. £¨ÑÔ´Ê¡¢ÐÐΪ£©¼òÂÔ¶ø²ÝÂʵÄ
laconic adj. ¼ò½àµÄ
perspicuity n. Ã÷Îú£¨ÇåÎúÒ׶®£©£»´ÏÃ÷î£ÖÇ
pithiness n. ¼ò½à
pithy adj. £¨½²»°»òÎÄÕ£©¼òÁ·µÄ
plain adj. ¼òµ¥µÄ£»Çå³þµÄ£»n. ƽԭ
sententious adj. ¼òÒªµÄ£»ºÃ˵½ÌµÄ
succinct adj. ¼òÃ÷µÄ£¬¼ò½àµÄ
summary adj. ¼òÂԵģ¬ÕªÒªµÄ£»n. ÕªÒª£¬¸ÅÒª
terse adj. ¼ò½àµÄ£¬¼òÃ÷µÄ £¨terseness n. ¼ò½à£©

8.5.3 ¸´ÔÓ
abstruse adj. ÄѶ®µÄ£¬Éî°ÂµÄ
complicate v. ʹijʸ´ÔÓ»¯ £¨complicated adj. ¸´Ô complication n. ¸´ÔÓµÄÇé¿ö£©
convoluted adj. ·Ñ½âµÄ£»ÐýÈƵÄ
elaborate adj. ¸´Ôӵģ¬¾«Öµģ»v. Ï꾡µØ˵Ã÷£¬²ûÃ÷
elliptical adj. »ÞɬµÄ£»ÍÖÔ²µÄ£»Ê¡Â﵀ £¨ellipse n. ÍÖÔ²£©
elusive adj. ÄѶ®µÄ
hermetic adj. Éî°ÂµÄ£»ÃÜ·âµÄ
inscrutable adj. ¸ßÉîĪ²âµÄ£¬ÉñÃØµÄ £¨inscrutability n. ÉñÃØ£©
intricacy n. ¸´ÔÓ£¬´í×Û£¬·×ÂÒ
intricate adj. ¸´ÔÓÄѶ®µÄ
obscure adj. ÄÑÀí½âµÄ£»²»Çå³þµÄ£»v. Òþ²Ø£»Ê¹¡­Ä£ºý
obscurity n. ·Ñ½â£»²»³öÃû
opacity n. »Þɬ£¬²»Í¸Ã÷ÐÔ
opaque adj. ÄѶ®µÄ£»²»Í¸Ã÷µÄ
profound adj. Éî°ÂµÄ£¬Ô¨²©µÄ£»ÉîµÄ£¬Éî¿ÌµÄ £¨profundity n. Éî°Â£¬Éî¿Ì£©
recondite adj. Éî°ÂµÄ

Byzantine adj. Äѱä¸üµÄ£»ÏñÃÔ¹¬ËƵÄ
illegible adj. ÄѶÁµÄ£¬ÄÑÈϵÄ

8.5.4 Èß³¤
long-winded adj. Èß³¤µÄ
pleonastic adj. †ªËôµÄ
prolix adj. Èß³¤µÄ£¬†ªËôµÄ
prolixity n. †ªËô
redundant adj. ÀÛ׸µÄ£¬¶àÓàµÄ
superfluous adj. ÀÛ׸µÄ£¬¶àÓàµÄ
tautological adj. ÓÃÓïÖظ´µÄ£¨Èß׸µÄ£©
tedious adj. Èß³¤µÄ£¬³ÁÃƵÄ
verbiage n. Èß³¤£¬†ªËô
verbose adj. Èß³¤µÄ£¬†ªËôµÄ
voluminous adj. ³¤ÆªµÄ£»¶à²úµÄ
windy adj. ³¤ÆªÀÛ빵ģ»ÓзçµÄ

circuitous adj. Óػصģ¬ÈÆȦ×ÓµÄ
circumlocutory adj. Óػصģ¬Î¯ÍñÇúÕÛµÄ
periphrastic adj. Óػصģ¬Èß׸µÄ
sinuous adj. Óػصģ¬òêÑѵÄ
winding adj. Óػصģ¬òêÑѵÄ

belabor v. ¹ý·ÖÈß³¤µØ×ö»ò˵£»Í´´ò
circumlocution n. ÓØ»ØÀÛ׸µÄ³ÂÊö £¨circumlocutory adj. ÓØ»ØÀÛ׸µÄ£©
disquisition n. ³¤ÆªÑݽ²£¬×¨ÌâÂÛÎÄ
drivel n./v. £¨Ëµ£©·Ï»°
harangue n. [±á]³¤ÆªÖ¸ÔðÐÔÑÝ˵£¨Èß³¤µÄ½²»°£©
monologue n. ¸öÈ˳¤ÆªÑÝ˵£»¶À°×
rigmarole n. Èß³¤µÄ·Ï»°
screed n. Èß³¤µÄÑÝ˵£¬³¤Æª´óÂÛµÄÎÄÕÂ
tirade n. ³¤ÆªµÄ¹¥»÷ÐÔ½²»°

8.5.5 À§ÄÑ
formidable adj. À§Äѵģ»¿ÉŵÄ
grueling adj. ·±ÖضøÀÛÈ˵Ä
knotty adj. À§Äѵģ»Óнڰ̵Ä
labored adj. ³ÔÁ¦µÄ£»£¨ÎÄÌåµÈ£©²»×ÔÈ»µÄ
onerous adj. Âé·³µÄ£¬·±ÖصÄ
pitfall n. δÁϵ½µÄΣÏÕ»òÀ§ÄÑ£¬ÏÝÚå
plod v. ³ÔÁ¦µØ¸É£»Öز½×ß
purgatory n. ÊÜ¿àÊÜÄѵĵط½£»Á¶Óü
scourge n./v. Ä¥ÄÑ£»±Þó×
spiny adj. ¼¬Êֵģ¬¶à´ÌµÄ£»Õë×´µÄ £¨spinule n. С´Ì spinous adj. ¶à´ÌµÄ£©
thorny adj. À§Äѵģ¬Í´¿àµÄ£»¶à´ÌµÄ
tickler n. ¼¬ÊÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÄÑÌâ £¨tickle v. ʹ·¢Ñ÷£©

dilemma n. À§¾³£¬×óÓÒΪÄÑ
mire n. À§¾³£»ÄàÕÓ£»v. ʹ¡­ÏÝÈëÀ§¾³
morass n. À§¾³£»ÕÓÔóµØ£»v. ÏÝÈëÀ§¾³
plight n. À§¾³£¬¿à¾³
predicament n. À§¾³£¬¾½¾³
quagmire n. À§¾³£»ÕÓÔóµØ

befuddle v. ʹΪÄÑ£¬Ê¹ÃÔ»ó£»Ê¹¾Æ×í»èÃÔ
dilemma n. ×óÓÒΪÄÑ£¬À§¾³
quandary n. ½øÍËÁ½ÄÑ£¬À§»ó
stranded adj. ½øÍËÁ½Äѵģ¬¸édzµÄ

8.6 ÎïÖÊÓ뾫Éñ
8.6.1 ÎïÖÊ
constitutional adj. ±¾Öʵģ¬ËØÖÊÉϵģ»Õ³̵ģ¬·¨¹æµÄ£¨ÓëÏÜ·¨Óйصģ©
corporal adj. ÈâÌåµÄ£¬ÉíÌåµÄ
corporeal adj. ÈâÌåµÄ£¬ÉíÌåµÄ£»ÎïÖʵÄ
entity n. ʵÌ壬ͳһÌå
essential adj. ±¾Öʵģ»n. ÒªËØ£¬ÊµÖÊ
hardheaded adj. £¨ÉÌÒµÉÏ£©ÏÖʵµÄ£¬¾«Ã÷µÄ£¨Íç¹ÌµÄ£¬½²Çóʵ¼ÊµÄ£©
pragmatic adj. ʵ¼ÊµÄ£¬ÊµÓÃÖ÷ÒåµÄ
somatic adj. ÈâÌåµÄ
substance n. ÎïÖÊ£¬ÊµÖÊ£»´óÒ⣬¸ù¾Ý
substantial adj. ʵÖʵģ»¼á¹ÌµÄ£¬½áʵµÄ
virtual adj. ʵÖÊÉϵģ¬Êµ¼ÊÉϵÄ

embodiment n. »¯Éí£¬ÌåÏÖ
materialize v. ¸³ÓèÐÎÌ壬ʹ¾ßÌ廯£»ÊµÏÖ
personification n. »¯Éí£¬µäÐÍ£¬ÍêÃÀ°ñÑù
reincarnate v. ʹ»¯Éí£¬×ªÉú

butt n. ´Ö´óµÄÒ»¶Ë£»Ñ̵٣»v. ÓÃÍ·µÖײ£¬¶¥×²
chip n. ±¡Æ¬£¬ËéƬ
chunk n. ¶Ìºñ¿é×´Î´óÁ¿ £¨chunky adj. £¨ÈË»ò¶¯Î°«Åֵģ©
hunk n. ´ó¿é£¨Ê³Î
lump n. Ö׿飬һ¿é£»v. Ðγɿé×´
plank n. ºñľ°å£»Òªµã
slab n. ºñ°å£¬ºñ¿é
slice n. ±¡Æ¬£»v. ÇгÉƬ
sliver n. ³¤Ìõ£»v. ÁѳÉϸƬ
strip n. ÏÁ³¤µÄһƬ£»v. °þÈ¥

8.6.2 ¾«Éñ
morale n. ¾«ÉñÁ¦Á¿£¬Ê¿Æø
pluck n. ¾«Á¦£»ÔÚÀ§ÄÑÃæÇ°×ãÖǶàıµÄÓÂÆø£¬µ¨Á¿£»v. °Î룻µ¯À­
psyche n. ¾«Éñ£¬ÐÄÖÇ £¨psychiatry n. ¾«Éñ²¡Ñ§ psychiatrist n. ¾«Éñ¿ÆÒ½Éú psychoanalysis n. ¾«Éñ·ÖÎö psychopathic adj. »¼¾«Éñ²¡µÄ psychosis n. ¾«Éñ²¡£¬±ä̬ÐÄÀí psychotic adj./n. ¾«Éñ²¡µÄ/·è×Ó psychic adj. ¾«ÉñµÄ£©
spiritual adj. ¾«ÉñµÄ
unworldly adj. ¾«ÉñÉϵģ»·ÇÊÀË×µÄ
vim n. ¾«Á¦£¬»îÁ¦
visceral adj. ÄÚÐÄÉî´¦µÄ£»ÄÚÔàµÄ

chivalrous adj. ÎäÊ¿¾«ÉñµÄ£»¶ÔÅ®È˱ò±òÓÐÀñµÄ
chivalry n. ÆïÊ¿¾«Éñ£»ÆïÊ¿ÖƶÈ
initiative n. Ê×´´¾«Éñ£»Ö÷¶¯

disembodied adj. ÎÞʵÌåµÄ£¬¿Õ¶´µÄ
disembody v. ʹÍÑÀëʵÌ壬ʹÍÑÀëÏÖʵ
incorporeal adj. ÎÞʵÌåµÄ£¬·ÇÎïÖʵģ¬Áé»êµÄ
insubstantial adj. ·ÇʵÌåµÄ£»±¡ÈõµÄ
intangibility n. ÎÞÐΣ¬²»¿É½Ó´¥
vaporous adj. ÎÞʵÖʵÄ

devoid adj. ¿ÕµÄ£¬È±ÉÙµÄ
disembodied adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£¬ÎÞʵÌåµÄ
fluffy adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£»ÓÐÈÞëµÄ
frothy adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£»ÆðÅݵÄ
fustian n. ¿Õ¶´µÄ»°£¬ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¸ßµ÷
inane adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£»ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ £¨inanity n. ÎÞÒâÒ壬ÎÞÁÄ£©
jejune adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£»²»³ÉÊìµÄ
nonsensical adj. ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ£¬»ÄÌƵÄ
tenuous adj. ¿Õ¶´µÄ£»Ï¸±¡µÄ£¬Ï¡±¡µÄ
void adj. ¿ÕµÄ£¬È±·¦µÄ£»n. ¿Õ϶£¬¿Õ´¦£»¿ÕÐé¸Ð

8.7 Óйس̶È
8.7.1 ÍêÈ«£¬¾ø¶Ô
absolute adj. ¾ø¶ÔµÄ£¬ÍêÈ«µÄ£»ÎÞ£¨Ìõ¼þ£©ÏÞÖƵÄ
categorical adj. ÎÞÌõ¼þµÄ£¬¾ø¶ÔµÄ£»·ÖÀàµÄ
consummate adj. ÍêÈ«µÄ£¬ÍêÉƵģ»v. Íê³É £¨consummation n. ´ïµ½¼«µã£¬Íê³É£©
exhaustive adj. ³¹µ×µÄ£¬ÎÞÒÅ©µÄ
plenary adj. ȫȨµÄ£»È«Ìå³öϯµÄ
plenitude n. ÍêÈ«£»´óÁ¿
plentitude n. ³ä·Ö
sheer adj. ÍêÈ«µÄ£»¶¸Ç͵ģ»¼«±¡µÄ
stark adj. ÍêÈ«µÄ£»£¨Íâ±í£©½©Ó²µÄ
unmitigated adj. È«È»µÄ£¬Î´»ººÍµÄ£¬Î´¼õÇáµÄ
unqualified adj. ÎÞÏÞÖƵģ¬¾ø¶ÔµÄ£»ÎÞ×ʸñµÄ
unreserved adj. ÎÞÏÞÖƵģ»Î´±»Ô¤¶©µÄ
utter adj. ÍêÈ«µÄ£»v. ·¢³öÉùÒô

provisory adj. Óи½´øÌõ¼þµÄ

8.7.2 È«Ã棬ȫ²¿
comprehensive adj. È«ÃæµÄ£¬×ۺϵÄ
eclectic adj. ×ÛºÏÐԵģ¬ÕÛÖеÄ
entirety n. ÕûÌ壬ȫÃæ
epic adj. ´ó¹æÄ£µÄ£»Ó¢Ð۵ģ»n. ÐðÊÂÊ«£¬Ê·Ê«
gamut n. È«Òô½×£»£¨Ò»ÁìÓòµÄ£©È«²¿ÖªÊ¶
gross adj. ×ܵģ»´ÖÒ°µÄ£»n. Õû¸ö£¬È«²¿
intact adj. ÍêÕûµÄ£¬Î´¶¯¹ýµÄ
integral adj. ÍêÕûµÄ£»¹¹³ÉÕûÌåËù±ØÐèµÄ
integrate v. ʹ³ÉÕûÌå
integrity n. ÍêÕû£»ÕýÖ±£¬³Ïʵ
maturity n. Í걸£¬³ÉÊì
omnipresent adj. ÎÞ´¦²»ÔÚµÄ
revenue n. ×ÜÊÕÈ룻¹ú¼ÒµÄË°ÊÕÊÕÈë
synthesis n. ×ۺϣ¬ºÏ³É

partial adj. ¾Ö²¿µÄ£»Æ«Ì»µÄ

8.7.3 ¹ý·Ö
egregious adj. £¨È±µãµÈ£©¹ý·ÖµÄ£¬¾ªÈ˵Ä
excess n. ¹ý·Ö£¬¹ý¶È £¨excessive adj. ¼«¹ý·ÖµÄ£©
exorbitant adj. ¹ý·ÖµÄ£¬¹ý¶ÈµÄ
forward adj. ¹ý¼¤µÄ£¬Ã§×²µÄ £¨forwardness n. ´óµ¨£¬Â³Ã§£©
inordinate adj. ¹ý¶ÈµÄ£¬¹ý·ÖµÄ
plethora n. ¹ýÁ¿£¬¹ýÊ£
redundancy£¨redundance£© n. ¹ýÊ££»±¸·Ý£»Ëƺõ¶àÓàÆäʵÖØÒªµÄºó±¸Á¦Á¿
redundant adj. ¶àÓàµÄ£¬ÀÛ׸µÄ
supreme adj. ¼«¶ÈµÄ£»ÖÁ¸ßµÄ
surfeit n. £¨Ê³Î¹ýÁ¿£¬¹ý¶È£»v. ʹ¹ýÁ¿
surplus adj. ¹ýÊ£µÄ£»Ó¯ÓàµÄ
unconscionable adj. ¹ý¶ÈµÄ£¬ÎÞ½ÚÖƵÄ

inquisitive adj. ¹ý·ÖºÃÎʵģ»ºÃÆæµÄ
officious adj. ¹ý¶ÈÒóÇڵģ»°®·¢ÃüÁîµÄ£¬ºÃÖÒ¸æµÄ
overexposure n. ¹ý·Ö±©Â¶£¬£¨ÕÕÏࣩÆعâ¹ý¶È
overreach v. ×öʹýÍ·
overwrought adj. ½ôÕŹý¶ÈµÄ
pamper v. ¹ý·Ö¹Ø»³£¬×ÝÈÝ
paranoid adj. ¹ý·Ö»³Òɵģ¬Æ«Ö´¿ñµÄ
permissive adj. ¹ý·Ö×ÝÈÝµÄ £¨permiss n. ÔÊÐí£©
premature adj. ¹ýÔçµÄ£¬ÔçÊìµÄ
prude n. ¹ý·ÖÊØÀñµÄÈË
prudish adj. ¹ý·ÖÊØÀñµÄ£¬¼ÙµÀѧµÄ
underbid v. Òª¼Û¹ýµÍ
valetudinarian n. ¹ý·Öµ£ÐÄÉú²¡µÄÈË£¬ÌåÈõµÄÈË

8.7.4 Ç¿ÁÒ
boisterous adj. ÃÍÁҵģ»ÐúÄÖµÄ
drastic adj. ÃÍÁҵģ¬¼¤ÁÒµÄ
vitriolic adj. Ç¿Áҵģ¬¿Ì±¡µÄ

8.8 ÓйØÖØÒªÐÔ
8.8.1 ÖØÒª
cardinal adj. ×îÖØÒªµÄ£»n. ºìÒÂÖ÷½Ì
consequence n. ÖØÒªÐÔ£»¼ÛÖµ£»½á¹û
critical adj. ¹Ø¼üµÄ£¬Î£¼±µÄ£»Ìô벡µÄ
crucial adj. ¾ö¶¨ÐÔµÄ
crux n. ¹Ø¼ü£¬Ö¢½áËùÔÚ
earthshaking adj. ¼«ÆäÖØ´ó»òÖØÒªµÄ
epoch n. ÖØ´óµÄʼþ£»¼ÍÔª
far-reaching adj. Ó°ÏìÉîÔ¶µÄ
hinge n. ¹Ø¼ü£»½ÂÁ´
magnitude n. ÖØÒª£»ÐÇÇòµÄ¹âÁÁ¶È
moment n. ÖØÒª£»Ë²¼ä
momentous adj. ¼«ÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÑÏÖصÄ
notable adj. ÖØÒªµÄ£¬Ã÷ÏԵģ¬³öÖÚµÄ
overriding adj. ×îÖ÷ÒªµÄ£¬ÓÅÏȵÄ
paramount adj. ×îÖØÒªµÄ£¬×î¸ßȨÁ¦µÄ
principal adj. Ö÷ÒªµÄ£¬ÖØÒªµÄ
requisite adj. ±ØÒªµÄ£»n. ±ØÐèÎï
significant adj. ÒâÒåÖØ´óµÄ£»Ï൱ÊýÁ¿µÄ
signify v. ÓÐÖØÒªÐÔ£»±íʾ
staple n. Ö÷Òª²úÆ·
thematic adj. Ö÷ÌâµÄ £¨theme n. Ö÷Ì⣩
underplay v. µ­»¯¡­µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£»±íÑÝ£¨½ÇÉ«£©²»³ä·Ö
vital adj. ¼«ÆäÖØÒªµÄ£»³äÂú»îÁ¦µÄ

fatal adj. ÖÂÃüµÄ£»ÔÖÄÑÐÔµÄ
lethal adj. ÖÂÃüµÄ
pernicious adj. ÖÂÃüµÄ£¬ÓꦵÄ

constitutional adj. ±¾Öʵģ¬ËØÖÊÉϵģ»Õ³̵ģ¬·¨¹æµÄ£¨ÓëÏÜ·¨Óйصģ©
elementary adj. ³õ¼¶µÄ
essential adj. ±¾Öʵģ»n. ÒªËØ£¬ÊµÖÊ
fundamental adj. ×î¸ù±¾µÄ£¬»ù±¾µÄ £¨fundament n. »ù´¡£©
immanent adj. ÄÚÔڵģ»ÆÕ±é´æÔÚµÄ
substantial adj. ʵÖʵģ»¼á¹ÌµÄ£¬½áʵµÄ
substantive adj. ¸ù±¾µÄ£»¶ÀÁ¢´æÔÚµÄ
substratum n. »ù´¡£»µØ»ù
underlying adj. ¸ù±¾µÄ£»ÔÚÏÂÃæµÄ

bearing n. ÒâÒ壬¹Øϵ£¬£¨Ó°Ï죩£»·½Î»
import v./n. ÒâÒ壻½ø¿Ú£¬ÊäÈë
purport n. ÒâÒ壬º­Òå

essential n. ÒªËØ£¬ÊµÖÊ£»adj. ±¾ÖʵÄ
gist n. Òªµã£¬ÒªÖ¼
pith n. Òªµã£¬¾«Ëè
plank n. Òªµã£»ºñľ°å
tenor n. Òªµã£¬ÒªÖ¼£»ÄиßÒô

elite n. ¾«»ª£¬Öмá
gem n. ¾«»ª£»±¦Ê¯£¬Ö鱦
marrow n. ¾«»ª£»¹ÇËè
pith n. ¾«Ë裬Ҫµã
quintessence n. ¾«»ª£»ÍêÃÀµÄ°ñÑù

8.8.2 ´ÎÒª
accessory adj. ¸½ÊôµÄ£¬´ÎÒªµÄ
ancillary adj. ¸¨ÖúµÄ£»n. ÖúÊÖ
auxiliary adj. ¸¨ÖúµÄ£¬Ð­ÖúµÄ
collateral adj. ÅÔϵµÄ£»Æ½Ðеģ»n. µ£±£Æ·
derivative adj. ÅÉÉúµÄ£»ÎÞ´´ÒâµÄ
subsidiary adj. ¸¨ÖúµÄ£»´ÎÒªµÄ
tributary n./adj. Ö§Á÷£¨µÄ£©£»½ø¹±£¨µÄ£©

circumstantial adj. ²»ÖØÒªµÄ£¬Å¼È»µÄ £¨circumstantiality n. Ï꾡ϸ½Ú£»Å¼È»ÐÔ£©
dispensable adj. ²»±ØÒªµÄ£¬¿ÉÓпÉÎÞµÄ
inconsequential adj. ²»ÖØÒªµÄ£¬Î¢²»×ãµÀµÄ
indecisive adj. ·Ç¾ö¶¨ÐԵģ¬³ÙÒɲ»¾öµÄ
marginal adj. ²»ÖØÒªµÄ£»ÊéÒ³¿Õ°×´¦µÄ
nonentity n. ²»ÖØÒªÖ®ÈË»òÊÂ
peripheral adj. ²»ÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÍâΧµÄ
periphery n. ²»ÖØÒªµÄ²¿·Ö£»ÍâΧ

bauble n. û¼ÛÖµµÄ¶«Î÷£»»¨ÉÚµÄСÍæÒâ¶ù
nugatory adj. ÎÞ¼ÛÖµµÄ£¬ËöËéµÄ
paltry adj. ÎÞ¼ÛÖµµÄ£¬Î¢²»×ãµÀµÄ
trivia n. ÎÞ¼ÛÖµÖ®ÎËöÊÂ

fustian n. ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¸ßµ÷£¬¿Õ¶´µÄ»°
inane adj. ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ£»¿Õ¶´µÄ £¨inanity n. ÎÞÒâÒ壬ÎÞÁÄ£©
nonsensical adj. ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ£¬»ÄÌƵÄ

adjunct n. ¸½¼ÓÎ¸½¼þ
appendage n. ¸½¼ÓÎï
avocation n. ¸±Òµ£»ÊȺÃ
byproduct n. ¸±²úÆ·£»¸±×÷ÓÃ
rider n. ¸½ÎÄ£¬¸½¼þ£»ÆïÊÖ

9. ÓйØʱ¼ä
9.1 ÐÂÓë¾É
9.1.1 ÐÂ
nova n. ÐÂÐÇ
novelty n. ÐÂÆ棨µÄÊÂÎ

9.1.2 ¾É
antique adj. ¹ÅʱµÄ£¬¹ÅÀϵģ»n. ¹ÅÎ¹Å¶­
antiquity n. ¹Å£»¹ÅÈË£»¹Å¼£
hoary adj. ¹ÅÀϵģ»£¨Í··¢£©»Ò°×µÄ
immemorial adj. Ì«¹ÅµÄ£¬¼«¹ÅµÄ
pristine adj. Ì«¹ÅµÄ£»´¿½àµÄ£»ÐÂÏʵÄ

antediluvian adj. ³Â¾ÉµÄ£»Ê·Ç°µÄ
antiquated adj. ³Â¾ÉµÄ£¬¹ýʱµÄ
decrepit adj. Æƾɵģ¬Ë¥À쵀 £¨decrepitate v. [¿óʯµÈ]ÉÕ±¬ decrepitude n. Ë¥ÀÏ£¬Æƾɣ©
dilapidated adj. Æƾɵģ¬µ¹ËúµÄ
dilapidation n. Æƾɣ¬»Ä·Ï
dowdy adj. ¹ý¾ÉµÄ£¬²»Õû½àµÄ
shibboleth n. ³Â¾ÉÓï¾ä
shopworn adj. ÔÚÉ̵êÖгÂÁоÉÁ˵Ä
timeworn adj. ³Â¾ÉµÄ£¬ÀÏÐàµÄ

fossilize v. ʹ¡­¹ýʱ£»Ê¹¡­³ÉΪ»¯Ê¯ £¨fossil n. »¯Ê¯ fossify v. ʯ»¯£¬½©»¯£©
obsolescent adj. ¼´½«¹ýʱµÄ
obsolete adj. ¹ýʱµÄ£»·ÏÆúµÄ
outmoded adj. ²»ÔÙÁ÷ÐеÄ

conservative adj. ±£Êصģ¬ÊؾɵÄ
conventional adj. ÒòÑ­Êؾɵģ¬´«Í³µÄ
reactionary adj. ±£Êصģ¬·´¶¯µÄ

9.1.3 ³Â¸¯£¬¶éÂä
banal adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ
bathetic adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ£»¼Ù×÷±¯É˵Ä
doctrinaire adj. Óظ¯µÄ£¬½ÌÌõµÄ£»n. ¿ÕÂÛ¼Ò
fusty adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ£¬Ã¹³ôµÄ
hackneyed adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ£¬Æ½³£µÄ
pedant n. Óظ¯Ö®ÈË£¬Êé´ô×Ó£»£¨Ñ§¾¿£© £¨pedantic adj. ÊéÉúÆøµÄ£©
platitude n. ³Â´ÊÀĵ÷
rancid adj. ²»ÐÂÏʵģ¬±äζµÄ£¨³ôµÄ£©
stale adj. ²»ÐÂÏʵģ¬³Â¸¯µÄ£¨³ôµÄ£©
stuffy adj. £¨¿ÕÆø£©²»ÐÂÏʵģ¬ÃÆÆøµÄ
threadbare adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ£»Ä¥ÆƵÄ
trite adj. ³Â¸¯µÄ£¬³Â´ÊÀĵ÷µÄ

corrupt adj. ¶éÂäµÄ£¬¸¯°ÜµÄ£»ÎÄÌåÓдíÎóµÄ
decadence n. Ë¥Â䣬ÍÇ·Ï
depraved adj. ¶éÂäµÄ£¬¸¯»¯µÄ
depravity n. ¶éÂ䣬¶ñÏ°
deterioration n. ¶éÂ䣬¶ñ»¯
pervert v. ʹ¶éÂ䣻ÎóÓã»ÍáÇú

9.1.4 ·ÏÐæ
debris n. ·ÏÐ棬²Ðº¡
detritus n. ·ÏÐ棻Ëéм
oddments n. ²ÐÓàÎÁãÍ· £¨odd adj. ÁãËéµÄ£¬Ê£ÓàµÄ£©
relic n. ÒÅÎÒż£
remainder n. Ê£ÓàÎï
remains n. ÒÅÖ·£¬·ÏÐæ
remnant n. ²ÐÓàÎÁãÍ·²¼ÁÏ
residue n. Ê£Óà
residual adj. ²ÐÓàµÄ£¬Ê£ÓàµÄ
vestige n. Òż££¬ºÛ¼£
wreckage n. ²Ðº¡

9.2 ÄêÇáÓëÄêÀÏ
9.2.1 ÄêÇá
callow adj. £¨ÈË£©Î´³ÉÊìµÄ£»£¨Äñ£©Î´ÉúÓðëµÄ
green adj. ÐÂÏʵģ¬Î´³ÉÊìµÄ£¬ÎÞ¾­ÑéµÄ
inchoate adj. ¸Õ¿ªÊ¼µÄ£»Î´·¢Õ¹µÄ£¨³õÆڵģ»²»³ÉÊìµÄ£©
incipient adj. ³õÆڵģ¬¸Õ³öÏÖµÄ
jejune adj. ²»³ÉÊìµÄ£»¿Õ¶´µÄ
nascent adj. ³õÉúµÄ£¬ÃÈÑ¿µÄ
original adj. ×î³õµÄ£¬Ô­Ê¼µÄ£»Óд´ÒâµÄ £¨origin n. ÆðÔ´£¬ÓÉÀ´£©
preliminary adj. ³õ²½µÄ£¬¿ªÊ¼µÄ£»Ô¤±¸µÄ
pristine adj. ÐÂÏʵģ»´¿½àµÄ£»Ì«¹ÅµÄ
rudimentary adj. ³õ²½µÄ£¬Î´³ä·Ö·¢Õ¹µÄ
uninitiated adj. ÍâÐеģ¬È±·¦¾­ÑéµÄ

cherubic adj. £¨ÓÈÖ¸º¢×Ó£©ÅÖºõºõ¶øÌìÕæÎÞаµÄ
infantile adj. Ó×Öɵģ¬º¢×ÓÆøµÄ
naive adj. ÌìÕæµÄ£¬´¿ÆÓµÄ
naivety n. ÌìÕ棬´¿ÆÓ£¬Ó×ÖÉ
puerile adj. Ó×Öɵģ»¶ùͯµÄ

fetus n. Ì¥¶ù
infant n. Ó¤¶ù
neonate n. ³õÉú¶ù

brat n. º¢×Ó£»Íçͯ
imp n. С¹í£»Íçͯ
infantile adj. º¢×ÓÆøµÄ£¬Ó×ÖɵÄ
puerile adj. ¶ùͯµÄ£»Ó×ÖɵÄ
urchin n. Íçͯ£»[¶¯Îï]º£µ¨

adolescent n. ÇàÉÙÄꣻadj. Çà´ºÆÚµÄ
ingenue n. ÌìÕæÎÞаµÄÉÙÅ®
juvenile adj. ÉÙÄêµÄ£¬ËÆÉÙÄêµÄ
nymph n. ÉÙÅ®£»ÄêÇáÅ®Éñ
sapling n. ÄêÇáÈË£»Ê÷Ãç

adolescent adj. Çà´ºÆڵģ»n. ÇàÉÙÄê
embryonic adj. ÃÈÑ¿Æڵģ»ÅßÌ¥µÄ
heyday n. Çà´ºÆÚ£¬È«Ê¢Ê±ÆÚ
puberty n. Çà´ºÆÚ

cub n. ÄêÇáÎÞ¾­ÑéµÄÈË£»Ó×ÊÞ
dabbler n. dz³¢éüÖ¹Õߣ¬ÉæÁÔÕß
fledgling n. ÎÞ¾­ÑéµÄÈË£»ÕýÔÚѧϰ·ÉÐеÄÓ×Äñ
gosling n. ÄêÇáÎÞÖªµÄÈË£»Ð¡¶ì
greenhorn n. ³õѧÕߣ»ÈÝÒ×ÊÜÆ­µÄÈË
laity n. ÍâÐУ»Ë×ÐÅͽ£¬Ë×È˽׼¶
layman n. ÃÅÍ⺺£»ÆÕͨÐÅͽ£¨ÓбðÓÚÉñÖ°ÈËÔ±£©
neophyte n. ³õѧÕߣ¬ÐÂÊÖ
novice n. ÉúÊÖ£¬ÐÂÊÖ
recruit n. гÉÔ±£»Ð±ø£»v. Õ÷ļ
rookie n. ÐÂÊÖ£¬Ð±ø
tyro n. ÐÂÊÖ

filial adj. ×ÓÅ®µÄ
descendant n. ºó´ú£¬ºóÒá
descent n. Ѫͳ£»½µÂ䣻ÇÖÏ®
heir n. ¼Ì³ÐÈË £¨heiress n. Å®¼Ì³ÐÈË£©
offspring n. ¶ùÅ®£¬ºó´ú
progeny n. ºó´ú£¬×ÓÅ®
scion n. ×ÓËÄÛÑ¿
sequela n. ºó¼ÌÕߣ»ºóÒÅÖ¢

9.2.2 »îÁ¦
alacrity n. »îÆã¬Ãô½Ý£»ÀÖÒ⣬ÐÀÈ»
animated adj. »îÆõģ¬Éú¶¯µÄ
animation n. »îÆã¬ÓÐÉúÆø£»¿¨Í¨ÖÆ×÷
brisk adj. »îÆõģ¬Ãô½ÝµÄ£»Çåн¡¿µµÄ
dynamic adj. ÓлîÁ¦µÄ£»¶¯Ì¬µÄ
enliven v. ʹ¡­¸ü»îÔ¾
exuberant adj. £¨ÈË£©³äÂú»îÁ¦µÄ£»£¨Ö²ÎïʢµÄ
feisty adj. »îÔ¾µÄ£»Ò×Å­µÄ
frisky adj. »îÆõģ¬¿ì»îµÄ
ginger n. »îÁ¦£»½ª
graphic adj. Éú¶¯µÄ£»Í¼±íµÄ
mercurial adj. »îÆõģ»ÉƱäµÄ £¨mercury n. Ë®Òø£»Ë®ÐÇ£©
perky adj. »îÆõģ»ÉñÆøµÄ
racy adj. »îÆõģ¬Éú¶¯µÄ £¨raciness n. Éú¶¯»îÆã©
revitalize v. ʹÖØгäÂú»îÁ¦
sap n. »îÁ¦£»Ê÷Òº£»v. ÏûÈõ£¬ºÄ¾¡
sprightly adj. »îÆõģ¬Óä¿ìµÄ
verve n. £¨ÈË£©Éú»ú£»£¨ÒÕÊõ×÷Æ·µÄ£©ÉñÔÏ
vibrancy n. Éú»ú²ª²ª£¬»îÆÃ
vibrant adj. Éú»ú²ª²ªµÄ£»Õñ¶¯µÄ£»Ã÷¿ìµÄ
vim n. »îÁ¦£¬¾«Á¦
vital adj. ³äÂú»îÁ¦µÄ£»¼«ÆäÖØÒªµÄ
vitalize v. ¼¤·¢»îÁ¦
vivacious adj. »îÆõģ¬¿ì»îµÄ
vivid adj. »îÆõģ¬´óµ¨µÄ£¬±ÆÕæµÄ£»ÇåÎúµÄ£¬ÏÊÑÞµÄ

mischievous adj. ÌÔÆøµÄ£»Óк¦´¦µÄ
puckish adj. ÌÔÆøµÄ £¨puck n. ¶ñ×÷¾çµÄСÑý¾«£©
wanton adj. ÍçƤµÄ£»ÎÞ½ÚÖƵģ¬·Å×ݵÄ
wicked adj. ÌÔÆøµÄ£»¼«»µµÄ

blooming adj. ¾«Á¦ÍúÊ¢µÄ£»Óл¨µÄ £¨bloom n./v. »¨£»¿ª»¨£©
hyperactivity n. ¼«¶È¿º·Ü£¬»î¶¯¹ýÇ¿
impassioned adj. ¿¶¿®¼¤°ºµÄ
lusty adj. ¾«Á¦³äÅæµÄ
mettlesome adj. ¾«Éñ¶¶ËÓµÄ
passionate adj. ³äÂú¼¤ÇéµÄ
refresh v. ʹ¾«ÉñÕñ×÷£¬Ïû³ý¡­µÄÆ£ÀÍ£»£¨Ë¢Ð£©
snappy adj. ¾«Á¦³äÅæµÄ£»äìÈ÷µÄ
vigorous adj. ¾«Á¦ÍúÊ¢µÄ£¬½¡×³µÄ

boom n. ·±ÈÙ²ýʢʱÆÚ£»v. ·¢³öÉî³ÁÓлØÏìµÄÉùÒô
checkered adj. ʢ˥ÎÞ³£µÄ £¨checker n. ÆåÅÌÉϵķ½¸ñ»òÆå×Ó£©
florescence n. ·±»¨Ê±ÆÚ
flourish v. ²ýÊ¢£¬ÐËÍú£»»îÔ¾¶øÓÐÓ°Ïì
full-blown adj. £¨ÏÊ»¨£©Ê¢¿ªµÄ
heyday n. ȫʢʱÆÚ£¬Çà´ºÆÚ
lush adj. ·±Ã¯µÄ£¬Ã¯Ê¢µÄ
luxuriant adj. ·±Ã¯µÄ£»·ÊÎÖµÄ
millennium n. £¨Î´À´µÄ£©Ì«Æ½Ê¢ÊÀ£»Ò»Ç§Äê
palmy adj. ·±Èٵģ»×ØéµµÄ £¨palm n. ×ØéµÊ÷£©
prime n. ȫʢʱÆÚ£»adj. Ê×Ïȵģ»×îºÃµÄ
prosperity n. ·±ÈÙ£»ÐÒÔË£»½¡¿µ
prosperous adj. ·±ÈÙ¸»Ç¿µÄ

9.2.3 ÄêÀÏ
blighted adj. Ë¥Àϵģ»¿ÝήµÄ
dotage n. ÀÏÄêºýÍ¿£¨ÀÏÐࣩ£»Äç°®
senile adj. ÄêÀ쵀 £¨senior adj. ÄêÀϵģ©
superannuated adj. ÀÏÂõµÄ

empirical adj. ¾­ÑéµÄ£¬ÊµÖ¤µÄ
seasoned adj. Óо­ÑéµÄ£¬ÑµÁ·ÓÐËصÄ
transcendental adj. ³¬Ô½¾­ÑéµÄ
veteran adj. ¾­Ñé·á¸»µÄ£»n. Àϱø£¬ÀÏÊÖ

full-fledged adj. ³ÉÊìµÄ£»Óðë·áÂúµÄ
mature adj. ³ÉÊìµÄ£»Éî˼ÊìÂǵÄ
maturity n. ³ÉÊ죬Í걸
precocious adj. ÔçÊìµÄ
premature adj. ÔçÊìµÄ£¬¹ýÔçµÄ
ripen v. ʹ³ÉÊì £¨ripe adj. ³ÉÊìµÄ£©

fainthearted adj. ÎÞ¾«ÉñµÄ£¬Å³ÈõµÄ£»µ¨Ð¡µÄ
passive adj. ȱ·¦»îÁ¦µÄ£¬±»¶¯µÄ
torpid adj. ËÀÆø³Á³ÁµÄ£¬ÀÁÉ¢µÄ
torpor n. ËÀÆø³Á³Á
unimpassioned adj. ûÓм¤ÇéµÄ

ancestor n. ×æÏÈ£¬×æ×Ú
ancestry n. ¼Òϵ
descent n. Ѫͳ£»½µÂ䣻ÇÖÏ®
forebear n. ×æ×Ú£¬×æÏÈ
hereditary adj. ×æ´«µÄ£¬ÊÀÏ®µÄ
lineage n. ×Úϵ£¬ÑªÍ³
progenitor n. ×æÏÈ£¬Ê¼×æ £¨progeniture n. ÉúÖ³£¬ºó´ú progeny n. ºó´ú£¬×ÓÅ®£©

antecedent n. Ç°±²£»Ç°Ê£»adj. ÏÈÐеÄ
doyen n. ÀÏÇ°±²
predecessor n. Ç°ÈΣ¬Ç°±²£»Ô­ÏȵĶ«Î÷

avant-garde n. £¨ÒÕÊõ£©ÏÈ·æÅÉ
forerunner n. ÏÈÇý£»Ô¤Õ×£¬Ç°Õ×
harbinger n. ÏÈÇý£¬ÏÈÕ×
herald n. ÏÈÇý£»´«Áî¹Ù£»Ô¤Ê¾
precursor n. ÏÈÇý£¬ÏÈÕ×
vanguard n. Ç°ÎÀ

generation n. Ò»´úÈË£»£¨²úÆ·ÀàÐ͵ģ©´ú£»²úÉú£¬·¢Éú
octogenarian n. 80ÖÁ89ËêµÄÈË

9.3 ÆäËû
9.3.1 ±íƵÂÊ
frequency n. ƵÂÊ

abrupt adj. ͻȻµÄ£¬ÒâÍâµÄ£»ÌÆÍ»µÄ
adventitious adj. żȻµÄ
casual adj. żȻµÄ
circumstantial adj. żȻµÄ£¬²»ÖØÒªµÄ £¨circumstantiality n. Ï꾡ϸ½Ú£»Å¼È»ÐÔ£©
episodic adj. żȻ·¢ÉúµÄ£¬·ÖÉ¢ÐÔµÄ
fortuitous adj. żȻµÄ£¬ÒâÍâµÄ£»ÐÒÔ˵Ä
haphazard adj. ÈÎÒâµÄ£¨Å¼È»µÄ£©
random adj. żȻµÄ£¬Ëæ±ãµÄ£¨Ëæ»úµÄ£©£»Ã»ÓÐÃ÷È·Ä¿µÄ¡¢¼Æ»®»òÕßÄ¿±êµÄ
sporadic adj. ²»¶¨Ê±·¢ÉúµÄ

biennial adj. Á½ÄêÒ»´ÎµÄ
frequent v. adj. ¹ß³£µÄ£»Ê±³£À´·Ã
quotidian adj. ÿÈյģ»Æ½·²µÄ

9.3.2 ±í³¤¶Ì
impermanent adj. ÔÝʱµÄ
interim n. adj. ÔÝʱµÄ£»ÖмäʱÆÚ£¬¹ý¶ÉʱÆÚ
intermission n. ÔÝÍ££¬¼äЪ
provisional adj. ÔÝʱµÄ£¬ÁÙʱµÄ

deciduous adj. ¶ÌÔݵģ»·ÇÓÀ¾ÃµÄ£»ÍÑÂäµÄ£»ÂäÒ¶µÄ
ephemeral adj. ÉúÃü¶ÌÔݵģ»³¯ÉúĺËÀµÄ
evanescent adj. ¶ÌÔݵģ¬Ñ¸ËÙÏûʧµÄ
fleeting adj. ¶ÌÔݵģ¬·ÉÊŵÄ
instantaneous adj. ˲¼ä·¢ÉúµÄ£»Á¢¼´µÄ £¨instant adj. ÂíÉϵģ¬Á¢¼´µÄ£©
meteoric adj. ê¼»¨Ò»Ïֵģ»Á÷ÐǵÄ
moment n. ˲¼ä£»ÖØÒª
transience n. ¶ÌÔÝ
transient adj. ¶ÌÔݵģ¬×ªË²¼´ÊŵÄ
transitory adj. ¶ÌÔݵÄ

adlib v. ¼´Ð˱íÑÝ£¬ÁÙʱ½²»°
extemporaneous adj. ¼´Ï¯µÄ£¬Ã»ÓÐ×¼±¸µÄ
extemporize v. ¼´Ï¯ÑÝ˵
impromptu adj. ¼´Ï¯µÄ£¬¼´Ð˵Ä
improvise v. ¼´Ï¯¶ø×÷
improvised adj. ¼´Ï¯¶ø×÷µÄ£¬ÁÙʱ׼±¸µÄ
offhand adv./adj. ÊÂÏÈÎÞ×¼±¸µØ£¨µÄ£©£»Ëæ±ãµØ£¨µÄ£©

chronic adj. ³¤Æڵģ¬ÂýÐÔµÄ
eternal adj. ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ£¬ÓÀºãµÄ £¨eternity n. ÓÀÔ¶£¬²»Ðࣩ
everlasting adj. ÓÀºãµÄ£¬³Ö¾ÃµÄ£¬ÎÞÖ¹¾³µÄ£¬ÄÍÓõÄ
immortal adj. ²»ÐàµÄ£¬Á÷·¼°ÙÊÀµÄ
infinity n. ÎÞÏÞµÄʱ¼ä»ò¿Õ¼ä
lasting adj. ³Ö¾ÃµÄ£¬ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ
perennial adj. ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ£»ÖÕÄêµÄ
permanence n. ÓÀ¾Ã£¬³Ö¾Ã
permanent adj. ³¤¾ÃµÄ£¬ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ
perpetual adj. ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ£»Á¬Ðø²»¶ÏµÄ
perpetuate v. ʹÓÀ´æ£¬Ê¹ÓÀ²»Íü¼Ç £¨perpetuity n. ÓÀºã£¬ÓÀ¾Ã£©
sustained adj. ³Ö¾ÃµÄ£¬¾­¾Ã²»Ë¥µÄ

coherent adj. Á¬¹áµÄ£¬Ò»ÖµÄ
duration n. ³ÖÐøµÄʱ¼ä
enduring adj. ³ÖÐøµÄ
incessant adj. Á¬ÐøµÄ£¬ÎÞ¼ä¶ÏµÄ
perpetual adj. Á¬Ðø²»¶ÏµÄ£»ÓÀ¾ÃµÄ
persistence n. ³ÖÐø£¬¼á³Ö²»Ð¸ £¨persist v. ¼á³Ö£¬³ÖÐø£©
sequential adj. Á¬ÐøµÄ£¬Ò»Á¬´®µÄ £¨sequence n. Á¬Ðø£©
serial adj. Á¬ÐøµÄ£¬Ò»ÏµÁеÄ
spell n. Á¬ÐøµÄÒ»¶Îʱ¼ä£»£¨ÖäÓv. ƴд£©
subsequent adj. Á¬ÐøµÄ£¬ËæºóµÄ£¬ºóÀ´µÄ
unremitting adj. ³ÖÐøµÄ£¬²»¼ä¶ÏµÄ

desultory adj. ²»Á¬¹áµÄ£¬É¢ÂþµÄ
discrete adj. ²»Á¬ÐøµÄ£»¸ö±ðµÄ£»£¨·Ö¿ªµÄ£©
staccato adj. ²»Á¬¹áµÄ£¬£¨ÒôÀÖ£©¶ÏÒôµÄ
intermission n. ¼äЪ£¬ÔÝÍ£
intermittent adj. ¶Ï¶ÏÐøÐøµÄ£¬¼äЪµÄ £¨intermit v. ÔÝÍ££¬Öжϣ©
remittent adj. £¨²¡£©¼äЪÐԵģ¬ºöºÃºö»µµÄ
spasmodic adj. ¼äЪÐԵģ»¾·ÂεÄ

9.3.3 ±íÏȺó
embryonic adj. ÃÈÑ¿Æڵģ»ÅßÌ¥µÄ
genetic adj. ÆðÔ´µÄ£»ÒÅ´«µÄ
inchoate adj. ¸Õ¿ªÊ¼µÄ£»Î´·¢Õ¹µÄ£¨³õÆڵģ»²»³ÉÊìµÄ£©
incipient adj. ³õÆڵģ¬¸Õ³öÏÖµÄ
initial adj. ¿ªÊ¼µÄ£¬×î³õµÄ£»n. £¨ÐÕÃûµÄ£©Ê××Öĸ
natal adj. ³öÉúµÄ£¬µ®ÉúʱµÄ
original adj. ×î³õµÄ£¬Ô­Ê¼µÄ£»Óд´ÒâµÄ £¨origin n. ÆðÔ´£¬ÓÉÀ´£©
preliminary adj. ¿ªÊ¼µÄ£¬³õ²½µÄ£»Ô¤±¸µÄ

antecedence n. ¾ÓÏÈ£¬ÓÅÏÈ
antecedent adj. ÏÈÐÐµÄ n. Ç°Ê£»Ç°±²
antedate v. ÔçÓÚ£»£¨ÔÚÐÅ¡¢ÎļþÉÏ£©Ð´ÉϽÏÔçÈÕÆÚ
anterior adj. ½ÏÔçµÄ£¬ÒÔÇ°µÄ
overriding adj. ÓÅÏȵģ¬×îÖ÷ÒªµÄ
precede v. ÔÚ¡­Ö®Ç°£¬ÔçÓÚ £¨precedence n. ÓÅÏÈȨ precedent n. ÏÈÀý£¬Ç°Àý£©
preliterate adj. ÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÒÔÇ°µÄ
premature adj. ¹ýÔçµÄ£¬ÔçÊìµÄ
previous adj. ÔÚÏȵģ¬ÒÔÇ°µÄ
prime adj. Ê×Ïȵģ»×îºÃµÄ£»n. ȫʢʱÆÚ
priority n. ÔÚÏÈ£¬¾ÓÇ°£»ÓÅÏÈȨ
untimely adj. ¹ýÔçµÄ£»²»ÊÊʱµÄ

coeval adj. ͬÄê´úµÄ
simultaneous adj. ͬʱ·¢ÉúµÄ
synchronous adj. ͬʱ·¢ÉúµÄ

belated adj. À´µÃÌ«³ÙµÄ
conclusive adj. ×îºóµÄ£¬½áÂ۵ģ»È·ÔäµÄ£¬Ïû³ý»³ÒɵÄ
finale n. ×îºó£¬×îÖÕ£»ÀÖÇúµÄ×îºó²¿·Ö
posterior adj. £¨ÔÚʱ¼ä¡¢´ÎÐòÉÏ£©½ÏºóµÄ £¨posterity n. ×ÓËºó´ú£©
subsequent adj. ËæºóµÄ£¬ºóÀ´µÄ£¬Á¬ÐøµÄ
ulterior adj. ½ÏÍíµÄ£¬½ÏÔ¶µÄ£»²»¿É¸æÈ˵Ä
ultimate adj. ×îºóµÄ

antediluvian adj. Ê·Ç°µÄ£»³Â¾ÉµÄ
antique adj. ¹ÅʱµÄ£¬¹ÅÀϵģ»n. ¹ÅÎ¹Å¶­
erstwhile adj. ´ÓÇ°µÄ£¬¹ýÈ¥µÄ
immemorial adj. Ì«¹ÅµÄ£¬¼«¹ÅµÄ
medieval adj. ÖÐÊÀ¼ÍµÄ£¬ÖйŵÄ
prehistoric adj. Ê·Ç°µÄ
pristine adj. Ì«¹ÅµÄ£»´¿½àµÄ£»ÐÂÏʵÄ
retroactive adj. Ëݼ°¼ÈÍùµÄ£¬ÓÐ×·ËÝЧÁ¦µÄ£¨´Ó¹ýȥijһʱ¼ä¿ªÊ¼ÉúЧµÄ£©

obsolescent adj. ¼´½«¹ýʱµÄ
overdue adj. ÓâÆڵģ»¹ýÆÚδ¸¶µÄ

earthly adj. ÏÖÊÀµÄ£¬³¾ÊÀ£¨¼ä£©µÄ
extant adj. ÏÖ´æµÄ£¬´«ÊÀµÄ
mundane adj. ÏÖÊÀµÄ£¬ÊÀË×µÄ
secular adj. ÊÀË׵ģ¬³¾ÊÀµÄ
temporal adj. ÊÀË׵ģ»Ê±¼äµÄ £¨temporary adj. ÔÝʱµÄ£¬ÁÙʱµÄ£©

hitherto adv. µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹
unprecedented adj. Ç°ËùδÓеÄ

imminent adj. ¼´½«·¢ÉúµÄ£¬±Æ½üµÄ
impend v. ¼´½«·¢Éú£»½øÐÐÍþв
impending adj. Ðн«·¢ÉúµÄ£¬±Æ½üµÄ
obsolescent adj. ¼´½«¹ýʱµÄ
outgoing adj. ¼´½«ÀëÈ¥µÄ£»ÓÑÉƵÄ
pending adj. ¼´½«·¢ÉúµÄ

9.3.4 ʱÆÚ
glacial adj. ±ùÆڵģ¬±ùºÓÆÚµÄ £¨glaciate v. ʹ½á±ù£©
neolithic adj. ÐÂʯÆ÷ʱ´úµÄ
paleolithic adj. ¾ÉʯÆ÷ʱ´úµÄ

epoch n. ¼ÍÔª£»ÖØ´óµÄʼþ
temporal adj. ʱ¼äµÄ£»ÊÀË×µÄ £¨temporary adj. ÔÝʱµÄ£¬ÁÙʱµÄ£©

latency n. DZ·üÆÚ
incubation n. DZ·üÆÚ£»·õÂÑÆÚ
quarantine n. ¸ôÀë¼ìÒßÆÚ£¬¸ôÀë

interim n. ÖмäʱÆÚ£¬¹ý¶ÉʱÆÚ£»adj. ÔÝʱµÄ
transition n. ¹ý¶ÉʱÆÚ£¬×ª±ä £¨transitional adj. ±äǨµÄ£¬¹ý¶É£¨ÆÚ£©µÄ£©

interregnum n. ÎÞÍõʱÆÚ
reign n. ͳÖÎʱÆÚ£»Íõ³¯£»ÁìÓò
tenure n. ÈÎÆÚ£»ÖÕÉíְλ

florescence n. ·±»¨Ê±ÆÚ
heyday n. ȫʢʱÆÚ£¬Çà´ºÆÚ
millennium n. £¨Î´À´µÄ£©Ì«Æ½Ê¢ÊÀ£»Ò»Ç§Äê
prime n. ȫʢʱÆÚ£»adj. Ê×Ïȵģ»×îºÃµÄ
puberty n. Çà´ºÆÚ
recession n. ¾­¼ÃÏôÌõʱÆÚ£»³·»Ø£¬ÍË»Ø

lease n. ×âÆÚ£»×âÔ¼£»v. ³ö×â
overdue adj. ÓâÆڵģ»¹ýÆÚδ¸¶µÄ

9.3.5 ÆäËû
timely adj. ÊÊʱµÄ£¬¼°Ê±µÄ

anachronistic adj. ʱ´ú´íÎóµÄ
mistimed adj. ²»ºÏʱ»úµÄ
untimely adj. ²»ÊÊʱµÄ£»¹ýÔçµÄ

pressing adj. ½ôÆȵģ¬ÆÈÇеģ»¿ÒÇÐÒªÇóµÄ
urgent adj. ÆÈÇеģ¬½ô¼±µÄ £¨urge v. ÆÈÇÐÒªÇó£©

diurnal adj. °×ÖçµÄ£¬°×ÌìµÄ
gloaming n. »Æ»è£¬±¡Äº
nocturnal adj. Ò¹ÍíµÄ£¬Ò¹¼ä·¢ÉúµÄ
vernal adj. ´º¼¾µÄ£¬´º¼¾ËƵÄ

festal adj. ½ÚÈյģ»»¶ÀÖµÄ
recess n. Ðݼ٣»±Ú°¼£¨Ç½ÉÏ×°µÄ¼Ü×Ó¡¢¹ñ×ӵȵݼ´¦£©

10. Óйؿռä
10.1 ¿Õ¼ä
amplitude n. ¹ã´ó£¬¹ãÀ«
capacious adj. ¿í³¨µÄ£¬ÈÝÁ¿´óµÄ
commodious adj. ¿í³¨µÄ
inclusive adj. ·¶Î§¹ãµÄ£¬°üº¬Ò»ÇеÄ
infinity n. ÎÞÏÞµÄʱ¼ä»ò¿Õ¼ä
interminable adj. ÎÞ¾¡Í·µÄ
spacious adj. ¹ãÀ«µÄ£¬¿í³¨µÄ
spatial adj. ÓйؿռäµÄ£¬ÔÚ¿Õ¼äµÄ
strait adj. ÏÁÕ­µÄ£»n. º£Ï¿

10.2 ·½Î»
bearing n. ·½Î»£»¹Øϵ£¬ÒâÒ壬£¨Ó°Ï죩
niche n. ºÏÊʵÄλÖ㻣¨·ÅÒÕÊõÆ·µÈµÄ£©±Úíè

abreast adv. ²¢Áеأ¬²¢ÅŵØ
juxtapose v. ²¢ÅÅ£¬²¢ÖÃ

abut v. ½Ó½ç£¬ÅþÁ¬
adjacent adj. ½Ó½üµÄ£¬ÅþÁ¬µÄ
approach v. ½Ó½ü£¬¿¿½ü£»×ÅÊÖ´¦Àí£»n. ·½·¨ £¨approachable adj. ¿É½Ó½üµÄ£¬ËæºÍµÄ£©
contiguous adj. ½ÓÈÀµÄ£¬½Ó½üµÄ £¨contiguity n. ÁÚ½ü£¬½ÓÈÀ£©
coterminous adj. ÅþÁ¬µÄ£¬Óй²Í¬±ß½çµÄ
delimit v. ¶¨½ç£¬»®½ç
demarcate v. »®·Ö£¬»®½ç £¨demarcation n. ½çÏÞ£¬»®¶¨½çÏÞ£©
mete n. ±ß½ç£»v. ¸øÓ裬·ÖÅ䣻²âÁ¿
proximate adj. ×î½Ó½üµÄ£¬Ö±½ÓµÄ
snuggle v. °¤½ü£¬ÒÀÙË
vicinity n. ¸½½ü£¬½Ó½ü £¨vicinage n. ÖÜΧµØÇø£©

concentric adj. £¨Ö¸Êý¸öÔ²£©ÓÐͬһÖÐÐĵģ¨Í¬Ðĵģ©
centrifugal adj. ÀëÐÄµÄ £¨centrifuge n. ÀëÐÄ·ÖÀë»ú£©
centripetal adj. ÏòÐĵÄ
distal adj. Ô¶ÀëÖÐÐĵģ¬£¨Éñ¾­£©Ä©ÉÒµÄ
terminal adj. Ä©¶ËµÄ£»n. ÖÕµãÕ¾£¬ÖÕ¶Ë
tined adj. ¼â¶ËµÄ £¨tine n. ²æ¼â£¬¼â¶Ë£©
ulterior adj. ½ÏÔ¶µÄ£¬½ÏÍíµÄ£»²»¿É¸æÈ˵Ä

intermediary adj. ÖмäµÄ£¬Ã½½éµÄ£»n. ÖÙ²ÃÕߣ»ÖмäÎï
interpose v. ÖÃÓÚ¡­Ö®¼ä£»Ê¹½éÈë
intestine adj. ÄÚ²¿µÄ£»n. ³¦
lateral adj. ²àÃæµÄ
nethermost adj. ×îµÍµÄ£¬×îÏ·½µÄ
obverse n./adj. ÕýÃ棨µÄ£©
superimpose v. ¼ÓÔÚÉÏÃæ
underlying adj. ÔÚÏÂÃæµÄ£»¸ù±¾µÄ

aerial adj. ¿ÕÖеģ¬¿ÕÆøÖеÄ
aloft adv. ÔÚ¿ÕÖУ¬ÔÚÍ·¶¥ÉÏ
grounded adv. µØÃæÉÏ£»adj. ÓÐÀíÓɵģ¨Óиù¾ÝµÄ£©
subterranean adj. µØϵÄ
ultramundane adj. ÊÀ½çÖ®ÍâµÄ£¬³¬Ë×µÄ

clinical adj. ÁÙ´²µÄ£»Àä¾²¿Í¹ÛµÄ
offstage adv./adj. ̨ºó£¨µÄ£©£¬Ä»ºó£¨µÄ£©

µÚ¶þÕ ¶¯´ÊÀà
1. Ñ۵Ķ¯×÷
1.1 ¿´
askance adv. ²àÄ¿¶øÊÓ£¬î©
glance v./n. һƳ
glimpse n./v. Ƴ¼û£¬¿´Ò»ÑÛ
leer v. бÑÛ¿´£¬ËÍÇﲨ
peep n./v. Ƴ¼û£¬Íµ¿´£»³õÏÖ
squint v. бÊÓ

astigmatic adj. ÂÒÊӵģ¬É¢¹âµÄ £¨astigmatism n. É¢¹â£©
envisage v. ÕýÊÓ£»ÏëÏñ £¨envision v. ÏëÏñ£¬Õ¹Íû£©
overlook v. ¸©ÊÓ£»ºöÊÓ

fixate v. ×¢ÊÓ£¬ÄýÊÓ£»Ê¹¹Ì¶¨£¬Ê¹²»±ä
gape v. Ä¿µÉ¿Ú´ôµØÄýÊÓ£»ÁÑ¿ª
gaze v./n. ÄýÊÓ£¬×¢ÊÓ

glare v. Å­Ä¿¶øÊÓ£»·¢³öѣĿ¹ââ
glower v. Å­Ä¿¶øÊÓ
scowl v. Å­ÊÓ£¬ÉúÆøµØÖåü£»n. Å­ÈÝ

peek v. ͵¿´
peep n./v. ͵¿´£¬Æ³¼û£»³õÏÖ
peery adj. ¿úÊӵģ»ºÃÆæµÄ£»»³ÒɵÄ

leer v. ËÍÇﲨ£¬Ð±ÑÛ¿´
ogle v. ËÍÇﲨ£»n. ÃÄÑÛ
wink v. ʹÑÛÉ«£»n. Õ£ÑÛ

behold v. Ä¿¶Ã£¬¿´¼û
beholder n. Ä¿¶ÃÕߣ¬ÅÔ¹ÛÕß
descry v. Ô¶Ô¶¿´µ½£¬Íû¼û
discern v. £¨·Ñ¾¢£©Ê¶±ð£¬¿´³ö
discernible adj. ¿Éʶ±ðµÄ£¬ÒÀÏ¡¿É±æµÄ
discerning adj. ʶ±ðÁ¦Ç¿µÄ
espy v. £¨´ÓÔ¶´¦µÈ£©Í»È»¿´µ½
gloat v. ÐÒÔÖÀÖ»öµØ¿´£¬ÇÔϲ
goggle v. ÕöÑÛ¿´£»n. »¤Ä¿¾µ
hallucination n. »ÃÊÓ£¬»Ã¾õ
inspection n. ϸ¿´£¬¼ì²é £¨inspect v. ϸ¿´£¬ÊӲ죩
patronage n. »Ý¹Ë£¬ÔÞÖú
patronize v. ¹â¹Ë£¬»Ý¹Ë£»ÒÔ¸ßÈËÒ»µÈµÄ̬¶È¶Ô´ý
perambulate v. ѲÊÓ£»Âþ²½

ocular adj. ÊÓ¾õµÄ£»ÑÛ¾¦µÄ
purblind adj. ÊÓÁ¦²»¼ÑµÄ£¨°ëϹµÄ£©£»ÓÞ¶ÛµÄ
scope n. Ñ۽磻·¶Î§

audience n. ¹ÛÖÚ£¬ÌýÖÚ£»¶ÁÕß
beholder n. Ä¿¶ÃÕߣ¬ÅÔ¹ÛÕß
bystander n. ÅÔ¹ÛÕß
spectator n. ¹ÛÖÚ£¬¹Û¿´Õß
witness n. Ä¿»÷Õߣ»v. Ä¿»÷

1.2 ÇáÊÓ
1.2.1 ÇáÊÓ
belittle v. ÇáÊÓ£¬±áÒÖ
contempt n./v. ÇáÊÓ£¬±ÉÊÓ
contemptible adj. ÁîÈËÇáÊÓµÄ
contemptuous adj. ±ÉÊӵģ¬±íʾÇáÃïµÄ
defy v. ÃêÊÓ£¬Î¥¿¹
despise v. ±ÉÊÓ£¬ÃêÊÓ
discriminatory adj. ÆçÊӵģ¬²î±ð´ýÓöµÄ
disdain n./v. ÇáÊÓ£¬±ÉÊÓ
disparage v. ÇáÃ±áÒÖ
downplay v. ²»ÓèÖØÊÓ£¬±áµÍ
flout v. ÃïÊÓ£¬Î¥¿¹
helot n. ÊÜÈËÇáÊÓÖ®ÈË£»Å«Á¥
indignity n. ÇáÃÎêÈ裻ÎêÈèÐÔµÄÑÔÐÐ
overlook v. ºöÊÓ£»¸©ÊÓ
override v. ²»Àí»á£¨Ä®ÊÓ£¬·ñ¾ö£©£»õåõ¼ṳ̀
pejorative adj. ´øÓÐÇáÃïÒâÒåµÄ£¬±áµÍµÄ £¨pejorate v. ¶ñ»¯£©
scorn n. ÇáÃv. ÇáÃÇƲ»Æð
slight n./v. ÇáÃadj. ΢СµÄ
sneer v. ±ÉÊÓ£¬³°Ð¦
underrate v. ÇáÊÓ£¬µÍ¹À

1.2.2 Ç¿µ÷
accentuate v. Ç¿µ÷£»ÖضÁ £¨accent n. ÖØÒô£©
emphatic adj. ÖØÊӵģ¬Ç¿µ÷µÄ £¨emphasis n. Ç¿µ÷£©
lionize v. ¿´ÖØ£¬³ç°Ý
underscore v. Ç¿µ÷£»ÔÚ¡­Ö®Ï»®Ïß

1.3 ÎüÒý
1.3.1 ÎüÒý£¬×ÅÃÔ
absorb v. ÎüÒý¡­µÄ×¢Ò⣻ÎüÊÕ£»Í¬»¯ £¨absorbed adj. ¾«Éñ¼¯ÖÐµÄ absorption n. ÎüÊÕ£»È«Éñ¹á×¢£©
affinity n. ÎüÒýÁ¦£¬ÃÜÇйØϵ
germane adj. ÓÐÃÜÇйØϵµÄ£»ÌùÇÐµÄ £¨german adj. ͬ¸¸Ä¸µÄ£»n. µÂ¹úÈË£©
intimate adj. Ç×Ãܵģ»n. ÃÜÓÑ£»v. °µÊ¾
liaison n. êÓÃÁ¹Øϵ£»ÁªÏµ
alluring adj. ÎüÒýÈ˵ģ¬ÃÔÈ˵Ä
appeal v. ÎüÒý£»¿ÒÇó£»ÉÏËß
arresting adj. ÒýÈË×¢ÒâµÄ£¬ÏÔÖøµÄ
captivate v. ÎüÒý£¬ÃÔ»ó £¨captivation n. ÎüÒýÁ¦£¬÷ÈÁ¦£©
cineaste n. Ó°ÃÔ£¬ÈÈÖÔÓÚµçÓ°µÄÈË
compelling adj. ÒýÆðÐËȤµÄ
debonair adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ»ÓѺõÄ
enchant v. ʹÃÔ×í£»Ê©Ä§·¨ÓÚ £¨enchantment n. ×Åħ£¬Ï²Ôà enchanting adj. ÌÖÈËϲ»¶µÄ£©
engaging adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬ÃÀÀö¶¯È赀 £¨engage v. ÎüÒý£©
enthrall v. ÃÔס£¬ÃÔ»ó
enthralling adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬ÎüÒýÈ˵Ä
entice v. ÒýÓÕ£¬ËËÓÁ
pander v. ËËÓÁ£¬Ó­ºÏ£¨²»Á¼ÓûÍû£©
entrance v. ʹÈëÃÔ£¬Ê¹³öÉñ£»£¨n. Èë¿Ú£©
entrancing adj. ʹÈËÈëÉñµÄ
fascinate v. ÃÔס£¬ÃÔ»ó
glamorous adj. ÃÔÈ˵ģ¬¸»ÓÐ÷ÈÁ¦µÄ
glitter n. ÓÕ»óÁ¦£¬÷ÈÁ¦£»²ÓÀõĹ⻪£»v. ÉÁ˸£¬ÉÁÒ«
gripping adj. ½ô½ôץסעÒâÁ¦µÄ
infatuate v. ʹÃÔÁµ£»Ê¹ºýÍ¿£¨³å»èÍ·ÄÔ£©
infatuated adj. ÃÔÁµ£¨ÈË£©µÄ£»£¨³ÕÇéµÄ£¨±á£©£©
infatuation n. ÃÔÁµ
lure n. ÓÕ»óÁ¦£»v. ÒýÓÕ
mesmerize v. ÃÔס£»¶Ô¡­´ßÃß
nubile adj. ÎüÒýÈ˵ģ»£¨Å®º¢£©µ½»é¼ÞÄêÁäµÄ
obsession n. ÈëÃÔ£»¹ÌÖ´µÄÄîÍ·
possessed adj. ×ÅÃԵģ»·è¿ñµÄ £¨possess v. ÓµÓУ¬ÃÔס possession n. ²Æ²ú£¬ËùÓÐÎ
publicize v. ÒýÈË×¢Ò⣬Ðû´«
ravish v. ÃÔס£»Ç¿¶á £¨ravishment n. ¿ñϲ£¬ÌÕ×í£©
ravishing adj. ÁîÈËÌÕ×íµÄ
rivet n. v. ÎüÒý£¨×¢ÒâÁ¦£©£»Ã­¶¤
striking adj. ÒýÈËעĿµÄ£¬Ã÷ÏÔµÄ

advert v. ×¢Ò⣬ÁôÒâ
cynosure n. ×¢ÒâµÄ½¹µã£»£¨Ð¡ÐÜ×ù£»±±¼«ÐÇ£©
heed v. ×¢Ò⣬ÁôÐÄ£»n. ¹ØÐÄ

pall v. ʧȥÎüÒýÁ¦£¬ÁîÈË·¢Äå
unnoticed adj. ²»ÒýÈË×¢ÒâµÄ
unobtrusive adj. ²»ÒýÈËעĿµÄ
unprepossessing adj. ²»ÎüÒýÈ˵Ä

1.3.2 ³ÁÄç
addict v./n. ³ÁÄ磻ÉÏñ«£¨Õߣ© £¨addictive adj. ʹÈËÉÏñ«µÄ addiction n. ÉÏñ«£¬³ÁÄ磩
immerse v. ³Á½þÓÚ£»½þÈë
intoxicate v. £¨Ê¹£©³Á×í£¬£¨Ê¹£©ÐÀϲÈô¿ñ£»£¨Ê¹£©ºÈ×í
wallow n./v. ³ÁÄçÓÚ£»£¨ÖíµÈ£©ÔÚÄàË®Öдò¹ö

1.4 Ô¤¼û
1.4.1Ԥʾ£¬Ô¤²â£¬Ô¤Õ×£¬Ô¤ÆÚ
adumbrate v. £¨¶Ô½«À´Ê¼þ£©Ô¤Ê¾ £¨adumbration n. Ô¤Õ×£©
apocalyptic adj. ԤʾÊÀ½çÄ©Èյģ»ÆôʾµÄ
betoken v. Ԥʾ£¬±íʾ
bode v. Ԥʾ
foreshadow v. Ԥʾ
herald n. Ԥʾ£»ÏÈÇý£»´«Áî¹Ù
inspiration n. Æôʾ£¬Áé¸Ð
portend v. Ԥʾ£¬Ô¤Õ×
prefigure v. Ԥʾ£»Ô¤Ïë £¨prefiguration n. Ô¤Õ×£¬Ô¤Ê¾£©
presage v. Ԥʾ£»n. Ô¤¸Ð
prognosticate v. Ԥʾ£¬Ô¤²â

augur v. Õ¼²·£»n. Õ¼²·Ê¦
augury n. Ô¤ÑÔ£¬Õ÷Õ×£¬Õ¼²·
determination n. Ô¤²â£»¾öÐÄ£»È·¶¨
divine v. Ô¤ÑÔ£¬ÍƲâ
extrapolate v. Ô¤²â£¬ÍƲâ
forecast v. Ô¤±¨£¬Ô¤²â£»n. Ô¤²â
foreknowledge n. Ô¤Öª
prescience n. Ô¤Öª£¬Ïȼû
prevision n. Ïȼû£¬Ô¤¸Ð
prognosis n. Ô¤ºó£¬¶Ô¼²²¡µÄ·¢×÷¼°½á¹ûµÄÔ¤ÑÔ
prognosticate v. Ô¤²â£¬Ô¤Ê¾
prophecy n. Ô¤ÑÔ
prophet n. ÏÈÖª£¬Ô¤ÑÔ¼Ò
prophetic adj. ÏÈÖªµÄ£¬Ô¤ÑԵģ¬Ô¤Ê¾µÄ
sibyl n. ŮԤÑÔ¼Ò£¬Å®ÏÈÖª

augury n. Õ÷Õ×£¬Ô¤ÑÔ£¬Õ¼²·
auspice n. Ô¤Õ×£¬¼ªÕ×£»ÔÞÖú£¬Ö§³Ö
auspicious adj. ¼ªÕ׵ģ»ÐÒÔ˵Ä
boding n. Ð×Õ×£¬Ç°Õ×£¬Ô¤¸Ð
forebode v. Ô¤¸Ð£¬Ð×Õ×
forerunner n. Ô¤Õ×£¬Ç°Õ×£»ÏÈÇý
harbinger n. ÏÈÕ×£¬ÏÈÇý
hunch n. Ö±¾õ£¬Ô¤¸Ð
intuition n. Ö±¾õ£»ÓÉÖ±¾õ»ñÖªµÄ֪ʶ
intuitive adj. Ö±¾õµÄ
ominous adj. Ô¤Õ׵ģ¬²»ÏéµÄ £¨omen n. Ô¤Õ×£¬Õ÷Õ×£©
portend v. Ô¤Õ×£¬Ô¤Ê¾
portentous adj. Ð×Õ׵ģ¬ÓÐΣÏÕµÄ £¨portent n. Ô¤Õ×£¬Ð×Õ×£©
precursor n. ÏÈÕ×£¬ÏÈÇý
premonition n. Ô¤¸Ð£¬Ô¤Õ×
presage n. Ô¤¸Ð£»v. Ԥʾ
presentiment n. Ô¤¸Ð£¬Ô¤¾õ
threat n. Ð×Õ×£»Íþв£¬¿ÖÏÅ

anticipate v. Ô¤ÆÚ£¬ÆÚ´ý £¨anticipation n. Ô¤ÁÏ£©
anticipatory v. Ô¤ÏëµÄ£¬Ô¤ÆÚµÄ
budget n. Ô¤Ëã
envision v. Ô¤Ï룬ÏëÏñ
prefigure v. Ô¤Ï룻Ԥʾ £¨prefiguration n. Ô¤Õ×£¬Ô¤Ê¾£©
premeditate v. Ô¤ÏÈÏë¹ý£¬Ô¤Ä±
premeditated adj. ԤıµÄ£¬ÊÂÏȼƻ®µÄ
presupposition n. Ô¤Ïȼٶ¨£¬Òܲâ
preview v./n. Ô¤ÑÝ£¬Ô¤Õ¹
reconnaissance n. Ô¤ÏÈ̽Ë÷£¬Õì²ì
rehearsal n. ÅÅÑÝ£¬ÑÝÏ°
rehearse v. Ô¤ÑÝ£¬ÅÅÁ·£»ÏêÊö
reserve v. Ô¤¶©£¬±£Áô£¬´¢±¸£»n. ´¢±¸£¨Î£¬´¢²ØÁ¿£»¼êĬ£¬½÷É÷
subscribe v. ¶©¹º£»¾èÖú
unpremeditated adj. ·ÇԤıµÄ
unreserved adj. δ±»Ô¤¶©µÄ£»ÎÞÏÞÖƵÄ
untoward adj. £¨»µÊ£©Ã»Áϵ½µÄ£¬²»ÐÒµÄ

1.4.2 ¼ÙÉè
assume v. ¼Ù¶¨£»³Ðµ££¬µ£ÈÎ
assumption n. ÉèÏ룻¶áÈ¡
hypothesis n. ¼ÙÉ裬¼Ù˵
hypothetical adj. ¼ÙÉèµÄ
postulate v. ¼Ù¶¨£»ÒªÇó
presumable adj. ¿É¼Ù¶¨µÄ£¬¿ÉÄܵÄ
presume v. ¼Ù¶¨£¬È϶¨
presumption n. ¼Ù¶¨£»Ã°ÃÁ£¬×¨ºá
presupposition n. Ô¤Ïȼٶ¨£¬Òܲâ
reckon v. ÉèÏ룬²ÂÏ룻Íƶϣ¬¹À¼Æ

1.4.3 Ô¸Íû
appetite n. ÓûÍû£¬°®ºÃ£¬Ê³Óû
aspiration n. ÈÈÍû£¬±§¸º
avid adj. ¿ÊÍûµÄ£»ÈÈÐÄµÄ £¨avidity n. ÈÈÍû£¬Ì°À·£©
craving n. Ç¿ÁÒµÄÔ¸Íû
desirous adj. ¿ÊÍûµÄ
desirable adj. ÖµµÃÒªµÄ
hankering n. ¿ÊÍû
intent adj. ¿ÊÍûµÄ£¬×¨Ðĵģ»n. Ä¿µÄ£¬ÒâÏò
longing n. ¿ÊÍû
lust n. Ç¿ÁÒµÄÓûÍû
pine v. ¿ÊÍû£»£¨Òò¼²²¡µÈ£©ã¾ã²£»n. ËÉÊ÷
prospect n. ÆÚÍû£»Ç°¾°£»v. ¿±Ì½ £¨prospective adj. δÀ´µÄ£¬Ô¤Æڵģ©
wistful adj. ¿ÊÍûµÄ£¬ã°âêµÄ
yearn v. ÅÎÍû£¬¿ÊÍû
zesty adj. ÈÈÍûµÄ

acquiesce v. ÃãǿͬÒ⣬ĬÐí
begrudge v. ÃãÇ¿¸ø£¬ÁßØÄ
loath adj. ²»ÇéÔ¸µÄ£¬ÃãÇ¿µÄ

1.5 ¼à¶½
1.5.1 ¼à¶½
invigilate v. ¼à¿¼
marked adj. ±»¼àÊӵģ»Ã÷ÏÔµÄ
oversee v. ¼à¶½
superintend v. ¼à¶½
supervise v. ¼à¶½£¬¹ÜÀí
surveillance n. ¼àÊÓ£¬¶¢ÉÒ £¨survey n./v. µ÷²é£©
tutelage n. ¼à»¤£¬Ö¸µ¼ £¨tutee n. Êܸ¨µ¼Õߣ©

proctor n. ѧ¼à£¬´úÀíÈË
tutor n. ¼à»¤ÈË£»Öú½Ì£»v. ¸¨µ¼

1.5.2 ¼ì²é
canvass v. ϸ²é£»À­Ñ¡Æ±
censor v. ¼ì²é£¬Éó²é£¨Ê鱨£©
detection n. ²é³ö£¬Ì½»ñ £¨detect v. ²ì¾õ£¬·¢ÏÖ£©
inspection n. ¼ì²é£¬Ï¸¿´ £¨inspect v. ϸ¿´£¬ÊӲ죩
investigate v. µ÷²é
ordeal n. ÑϾþ¿¼Ñ飬ʹ¿à¾­Ñé
overhaul v. ³¹µ×¼ì²é£»´óÐÞ
scrutinize v. Ïêϸ¼ì²é£»Ï¸¶Á £¨scrutiny n. ¾«¶Á£©
touchstone n. ¼ìÑé±ê×¼£»ÊÔ½ðʯ
verified adj. ¼ìÑéµÄ£¬ºËʵµÄ

audit v. Éó¼Æ£¬ºË¶Ô£»ÅÔÌý
censor v. Éó²é£¬¼ì²é£¨Ê鱨£©
collate v. ºË¶Ô£¬¶ÔÕÕ £¨collation n. У¿±£¬ÕûÀí£©
emend v. ¶©Õý£¬Ð£¶©
proofread v. У¶Ô

census n. ÈË¿Úͳ¼Æ
demography n. ÈË¿Úͳ¼Æ£¬ÈË¿Úѧ
poll n. ÃñÒâ²âÑ飻ѡ¾ÙͶƱ

1.5.3 ¹ÜÀí
custody n. ¼à¹Ü£¬±£¹Ü
domination n. ¹ÜϽ£¬¿ØÖÆ£¬Ö§Åä
husband v. Í×ÉƶøÓÖ½ÚÔ¼µØ¹ÜÀí£»×ö¡­µÄÕÉ·ò
husbandry n. ½Ú¼ó¹ÜÀí£»¸ûÖÖ£¬ÎñÅ©
regulate v. ¹ÜÖÆ£»µ÷Õû£»£¨Ð£×¼£©
supervise v. ¹ÜÀí£¬¼à¶½

intractable adj. Äѹܵģ»¾óÇ¿µÄ
unregulated adj. δÊܹÜÀíµÄ£¬Î´ÊÜÔ¼ÊøµÄ

custodian n. ¹ÜÀíÔ±£¬¼à»¤ÈË
ranger n. É­ÁÖ¹ÜÀíÔ±£»Ñ²ÂßÆﾯ
technocrat n. ¼¼Êõ¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±
warden n. ¹ÜÀíÔ±£¬¿´ÊØÈË

1.6 ËÑÑ°
burrow v. ·­Ñ°£¬ÍÚ¾ò£¬×ê½ø£¨Íڵض´£©£»n. µØ¶´
detection n. ̽»ñ£¬²é³ö £¨detect v. ²ì¾õ£¬·¢ÏÖ£©
elicit v. ̽³ö£¬Òý³ö
ferret v. ËÑÑ°£¬ÓÃÑ©õõÁÔÈ¡£»n. Ñ©õõ
forage v. ËÑÑ°£¬·­Ñ°£»n. £¨Å£ÂíµÄ£©ËÇÁÏ£¬Á¸²Ý
fumble v. ±¿×¾ËÑÑ°£¬ÃþË÷£»ÅªÂÒ£¬¸ãÔã
grope v. ÃþË÷£¬Ì½Ë÷
probe v. ̽Ë÷£¬Ì½²â
prospect v. ¿±Ì½£»n. ÆÚÍû£»Ç°¾° £¨prospective adj. δÀ´µÄ£¬Ô¤Æڵģ©
quest v. ËÑÑ°£¬Ì½Çó£»n. ̽Çó
retrieve v./n. Ñ°»Ø£¬È¡»Ø£»Íì»Ø£¨´íÎó£© £¨retrieval n. È¡»Ø£¬²¹³¥£©
scour v. ËÄ´¦ËÑË÷£»²ÁÏ´£¬²ÁÁÁ
trawl v. ËÑÂÞ£»ÓÃÍÏÍø²¶Ó㣻n. ÍÏÍø

reconnaissance n. Õì²ì£¬Ô¤ÏÈ̽Ë÷
reconnoiter v. Õì²ì£¬¿±²ì
suspicion n. ¾õ²ì£¬»³ÒÉ£¬ÏÓÒÉ
unearth v. ·¢ÏÖ£»ÍÚ³ö

2. ¿ÚµÄ¶¯×÷
2.1 ³Ô¡¢ºÈ
2.1.1 ³Ô
abstinent adj. ÒûʳÓжȵģ¬ÓнÚÖƵģ¬½ûÓûµÄ
browse v. ³ÔÄÛÒ¶»ò²Ý£»ä¯ÀÀ£»n. ÄÛÒ¶£»ÄÛÑ¿ £¨browser n. ³ÔÄÛÒ¶µÄ¶¯Î¼ÆËã»úä¯ÀÀÆ÷£©
graze v. £¨¶¯Î³Ô£¨µØÉϳ¤µÄ£©²Ý
clench v. Ò§½ô£¨ÑÀ¹ØµÈ£©£»ÎÕ½ô
cloy v. £¨³ÔÌðʳ£©ÉúÄ壬³ÔÄå
dispatch v. ³ÔÍꣻһÏÂ×Ó×öÍꣻÅÉDz£»n. ѸËÙ
fast n. ¾øʳ£¬Õ«½ä£»adv. ºÜ¿ìµØ£¬½ô½ôµØ
masticate v. ¾×½À£»°Ñ¡­Ä¥³É½¬
peck v. ×Äʳ£»Çá×Ä
stomach v. ³ÔµÃÏ£»ÈÝÈÌ£»£¨n. 裩

carnivorous adj. Èâʳ¶¯ÎïµÄ
herbivorous adj. ʳ²ÝµÄ
omnivorous adj. ÔÓʳµÄ£»ÐËȤÔÓµÄ

encroach v. ²Ïʳ£¬ÇÖÕ¼ £¨encroachment n. ²Ïʳ£¬ÇÖÕ¼£©
gnaw v. ¿Ð£¬Ò§
nibble v. Ò»µãµãµØÒ§£¬ÂýÂý¿Ð

devour v. ÍÌʳ£»£¨Ò»¿ÚÆø£©¶ÁÍê
engulf v. ÍÌÊÉ
gluttonous adj. Ì°³ÔµÄ£¬Ì°×ìµÄ £¨glutton n. Ì°³ÔµÄÈË£©
gobble v. Ì°À·µØ³Ô£¬ÍÌû
gormandize v. Æ´Ãü³Ô£¬Ì°³Ô
gourmand n. ÊÈʳÕß
gulp v. ÍÌʳ£¬ÑÊÏÂ
guttle v. ÀÇÍÌ»¢ÑÊ
guzzle v. ´ó³Ô´óºÈ
ingest v. ÍÌÏ£¬ÑÊÏÂ
ingestion n. ÉãÈ¡£¬ÎüÊÕ£»ÈÝÄÉ
scoff v. ÀÇÍÌ»¢ÑÊ£»³°Ð¦£»n. ³°Ð¦£¬Ð¦±ú
swallow v. ÍÌÏ£¬ÑÊÏ£»ÈÌÊÜ
voracious adj. ÀÇÍÌ»¢Ñʵģ¬Ì°À·µÄ

epicure n. ÃÀʳ¼Ò£¨ÏíÀÖÖ÷ÒåÕߣ©
gourmand n. ÊÈʳÕß
gourmet n. ÃÀʳ¼Ò
locust n. Ì°³ÔµÄÈË£»»È³æ
parasite n. ʳ¿Í£»¼ÄÉúÎï

2.1.2 ºÈ
drain v. ºÈ¹â£»Åųö¹µÍâ
imbibe v. Òû£»ÎüÈë
potable adj. ÊÊÓÚÒûÓõÄ
slake v. ½â¿Ê£¬Ïû¿Ê

nip v. С¿Úà¨Òû
sip v. à¨Òû£¨Ð¡¿ÚºÈ£©
slurp v. ´óÉùµØ਺È

carouse n. ¿ñÒûÑ°»¶
guzzle v. ´ó³Ô´óºÈ
potation n. ³©Òû£»ÒûÁÏ£¨¾Æ¾«ÒûÁÏ£©
quaff v. Í´Òû£¬³©Òû
swill v. Í´Òû£»³åÏ´

befuddle v. ʹ¾Æ×í»èÃÔ£»Ê¹ÃÔ»ó£¬Ê¹ÎªÄÑ
bibulous adj. ÊȾƵģ»¸ß¶ÈÎüÊÕµÄ £¨bibulosity adj. Ðï¾ÆµÄ£©
inebriate v. ʹ¡­×í£»n. ¾Æ¹í£¬¾Æͽ £¨inebriety n. Ðï¾Æ inebriant adj. ÁîÈËÌÕ×íµÄ£©
intoxicate v. £¨Ê¹£©ºÈ×í£»£¨Ê¹£©³Á×í£¬£¨Ê¹£©ÐÀϲÈô¿ñ
roister v. ºÈ¾ÆÐú»©
teetotal adj. µÎ¾Æ²»Õ´µÄ
tipple v. Ðï¾Æ£»n. ÁÒ¾Æ

2.1.3 ÎüÊÕ
absorb v. ÎüÊÕ£»Í¬»¯£»ÎüÒý¡­µÄ×¢Òâ £¨absorbed adj. ¾«Éñ¼¯ÖÐµÄ absorption n. ÎüÊÕ£»È«Éñ¹á×¢£©
assimilate v. ÎüÊÕ£»Í¬»¯
bibulous adj. ¸ß¶ÈÎüÊյģ»ÊÈ¾ÆµÄ £¨bibulosity adj. Ðï¾ÆµÄ£©
digestion n. Ïû»¯£¬ÎüÊÕ
ingestion n. ÉãÈ¡£¬ÎüÊÕ£»ÈÝÄÉ
peptic adj. ÖúÏû»¯µÄ£¬²úÉúθøµÄ £¨peptogen n. ÖúÏû»¯ÎïÖÊ£©
ruminant adj. £¨¶¯Î·´Û»µÄ£»³Á˼µÄ
ruminate v. ·´Û»£»Éî˼

2.1.4 ¼¢¶ö
famine n. ¼¢»Ä
famish v. ʹ¼¢¶ö
ravenous adj. ¶ö¼«Á˵ģ¬Ì°À·µÄ

2.2 ˵¡¢¶Á¡¢½Ð
2.2.1 ˵
2.2.1.1 Çå³þ/º¬ºý˵»°
articulate v. Çå³þ˵»°£»½ÓºÏ £¨articulation n. ·¢Òô£»Á¬½Ó£»¹Ø½Ú£©

bumble v. ˵»°º¬ºý£»×¾ÁÓµØ×ö
equivocate v. Ä£ÀâÁ½¿ÉµØ˵£¬Ö§ÎáÆä´Ê£¬Ëµ»Ñ
equivocation n. Ä£ÀâÁ½¿ÉµÄ»°£¬º¬ºý»°
falter v. Ö§ÎáµØ˵£»Ò¡»Î£¬õçõÇ
halting adj. ÍÌÍÌÍÂ͵ģ¬³ì³ùµÄ
mumble v. ¹¾ß棬º¬ºý²»ÇåµØ˵
mutter v. ¹¾ß棬àÖ¹¾
palter v. º¬ºýÆä´Ê
prevaricate v. Ö§ÎáÆä´Ê£¬Ëµ»Ñ
shuffle v. Ö§ÎᣬÍϲ½×ߣ»Ï´ÅÆ
slur v. º¬ºý²»ÇåµØ˵
understate v. ÑÚÊεØ˵£¬ÇáÃ赭дµØ˵
understated adj. ²»ÍêÈ«³ÂÊöµÄ£¬ÇáÃ赭дµÄ
understatement n. ÇáÃ赭дµÄ³ÂÊö£¬²»³ä·ÖµÄ³ÂÊö

gabble v. ¼±´Ù¶ø²»Çå³þµØ˵
jabber v. ¿ì¶ø²»Çå³þµØ˵

2.2.1.2 ºú»°£¬¿Õ»°
babble v. ºúÑÔÂÒÓÑÀÑÀѧÓà©à©²»ÐÝ
gab v. Ϲ³¶£¬¿Õ̸£»Ïй䣬Óε´£»n. ÈÄÉ࣬°®Ëµ»°
prate v. Ϲ³¶£¬ºú˵
twaddle n. ºú˵°ËµÀ£¬Ï¹³¶
waffle v. ºú³¶£¬ßë߶£»n. µ°Ä̺æ±ý

fustian n. ¿Õ¶´µÄ»°£¬ÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¸ßµ÷
gab v. ¿Õ̸£¬Ï¹³¶£»Ïй䣬Óε´£»n. ÈÄÉ࣬°®Ëµ»°
palaver v./n. ¿Õ̸£»·î³Ð

2.2.1.3 ·Ï»°£¬ßë߶
belabor v. ¹ý·ÖÈß³¤µØ×ö»ò˵£»Í´´ò
drivel n./v. £¨Ëµ£©·Ï»°
long-winded adj. Èß³¤µÄ
pleonastic adj. †ªËôµÄ
prolix adj. †ªËôµÄ£¬Èß³¤µÄ
prolixity n. †ªËô
rigmarole n. Èß³¤µÄ·Ï»°
tautological adj. ÓÃÓïÖظ´µÄ£¨Èß׸µÄ£©
tedious adj. Èß³¤µÄ£¬³ÁÃƵÄ
verbiage n. †ªËô£¬Èß³¤
verbose adj. Èß³¤µÄ£¬†ªËôµÄ

gab n. ÈÄÉ࣬°®Ëµ»°£»v. Ϲ³¶£¬¿Õ̸£»Ïй䣬Óε´
garrulity n. ßë߶£¬ÈÄÉà
garrulous adj. ßë߶µÄ£¬¶à»°µÄ
loquacious adj. ¶à×ìµÄ£¬ÈÄÉàµÄ
nag v. ßë߶£¬·³ÈÅ
reiterate v. ·´¸´µØ˵£¬ÖØÉê
waffle v. ßë߶£¬ºú³¶£»n. µ°Ä̺æ±ý

magpie n. ÈÄÉàÖ®ÈË£»Èµ
windbag n. ÈÄÉàÖ®ÈË

babble v. à©à©²»ÐÝ£»ºúÑÔÂÒÓÑÀÑÀѧÓï
gush v. ÌÏÌϲ»¾øµØ˵£»Ó¿³ö
gusher n. ÌÏÌϲ»¾øµÄ˵»°Õß
harp v. à©à©²»ÐݵØ˵»òд£»n. ÊúÇÙ
spout v. ÌÏÌϲ»¾øµØ½²£»Åç³ö

expansive adj. £¨Ö¸ÈË£©½¡Ì¸µÄ£¬¿ªÀʵģ»¿ÉÀ©´óµÄ£¬¿ÉÉìÕ¹µÄ
gregarious adj. °®Éç½»µÄ£»Èº¾ÓµÄ
gregariousness n. ºÏȺ£»Èº¾Ó
plausible adj. ×ìÇɵģ»ËÆÊǶø·ÇµÄ£¬ËƺõºÏÀíµÄ
sociable adj. ºÃ½»¼ÊµÄ£¬ÓѺõģ¬ºÏȺµÄ
unctuous adj. ÓÍÇ»»¬µ÷µÄ£»ÓÍÖ浀 £¨unction n. Í¿ÓÍ£¬Ó͸ࣩ
voluble adj. ½¡Ì¸µÄ£»Ò×ÐýתµÄ

gauche adj. ²»»áÉç½»µÄ£¬±¿×¾µÄ
retiring adj. ²»Ï²»¶Éç½»µÄ£¬Òþ¾ÓµÄ £¨retire v. ÍËÐÝ£¬Òþ¾Ó£©

2.2.1.4 ½»Ì¸
accost v. ´î»°
bandy v. ÇáÂÊ̸ÂÛ£»À´»ØÅ×Çò
colloquy n. £¨·ÇÕýʽµÄ£©½»Ì¸£¬»á̸
commune v. ÓëijÈËÇ×Ãܵؽ»Ì¸£»n. ¹«Éç
communicate v. ¹µÍ¨£¬´«ËÍÐÅÏ¢ £¨communication n. ´«µÝ£¬´«²¥£©
converse v. ̸»°£»adj. ÄæÏòµÄ£»n. Ïà·´µÄÊÂÎï
declaim v. ¸ß̸À«ÂÛ
interlocutor n. ¶Ô»°Õߣ¬Ì¸»°Õß
parley n./v. ºÍ̸£»»á̸

2.2.1.5 Ñݽ²
adlib v. ÁÙʱ½²»°£¬¼´Ð˱íÑÝ
circumlocution n. ÓØ»ØÀÛ׸µÄ³ÂÊö £¨circumlocutory adj. ÓØ»ØÀÛ׸µÄ£©
discourse n. Ñݽ²£¬ÂÛÊö
disquisition n. ³¤ÆªÑݽ²£¬×¨ÌâÂÛÎÄ
elocution n. ÑÝ˵Êõ
eloquence n. ¾«²ÊÑݽ²£¬ÐÛ±ç
extemporize v. ¼´Ï¯ÑÝ˵
harangue n. [±á]³¤ÆªÖ¸ÔðÐÔÑÝ˵£¨Èß³¤µÄ½²»°£©
homiletics n. ½²µÀÊõ£¬Ëµ½ÌÊõ
monologue n. ¸öÈ˳¤ÆªÑÝ˵£»¶À°×
oration n. ÕýʽÑÝ˵£¬Ñݽ²
oratory n. Ñݽ²Êõ
screed n. Èß³¤µÄÑÝ˵£¬³¤Æª´óÂÛµÄÎÄÕÂ
tirade n. ³¤ÆªµÄ¹¥»÷ÐÔ½²»°
valediction n. ¸æ±ðÑÝ˵

2.2.1.6 Ðû²¼£¬ÉùÃ÷
allege v. Ðû³Æ£¬£¨ÎÞÖ¤¾Ý£©³ÂÊö £¨alleged adj. Ðû³ÆµÄ allegation n. ¶ÏÑÔ£»ÎÞÖ¤¾ÝµÄÖ¸¿Ø£©
announce v. Ðû²¼£¬·¢±í£»Í¨±¨¡­µÄµ½À´ £¨announced adj. ¹«¿ªÐû³ÆµÄ announcement n. Ðû²¼£¬Í¨¸æ£©
arrogate v. ð³Æ¾ßÓС­È¨Àû£¬°ÔÕ¼
assert v. ¶ÏÑÔ£¬Ö÷ÕÅ £¨assertion n. ¼á¾ö¶ÏÑÔ£©
aver v. ¼«Á¦ÉùÃ÷£»¶ÏÑÔ£»È·Ö¤
avow v. ¹«¿ªÐû³Æ£»³ÐÈÏ £¨avowal n. ¹«¿ª³ÐÈÏ£©
avowal n. ÉùÃ÷
claim n. Éù³ÆÓµÓеÄȨÀû£»v. ÒªÇó»òË÷Òª
decree v. °ä²¼ÃüÁn. ÃüÁ·¨Áî
dictum n. ÉùÃ÷£¬¸ñÑÔ
manifesto n. ÐûÑÔ£¬ÉùÃ÷
proclaim v. Ðû¸æ£¬Ðû²¼£»ÏÔʾ
proclamation n. Ðû¸æ£¬¹«¸æ
promulgate v. °ä²¼£¨·¨Á£»Ðû´«
publicize v. Ðû´«£¬ÒýÈË×¢Òâ
purported adj. Ò¥´«µÄ£¬ÉùÕŵģ¬ºÅ³ÆµÄ

iterate v. ·´¸´ÖØÉ꣬ÖØ×ö
reiterate v. ÖØÉ꣬·´¸´µØ˵

2.2.1.7 ½è¿Ú
alibi n. ½è¿Ú£»Ä³È˵±Ê±²»ÔÚ·¸×ïÏÖ³¡µÄÉê±ç»òÖ¤Ã÷
evasion n. ½è¿Ú£¬¶ã±Ü
evasive adj. Íдǵģ¬»Ø±ÜµÄ£¬ÌӱܵÄ
pretence n. ½è¿Ú£»Ðéα
pretext n. ½è¿Ú
subterfuge n. Íдǣ¬¹î¼Æ

2.2.1.8 ÓïÑÔ
latitude n. ÑÔÐÐ×ÔÓÉ£»Î³¶È
lingual adj. ÓïÑԵģ»ÉàµÄ
linguistic adj. ﵀
locution n. ÓïÑÔ·ç¸ñ£»¹ßÓÃÓï
phonetic adj. ÓïÒôµÄ
polyglot adj./n. ͨÏþ¶àÖÖÓïÑԵģ¨ÈË£©
rhetoric n. ¸¡¿äµÄÑÔÓÐÞ´Çѧ
verbal adj. ÓïÑÔ´ÇÓйصģ»¿ÚÍ·µÄ
vernacular n. ±¾¹úÓµØ·½Óï

2.2.1.9 ÆäËû
address v. Ö´ʣ»´¦Àí£¬¶Ô¸¶£¬×ÅÊÖ½â¾ö
blurt v. ÍÑ¿Ú¶ø³ö
drawl v./n. ÂýÍÌÍ̵Ø˵
drone v. µ¥µ÷µØ˵£¬ÎËÎ˵ØÏ죻n. µ¥µ÷µÄµÍÒô
ejaculate v. ͻȻ½Ð³ö»ò˵³ö£»Éä³ö
euphemism n. ÍñÑÔ£¬Î¯ÍñµÄ˵·¨£¨Î¯ÍñÓ
circumlocutory adj. ίÍñÇúÕ۵ģ¬ÓػصÄ
gaffe n. £¨Éç½»ÉÏÁîÈ˲»¿ìµÄ£©Ê§ÑÔ£¬Ê§Ì¬
grumble v. à«à«Ë߿࣬·¢Ô¹ÑÔ£¨±§Ô¹£©
intercede v. ˵ºÃ»°£¬´úΪÇóÇé
murmur v. ÈáÉùµØ˵£¬à«à«¶øÑÔ
pontificate v. ×Ô´óÎä¶ÏµØ×ö»ò˵
recital n. Ò÷ËУ»¶À×à £¨recite v. ±³ËÐ recitalist n. ¶À×à¼Ò£©
stammer v. ¿Ú³Ô£¬½á°Í
stutter n./v. ¿Ú³Ô£¬½á°Í
whisper v. ¶úÓµÍÉù˵»°

2.2.2 ¶Á
accentuate v. ÖضÁ£»Ç¿µ÷
browse v. ä¯ÀÀ£»³ÔÄÛÒ¶»ò²Ý£»n. ÄÛÒ¶£»ÄÛÑ¿ £¨browser n. ³ÔÄÛÒ¶µÄ¶¯Î¼ÆËã»úä¯ÀÀÆ÷£©
devour v. £¨Ò»¿ÚÆø£©¶ÁÍꣻÍÌʳ
illegible adj. ÄѶÁµÄ£¬ÄÑÈϵÄ
legible adj. Ò׶ÁµÄ
literate adj. ÓжÁдÄÜÁ¦µÄ£»ÓÐÎÄ»¯ÐÞÑøµÄ
peruse v. ϸ¶Á£¬¾«¶Á
scan v. ϸ¿´£¨¾«¶Á£©£¬Ï¸²é£»ä¯ÀÀ£¬É¨Ã裻·ÖÎöÔÏÂÉ
scrutinize v. ϸ¶Á£»Ïêϸ¼ì²é £¨scrutiny n. ¾«¶Á£©
skim v. ä¯ÀÀ£¬ÂÔ¶Á£»´ÓÒºÌå±íÃæƲȥ

2.2.3 ½Ð
bawl v. ´ó½Ð£¬´óº°
blare v. ¸ßÉùÃù½Ð
bray v. ´óÉù¶ø´Ì¶úµØ·¢³ö£¨½Ð»½»òÉùÒô£©
exclaim v. ¾ª½Ð£¬ºôº°
exclamation n. ¾ªºô£¬¾ªÌ¾´Ê
growl v. £¨¶¯ÎÅØÏø£¬ºð½Ð
howler n. º¿½ÐµÄÈË»ò¶¯Î»¬»ü¿ÉЦµÄ´íÎó
hurl v. ´óÉù½ÐÂÃÍͶ
rant v. ÅØÏø£»¿Ú³ö¿ñÑÔ
shriek v. ¼â½Ð
whine v. °§ºÅ£¬ºÅ¿Þ

boo v. ×÷ÐêÉù£¬Ð꣨ijÈË£©£¬ÓÃÐêÉù±íʾ²»Âú¡¢ÃïÊÓ»ò·´¶Ô
hiss v. ×÷ÐêÉù£»£¨Éߵȣ©·¢³ö˻˻Éù

groan v./n. ÉëÒ÷£¬Ì¾Ï¢
moan v./n. £¨Í´¿àµØ/µÄ£©ÉëÒ÷£»£¨²»ÂúµØ/µÄ£©±§Ô¹

boom v. ·¢³öÉî³ÁÓлØÏìµÄÉùÒô£»n. ·±ÈÙ²ýʢʱÆÚ
enunciate v. ·¢Òô£»£¨Çå³þµØ£©±í´ï
warble v. £¨ÓÈÖ¸Äñ£©½Ð³öÈáºÍµÄ²üÒô

bark v./n. È®·Í£»n. Ê÷Ƥ
chirp v. £¨Äñ»ò³æ£©ßóßó½Ð £¨blat Ñò¡¢Å£½Ð howl v. ÀǺ¿ roar v. ʨ¡¢»¢ºð£©
croak n. ÍÜÃùÉù£»v. ·¢ÀÎɧ£¬±§Ô¹
hiss v. £¨Éߵȣ©·¢³ö˻˻Éù£»×÷ÐêÉù
low v. Å£½Ð
sibilant adj. ·¢³ößÐßÐÉùµÄ

2.3 Ц
2.3.1 Ц
chortle v./n. ¿ªÐĵØЦ
chuckle v. ÇáÉùµØЦ
giggle v. ¿©¿©Ð¦
grin v. ¶³Ý¶øЦ
guffaw n./v. ºåЦ£¬´óЦ
mirth n. »¶Ð¦£¬»¶ÀÖ
simper v. ³