河海

“健康就是财富！”这是老生常谈，多数人会表示赞同。通常说来，一个 人愈是有钱，他的体质也愈是柔弱。不过，这也不能一概而论健康是事业的基础。一个学生，如果他的身体健康，就有精力吸收大量的知识：一个科学家，如果身强力壮，往往能取得更大的成就，而体质柔弱的学者却没有足够的精力来应付复杂的学术问题。许多富翁把疾病视为家常便饭，因为他们没有好好地锻炼体格以增进健康身体缺乏锻炼，肌肉细胞就会松弛退化，体内的抗生素也就不能成长壮大所以他们就无抵抗疾病的能力。Health is wealth-this a often mentioned and  most of people  are possibly    to  agree with it.In general,the richer one person is,more delicate his or her body is. Nevertheless,this is not a straightforward issue.Health is the foundation of career.One student,if he has a fit  body,thus he is energetic to massively absorb knowledge. A scientist,if he is in high feather,tend to make greater achievements.While scholars with delicate body have no enough energy to cope with complicate academic problems.Many moneybags regard disease as a common occurrence. It is due to their lack of sports to build-up their body, as a result of which their muscle cells weaken and degenerate. Antibiotics in their body cannot thrive and grow,therefore he lacks the capacity to resist diseases

4月28日下午消息，据国外媒体报道，最新公布的"BrandZ全球最具价值品牌100强"显示，搜索引擎巨头谷歌以1140亿美元的品牌价值，继去年之后再次位居百强首位，IBM以860亿美元紧随其后，苹果位居第三。

　　本次进入百强的共有7家中国企业，其中中国移动以526亿美元的品牌价值位居百强第8位，排名较去年下降1位，但仍居中国品牌之首，也是全球移动通信运营商之首。百度首次入榜便以62%的品牌价值增幅成为全球成长第二快品牌，其94亿美元的品牌价值甚至超过了eBay、高盛以及索尼。

　　在反映品牌价值近期增长前景的品牌动力这一指标中，谷歌的得分为9，而百度却得到了"全场最高分"10分，中国移动得分同样为9。

　　该榜单由全球最大广告集团WPP委托华通明略制作。在100强中，中国品牌占据7席，创历史新高。除百度及中国移动之外主要为国有大型银行。在亚洲品牌10强排行榜中，中国品牌则首次占据5席。

　　另外6家进入百强的中国企业分别是中国工商银行(较去年上升1位，排名11，价值439亿美元)、中国银行(较去年上升3位，排名24，价值219.6亿美元)、中国建设银行(较去年下降3位，排名27，价值209亿美元)、中国石油(新进榜，排名51，价值139亿美元)、百度(较去年上升32位，排名75，价值94亿美元)、中国招商银行(较去年下降10位，排名90，价值82亿美元)。

　　此次榜单同时评出全球"最被信赖与推荐"的企业，帮宝适、谷歌、以及近期深受质量困扰的丰田仍然位居前列。在中国，诺基亚仍是最被信赖的品牌。(凯文)

附1：2010年BrandZ全球最具价值品牌排行榜(前十)

排名 升降 英文品牌名 中文名 地区 行业 品牌价值(百万美元) 品牌价值变化 品牌贡献 品牌动力 4年复合增长率
1 0 Google 谷歌 北美 科技 114260 14% 5 9 32%
2 2 IBM IBM 北美 科技 86383 30% 4 4 24%
3 3 Apple 苹果 北美 科技 83153 32% 5 8 51%
4 -2 Microsoft 微软 北美 科技 76344 0% 5 7 5%
5 -2 Coca-Cola 可口可乐 北美 软饮料 67983 1% 5 6 13%
6 -1 McDonald's 麦当劳 北美 快餐 66005 -1% 5 6 23%
7 3 Marlboro 万宝路 北美 烟草 57047 15% 4 7 10%
8 -1 China Mobile 中国移动 亚洲 移动运营商 52616 -14% 5 9 8%
9 -1 GE 通用电气 北美 综合集团 45054 -25% 1 2 -5%
10 -1 Vodafone 沃达丰 欧洲 移动运营商 44404 -17% 3 4 17%
附2：中国公司榜

排名 升降 英文品牌名 中文名 地区 行业 品牌价值（百万美元） 品牌价值变化 品牌贡献 品牌动力 4年复合增长率
8 -1 China Mobile 中国移动 亚洲 移动运营商 52616 -14% 5 9 8%
11 1 ICBC 中国工商银行 亚洲 金融机构 43927 15% 4 7 NA
24 3 Bank of China 中国银行 亚洲 金融机构 21960 4% 3 6 NA
27 -3 China Construction Bank 中国建设银行 亚洲 金融机构 20929 -8% 3 7 NA
51 新上榜 PetroChina 中国石油 亚洲 石油天然气 13935 NA 1 5 NA
75 32 Baidu 百度 亚洲 科技 9356 62% 5 10 NA
90 -10 China Merchants Bank 中国招商银行 亚洲 金融机构 8236 2% 1 4 NA

　德国权威经济类刊物―――《金融时报》日前评选出世界十大最具价值品牌。其中，被中国联想集团收购了个人电脑业务的IBM和中国移动分列第四位和第七位。

　　谷歌价值1000亿美元

　　德国《金融时报》的世界十大最具价值品牌榜是由德国权威经济学家依据各品牌知名度以及相关公司的市值、销售额和利润等标准综合评选产生的。

　　其中，IBM位列第四。《金融时报》指出，中国联想集团收购IBM个人电脑业务并未对IBM的品牌价值产生过大影响。IBM仍是世界最大的IT服务商，其价值高达666.2亿美元。此外，《金融时报》将中国移动排在第七位，该报认为，中国移动的品牌价值达613亿美元，已超过其西方竞争者。

　　谷歌凭借1000亿美元的品牌价值高居世界十大最具价值品牌榜榜首。该报认为，谷歌不但提供搜索引擎，而且提供诸如谷歌地球、电子邮件等服务，在互联网上无处不在。紧随其后的分别是微软和可口可乐。该报认为，微软公司的Windows操作系统被安装在世界上大多数个人电脑上，拥有不可撼动的市场地位。微软的品牌价值达762亿美元，排名第二。而可口可乐只凭借商标文字和瓶子设计就已是市场营销的传奇，其以676亿美元的品牌价值力压IBM排名第三。

　　沃达丰不敌中国移动

　　苹果和沃达丰在《金融时报》世界十大最具价值品牌榜上分列第六和第九位，分别落后于其各自行业的竞争对手IBM和中国移动。该报认为，苹果的麦金塔电脑引发了电脑世界的一场革命，公司盈利目前主要来自其产品iPhone(手机上网)和i-Pod，苹果的品牌价值为631亿美元。而沃达丰作为全球最大的手机服务商之一，其品牌价值被认定为537亿美元。

　　此外，全球快餐业巨头麦当劳、遭受金融危机沉重打击的美国通用电气以及全球烟草巨头万宝路分别排在世界十大最具价值品牌榜的第五、第八和第十位，其品牌价值分别为666亿美元、598亿美元和495亿美元德��邦��局公布，受能源�格上�推�，德�3月�口物�指�月率上升1.7%，年率上升5%，年率升幅�18�月�高�。

�合外�4月27日�道，德�3月�口物�指�年率升幅�18�月�高�，主要受能源�格上�的推�。

德��邦��局（Federal Statistics Office）27日公布，德�3月�口物�指�年率上升5%，升幅�2008年9月以�最高水平。

����示，德�3月�口物�指�月率上升1.7%。拜��估未�10年，中��品�售市���2009年的1300�人民�，成�10倍，年�合成�率�25%，而主要推升的�力�是中�的��改革。

中�的��支出��GDP的4.5%，相�於�，美的10%以上有一段的落差。

中��局推��改，有一部分就是想透�政府的力量�增加��的支出，另一部分�著所得的增���支出�GDP的比例也�提高，因此中���市�展�了相�高的�力，若中�的GDP未�超越美�，中�也有可能成�世界最大的��市�。世界�行�展委��春季��25日通�了改革方案，是世��史上第一次以提高�展中�家代表性和�言��主要目�的一次治理��改革，提升了中�在���有186�成��的全球性��的�言�，使中�成�世行第三大股��，但美�仍保留�重要��的否��。

�合中通社、新�社�道，�次改革使中�在世行的投票��目前的2.77%提高到4.42%。在�次�移投票�中，中��德��了位置，�次於美�和日本。原��洲三�的「�力」被削弱，德�的投票��原�的4.35%�少到4.00%，法��4.17%�少到3.75%，英�也�4.17%�少到3.75%。美��持15.85%的投票�，依然把持�把交椅。在�洲�家中，日本�7.62%�少到6.84%，不�依然位列第二，印度�2.77%上升至2.91%，位列第七。

在世�25日通�的方案中，���家向�展中�家共�移了3.13�百分�的投票�，使�展中�家整�投票��44.06%提高到47.19%。��投票�比重移�，意味著�些新������世�增加16�美元的�源。�然，世�的���力正在�生�移，特�是在向以中�和印度�代表的新�和�展中�家偏移。

��道，以中��世界��的重要性��，原先投票�的比率�低。中�GDP��全球生��值的11%，可是只有2.77%的世界�行投票�─�和加拿大的投票�一�，可是�不及英�和法�。

�旭人�有示�意�

中��政部部��旭人25日表示，�次改革��生示�意�。中�在世行中投票�的提高，�有利於促�中��世界�行的合作，更好地��中�的作用，��促�世界�行�持����展的共同宗旨，���大�展中�家的利益。

�旭人��，�次世行在�言�和代表性方面率先�施改革，有助於推�其姊妹��、����基金��份�的改革，也有助於促���金融��治理框架�得更加公平�合理。

有分析�，中�坐上世行「第三把交椅」可�是名至��，中���2007年就超�了德�，成�世界第三大���。2009年，在美�和�盟分�出����增�的�候，中���依然是全球��的亮�，全年��8.7%的增�，�世界��增�的��超�50%。�家��，世行今次�移投票�，�示�展中�家在世界������越�越重要的作用，同�也肯定中�在世界��中的比重增加。在新加坡居住了9年的一名德�人在�上�新加坡人有"五怪"，其中"一怪"是房子花太多��潢��女�住。
�五怪分�是：
●一怪�花很多��房子，�潢得像皇�一�，然後�女�住。
●二怪�花很多���子，�因��子收�昂�，而把�停在家�，改搭公共交通工具。
●三怪�出�旅�不去���美的景色，而是去��一些在本地夜市都有的"便宜�"。
●四怪�不少外�人都�相要移民到本地，�多新加坡人���在外���房�，����逃�新加坡��天堂。
●五怪��常抱怨政府和政策，但其�心�最信任的就是��政府。
���同怪�象
�名德�人提出的"怪象"也�得新加坡一些���同。丹戎巴葛集�����炎�便�得�有趣、��切的，��是一些新加坡人的特�。
"我希望�人在看完後，除了�心一笑外，也能�其�成一�提醒，因��多�人����了工作而忽略家庭、健康等，�有把��和生活的重�放在�些方面，但�些其�才是人生最重要和最有�值的�西。"
不�，宏茂�集����李美花不���些是"怪象"，也�疑那名德�人的�察是否正�，因�多�新加坡人��一定�用�，除非他�的家很靠近地�站，才可能放��子，改搭地�。
�林百列集����林�泉指出，他�不���5��象是"怪"的，而只是一些新加坡人的��；有�德�人把少�新加坡人的行�，�成了多�新加坡人的一般行�。德�政府雇�超�27�
最低�薪8.45�元4月27日消息，德�汽��造商大�(Volkswagen)昨天�其�中�的投��算增加16��元（合21�美元），以跟上其最大�一市�迅速增�的需求。

�英�《金融��》�道，身��洲最大汽��造商的大�表示，新增�金�主要用於�家新工�，它��使其未�3年在中�的投����到60��元。

「大�相信，�些投���我�保持在中�市�的��地位，」大�汽�首席�行官�丁・�特科恩(Martin Winterkorn)�。

在中�迅速�大的中���忙於��自己的第一�汽�之�，�自世界各地的汽��造商都在�相�充在��能。

�中�的汽�行�����，今年全�汽��量�增�20%，�到1650��。而在此前的2009年，中�汽��量增�了45%。

美�的通用汽�(GM)、��的�代 (Hyundai)和德�豪�汽��造商��(BMW)等，都在最近�周宣布了�大在��能的��。

�能的快速��令一些分析��出警告，��地�可能正在出�泡沫。

「未��年出��能�剩的��很大，」IHS�球透�(IHS Global Insight)分析�保�・牛�(Paul
Newton)�。但��高管指出，目前只有一小部分中�人口�有汽�。高盛(Goldman
Sachs)的研究表明，每1000名中�居民中只有大�41人�有汽�。

在上周末�始的北京�展上，大�帕�特CC首次亮相。大����到2013年在中�推出�款��汽�。日前，深陷��危�的希�政府�于�口，向�盟和����基金���求援助。如果�一�求得以通�，作��洲第一��大�的德��是主要的出�方。人�不禁要�，在美�、�洲各�����危�的情�下，德�何以�善其身，甚至成�希�的拯救者？

　　２００８年以�的次�危�，暴露了英美"盎格�－撒克�"��模式自由����的缺陷；今年以�的南���危�，又揭示了高福利�制的不足。在此背景下，德����一�，表�出社��定、出口��、�力充足等�著��。究其原因，德�持�的社���改革功不可�。

　　十�年前的德�，�是一�"重病"之�。受到�久奉行的高福利制度以及�德�一後�症的影�，上世�９０年代，��增�低迷、失�率高企和高福利等�致德�企�成本居高不下，大批制造�企��出德�，收支失衡也�政府�政��巨大�力。�至今日，�些��仍存在于�多"老�洲"�家，南��家的以上���在日益�重：希������身，葡萄牙薪�制度僵化，西班牙失��象�重，意大利缺乏熟�工人，法�也�于���外移的恐��段。

　　如今，世人�"老�洲"工�基���、企��制僵化、社�高福利��政�成�力等印象在�洲大多��家��反映了��，但德��是�例外。�然��了全球��危�，德�失�率目前在�洲仍相��低，甚至低于五年前水平。�然部分制造�企�外移，但德�仍多年保持世界最大出口�地位，即使�一地位目前被中�取代，但其仍����家出口大�。如今，德�是�洲�之�愧的地理中心、��中心和政治中心，十多年前的"病人"已成��前�洲��的���和中流砥柱。

　　十多年�德�的��，主要�功于德�政府持久的改革，包括施�德政府和默克�政府。其中１９９８年上�的前�理施�德功不可�，他制定的"２０１０年�程"改革���乎涵�了社�各�方面，主要措施包括：通�降低�率增加�人和企�的收入，以刺激消�和投�；改革失�保�和救�制度，逐年削�失�者的救�金�加�再就�培�；推�甚至����退休者�老金的增加等等。施�德政府�加大了教育和科研投�，以�一步提高��生�率。

　　２００５年後的大�合政府中，默克���了新政府。默克��持了"２０１０�程"的改革思路，在削�企���以及移民政策方面不�推出新政，同�更考�社�承受力，在�件成熟的�候推�改革，在形�所迫的�候延�改革。"十年�木"，��政府十年改革的成效，在�前全球��危�的背景下逐步��。

　　比如在��力市�，德���政府都致力于改革高福利、降低失�率、提高��效率，同�保障工人�雇主�的公平，都�推�就�作�政策的核心目�，而促���增�也只是增加就�的手段之一。施�德�力改革��力市�和福利制度，政策核心是降低失�保障，同���意�找工作的人提供培�和支持等。默克�政府��推行"迷你工作"、��工等新的工作形式和福利形式。２００５年到２００８年�，德�失�人口再度�５００�人下降到３００�人，即使在��危�中德�失�率仍保持基本平�。德���力市�改革的成效���在��增速大大超���工�增速方面。

　　�去十多年，德�的社���制度改革已取得了�著成效，�也正是在�前�洲多�危���的情�下，德�能�善其身的根本原因。南�各�要�根本上����危�，依靠外部救援�不能解���，德��去十多年走�的路可��些�家提供很好的借�。��清算�行(Bank
for International
Settlements)的���示�法��行�在希�有接近800�美元的敞口�其次是德��行�450�美元的敞口。��信用�等��
「��普�」�降希�跟葡萄牙的�信�等，市��心�元�的��危�恐拖累全球����的�步，使得美股重挫213�，各�股市也��不支倒地.

好�百名希�的公��走上街�，拿著��高喊口�，表�反�政府��消�的政策.
他�拿著���在手上，���盟和����基金利用�困�款「勒索」希�.
其�希�的��危�已�成了燎原之火，五月十九��有90��元，大�3700多�台�的�券到期，但因�利率高不可攀，很��市��措�金�回�券，除非�盟和����基金伸出援手，否�到�候就�跳票.
希�的危�如火山爆�，�信�等更被��普����信�等公司降�垃圾等�，引�金融市�恐慌，�致股市、�市和�元全面下挫，美���街股市大跌了213�，各�股市也跟著一片��.在希��信��及�算赤字的�影�罩下，�元近期欲振乏力。

短期之�，�元走���德���些���，但著眼大局，分析���，德����希�伸出援手。

在�元� 16 ����之中，德�的��最���，希�的���最���。

《SmartMoney》��，�初希��了加入�元�，不惜搬弄�字，掩�高� 4000 �美元的�政赤字。

然而�在�些���成了希�的痛�。

希�政府於 13 日�售 12 �美元公��供不�求，或��投�人��洲��多了些信心，��希��有能力走出��危�，但也有人��，投�人的信心仍然脆弱。

Fact and Opinion Economics 首席��� Robert Brusca ��，希�公��次�售良好，不�得表示就���持�下去。

�售�券的力道可以�易推升殖利率，但��以持�。

4 月 9 日，希��券利率走升至 7.5%，�也使�保��的成本大增。

另一�警示信�，�是 15 日《��街日�》��，希�官�表示���在本月底�售的全球美元公��模，而如果需求疲弱，也更有可能取消�行。

外�投�公司 GFT Forex ��研究部�主管 Boris Schlossberg 指出，希�的�����持一段相��的��。

因���五� PIIGS ─葡萄牙、�大利、���、西班牙和希�─的������洲大����影，�元近�也疲弱不振。

在�去 3 �月以�，�元�率�� 1.45 美元跌至 1.34 美元， 9 日��及 1.33 美元的低�。

Schlossberg 指出，�然�元消失的可能性�低，但市�人士也�期�元���一步走弱，可能落至 1.25 美元或 1.20 美元的新低�。

短期�，支��元的主要�能��自德�。

德�是全球第 2 大出口�，�次於中�之後；而�元走低，使德��品相�更有��力。

德�股市也已受惠於�元的疲弱。

iShares MSCI 德�指�基金 3 月上�了 4.8%，高於 MSCI �元�指�基金的上� 3.6%。

但是�元�德���的小小利多，不足以���元�整�的����。

德�因此�得的��也�很快�化。

就算�元�����弱小���的赤字��得到解�，但不�定的�率��仍�影�著�洲股市。

希��信��，�投�人的��直到�在仍未消散，就是最好的例子。

希�公�殖利率在 4 月初的跳升，是因�投�人���洲大型�行受到主��券拖累而出�的��。

曾任 IMF �����的 Simon Johnson 也指出，希�的��很�找到�佳的解�方案。

但如果���有得到控制，�元�的弱��完全曝露出�。

�元疲��然是海外旅客所��，但��意味著�元���急需�救。

而在此�景中，德�所扮演的角色是�助其他�元�夥伴振作，她必�挺身而出、提供�困�金。

Schlossberg ��，如果�元�崩�，德��得不�失，也因此，德����希�伸出援手多年�坐世界「最有�值汽�品牌」的日本�田汽�，因�美�、�洲的召回事件，不但遭到�款，股�也受挫不少。著名市��查公司「明略」的�查，�田的品牌�值首度被德���超越，�出世界第一�座，美�福特和德�大����提升�成，分列全球市值第七、第八。

明略公司全球品牌�彼得�而�表示，��能�超越�田，主因在於�田汽�全球性的召回，使得品牌�值下挫了27％，�217.7�美元，�然��的�值也下跌9％，但仍然以�值218.2����田。

不�，�田汽��然形象受�，但已在���行全球性的品牌重建工。�而�表示，��去年底�始的重建工程後，�田可望再次���手中�回「全球最具�值汽�品牌」地位。

美�福特和德�大��是去年品牌�值的大�家。福特因�有高科技的投注，使品牌�值大��成成�70.4�美元，排名第七。德�大�也提高�成�值，���到69.9�，居第八位。

根�明略公司��，全球最值�的十大汽�品牌�：1、��218.2�，2、�田217.7�，3、本田143�，4、朋�137.4�，5、保�捷120.2�，6、日�86.1�，7、福特70.4�，8、德�大�69.9�，9、�迪36.2�，10、雷�32.6�。�於6月�幕的南非世界杯，外界看好巴西、西班牙等�伍，至於德�，其�金�代早已�去。不�，��一位物理�家��，已�算今�世界杯的�出者��是德��。

德�先後在1954年、1974年和1990年捧走世界杯，在2006年�以�道主身份��冠�意大利，四�止步。身�德�人的多特蒙德大�物理教授托�．梅廷，必定希望德��再次�霸球�。不�他不只希望，而且�用三角�方程式�算出德����得今�世界杯。他指出，德��年的世界杯平均排名�3.7，加上�家�每隔四、五���一次，因此自90年後���恨四�之後，7月�可於南非再次捧杯。梅廷�：「今年我�是�人能�的，香�可以�先��好了。」

若�下支持的是其他球�，也毋�因梅廷的大口�而太�心，因�他在四年前同�「算」出冠��是德�。德�在今�的分��中�澳洲、塞���和加�同�。世界二十大最有�值足球俱�部的收入，比去年下跌了百分之八�五，相�於�失十二�美元。但�看之下，就���最有�的球�比它�的���手更有利，原因是�些有�的球�都是全球品牌，使它�可以�本土市�以外的�助商、商品和��台�得更多收益。

最佳例子是曼�，�球��值十四�八千四百�美元，是世界上最有�值球�。曼�的���道有一�九千二百��家庭收看。�球�宣�有三�三千三百�追�者和一�三千九百�核心��。

另一�英�球�阿仙奴，在英�境外亦有大批追�者。阿仙奴排名第三，�值十一�八千�美元。

皇家�德里排名第二，�值十三�二千�美元。�球�花在球�身上的�最多――上季�五�一千�美元（���和薪酬），包括�共以二�二千二百�收�C朗拿度和卡卡。

巴塞隆拿排名�第七位升至第四位，�球��去�季取得巨大�展，��是在排名上�是在球�上。上季，�球��得�洲��冠�杯和世界冠�球�杯冠�。由於球�上的出色表�，巴塞隆拿的��播映收入上升五千九百�美元，�到二�二千二百�美元。
德�最大的�行德意志�行第一季度盈利增�四成八，超�分析��期。德意志�行昨日在一份�明中表示，�行第一季度�利�去年同期的11.9��元上升至17.6��元，超�分析��期的13.1��元。

德�指，�行投��行部��得第一季度�前盈利26��元，收入主要�自�券以及股票交易。而此前美��行，摩根大通和高盛集�均�著�券��得出色表��得���的收入。分析�表示，德意志�行在固定收益方面表�出色，在�手均公布了�於�期的��後，�行�得理想��在意料之�。

英�政府�有部分股�的�斯�行集�表示，其首季���盈，��期全年可以取得盈利，原因是�行��的��已��低。����可以�一步�示�斯和�格�皇家�行的��已�回�，��家�行是�著去年金融危�的高峰期�得英���人出�援助。����家�行的股�已比政府�入其股份之��高。

另外，�斯�行�透露，�行就著��而作出的有�零售和批��行�方面的��，�在已��少。由�斯�行�Halifax／�格��行合�而成的�斯�行，亦表示其在�合�蓄方面已得到改善，同��期明年底��同效����，便可以�省到20�英�的�支，�可以�省其他方面的�支。以�律著�的德�，�定性在球�可��一�二，�去��世界杯，德�都能��身4�，��堪��大�球�。

近10年的世界足球先生及�洲足球先生，都未有�到德�人的身影；德�亦未有施丹及美斯等球王�的球星，以一人之力支�球�。不�正是德�重��律的精神，令「平民化」的德��次在��大�中�威。

德�球��有亮�的�法，�有逢人�人的�扭，不�各落���都�格遵守主�的部署，而且有著�逐��的�心，因此不被看好的德��往往有�人喜出望外的表�，2002年��、2006年�得季�都印�了德�的演出。

德�除了在近��世界杯取得1�1季的成�外，在最�酷的互射12���中每�皆�，更能突�「日耳曼��」大�球�的身份。德���在世界杯4度��互射12�，4次都�出，且只曾射失1球，可�德��的心理�素相��人，亦是德�每每能�在大�突�而出的��所在。
　泰格・伍兹(美国)

　　所属领域 高尔夫

　　年度收入 约7400万美元

　　代言品牌 豪雅表、埃森哲、吉列、耐克、佳得乐、EA 体育、AT&T 、NetJets等

　　连金融危机也无法撼动他的吸金王之位，那么性丑闻呢？

　　02

　　菲尔・米克尔森(美国)

　　所属领域 高尔夫

　　年度收入 约5100万美元

　　代言品牌 卡勒威、毕马威、巴克莱银行、斯考兹戴尔灰鹰高球俱乐部、劳力士表、皇冠假日酒店及度假村等

　　作为与老虎伍兹齐名的高尔夫选手，这位左手持杆的白人明星的吸金力也紧跟其后。

　　03

　　勒布朗・詹姆斯(美国)

　　所属领域 篮球

　　年度收入 约4600万美元

　　代言品牌 耐克、雪碧、State Farm等

　　他可以利用无与伦比的天赋创造出无数让人激动的时刻，并由此建立属于自己的商业帝国。

　　04

　　莱昂内尔・梅西(阿根廷)

　　所属领域 足球

　　年度收入 约4450万美元

　　代言品牌 阿迪达斯、佳得乐、百事可乐、欧洲航空、达能、精工、Telefonica、ForMen、Storkman、lody、实况足球2010等

　　继马拉多纳之后的又一名阿根廷足球天才。而且，他还很年轻，只有23岁。

　　05

　　费尔南多・阿隆索(西班牙)

　　所属领域 FI赛车

　　年度收入 约4300万美元

　　代言品牌 法拉利、玛莎拉蒂、Hugo Boss、赛丽石(Silestone)、豪雅表、GURU、ING、桑坦德银行等

　　作为法拉利的当家车手，随着登上领奖台次数的上涨，他的商业价值也会看涨。

　　06

　　迈克尔・舒马赫 (德国)

　　所属领域 FI赛车

　　年度收入 约4200万美元

　　代言品牌 奔驰、欧米茄、百加得、Jetset、Navyboot、Kappa、Rosbacher矿泉水、普利司通、Sting太阳镜、壳牌、欧莱雅等

　　尽管已是41岁的高龄，但这位FI的七冠王代表奔驰车队复出后再次引起了新的一轮商业浪潮。

　　07

　　大卫・贝克汉姆(英国)

　　所属领域 足球

　　年度收入 约4100万美元

　　代言品牌 沃达丰、阿迪达斯、TBC美容、Calvin－Klein、摩托罗拉、POLICE太阳镜、Got
Milk、SHARPIE、吉列、百事可乐、阿玛尼、康宝莱、ALMOND、dyb香水

　　他可能不是最好的足球运动员，但他绝对是最受广告公司青睐的足球运动员。

　　08

　　克里斯蒂亚诺・罗纳尔多(葡萄牙)

　　所属领域 足球

　　年度收入 约4050万美元

　　代言品牌 耐克、清扬、阿玛尼、嘉士伯、EA体育、佳能、Soccerade Pro饮料、可口可乐

　　贝克汉姆之后最性感时尚的足球运动员，何况，这位世界足球先生的球技是小贝无法比拟的。

　　09

　　曼尼・帕奎奥 (菲律宾)

　　所属领域 拳击

　　年度收入 4000万美元

　　代言品牌 耐克、菲律宾国内品牌

　　在西方人眼里，他就是第二个李小龙。

　　10

　　基米・马蒂亚斯・莱科宁(芬兰)

　　所属领域 FI赛车

　　年度收入 3950万美元

　　代言品牌 豪雅表、菲亚特、尊尼获加、WEST香烟，雀巢咖啡

　　31岁的"冰人"暂别F1让人扼腕，但在WRC，他一样风光。

（美�《福布斯》）

�於互射十二�，梅廷也似乎很有研究，他�越差的操刀球���越先射，越好的球���越後射。�受本港球迷�迎的英格�以往多次因射�十二�而在大�出局，不知他��否�用�一�略？（英�《每日��》）

敢于电纸书
3月15号网上淘了一个入门级电纸书-台电K3。除了操纵杆和手动翻页的一些按键设计基本上还是可以的。支持txt，epub.doc,txt..图片浏览不是很好。国外发现的两个好网站：feedbook免费书籍自定义格式下载-可定制6寸屏的pdf及epub呦！2epub这个网站也很不错。扫描版pdf转化费了不少脑筋。尝试着用pdfread转化pdf到lrf再转化为pdf发现lrf格式确实不错，只是我不大会用那些软件吧，头几页效果异常的好，后面字体就扭曲。。探索中。再者pdf2lrf效率低速度慢，lrf2pdf则相对神速。我的电脑是上网本呦，经不起折腾了。国外论坛有sopdf我发现大多数pdf处理不了。倒是有一个pdfCropper处理文件极快可惜是个共享软件，在我文档上从头到尾打上了大水印确实不美观。呵呵，看来随着点指数的普及我们可以利用的应用软件会越来越多越来越成熟，现在关于电子书最关注的还是扫描版pdf的处理和epub格式的改进

American Literature 英国文学 文艺复兴时期： 仙后和浮士德博士听多情的牧羊人念14行诗，
一首说的是威尼斯商人和哈姆雷特讨论学习， 一首说的太阳出来死神不再骄横失去了乐园。 Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓賽The
Faerie Queen 仙后 Christopher Marlowe 克里斯扥夫.馬洛Dr Fauctus 浮士德博士The
Passionate Shepherd to His Love 多情的牧羊人致情人 William Shakespeare
威廉.莎士比亞Sonnets 十四行詩The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Francis
Bacon 弗蘭西斯.培根Of Studies 论学习 John Donne 約翰.鄧恩The Sun Rising太阳升起Death,
Be Not Proud 死神，莫骄横 John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓Paradise Lost 失樂園 新古典主义时期：
天路批评鲁宾逊去格列弗旅游没带汤姆琼斯， 吉士菲尔伯爵说这是学校的丑闻还写了挽歌。 John Bunyan 約翰.班楊The
Pilgrim's Progress 天路历程 Alexander Pope 亞歷山大.蒲伯On Criticism 論批評 Daniel
Defoe 丹尼爾.笛弗Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威特Gulliver's
Travels 格列佛遊記 Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁Tom Jones 湯姆.琼斯 Samuel Johnson
賽繆爾.約翰遜To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield 致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书
Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德.比.謝立丹The School of Scandal 造谣学校 Thomas
Gray 扥馬斯.格雷Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌 浪漫主义时期：
扫烟囱的唱天真和经验给老虎， 还在丁登寺旁朗诵抒情歌谣集， 而忽必烈汉却在为卢德派歌唱， 唐璜哀希腊于是唱英国人民歌，
西风吹把他们送到希腊看古瓮, 我对他们绝对没有傲慢与偏见。 William Blake 威廉.布萊克.......The Chimney
Sweeper/Songs of Innocence 扫烟囱的孩子/天真之歌The Chimney Sweeper/Songs of
Experience 扫烟囱的孩子/經驗之歌 The Tyger老虎 William Wordsworth威廉.華茲華斯Lyrical
Ballads抒情歌謠集Tintern Abbey丁登寺旁 Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞繆爾.特勒.科勒律治Kubla
Khan忽必烈漢 George Gordon Byron喬治.戈登.拜倫Song for the Luddites为卢得派歌唱Don
Juan唐璜 Percy Bysshe Shelley鉑.比.雪萊A Song : Men of England英国人民之歌Ode to
the West Wind西風頌 John Keats約翰.濟慈Ode to an Grecian Urn希腊古瓮頌 Jane
Austen簡.奧斯汀Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見 维多利亚时期： 奥利佛和简爱前往呼啸山庄，
一路激冲激冲还路过了沙洲， 遇到了尤利西斯和公爵夫人， 几个人又是夜会又是晨别的， 还研究外省的德伯家的苔丝。 Charles
Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯Oliver Twist雾都孤兒 Jane Eyre /Charlotte Bronte簡愛 Wuthering
Heights/Emily Bronte呼嘯山莊 Alfred Tennyson阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生Break Break
Break冲激，冲激，冲激Crossing The Bar過沙洲Ulysses尤利西斯 Robert Browning羅伯特.布郞寧My
Last Duchess我逝去的公爵夫人Meeting at Night夜會Parting at Morning晨別George
Eliot喬治.艾略特Middlemarch A Study of Provincial Life米德爾馬契，外省生活研究 Thomas
Hardy扥馬斯.哈代Tess of The D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝 现代时期： 华伦夫人的职业不属于有产者，
但在因尼斯佛瑞岛阔叶花园旁， 有普魯弗洛克给她唱绵绵情歌， 荒原上有她的儿子与情人狂欢， 同都柏林人一起参加阿拉伯节。 George
Bernard Shaw蕭伯納Mrs. Warren's Profession华伦夫人的职业 John
Galsworthy約翰.高爾斯華瑞The Man of Property有产者 William Butler Yeats威廉.伯特勒.叶芝
The Lake Isle of Innisfree茵尼斯弗利島Down By The Salley Gardens在阔叶柳花园旁边
T.S. Eliot艾略特The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock普魯弗洛克的情歌The Waste
Land荒原 D.H.Lawrence戴維.赫伯特.勞倫斯Sons and Lovers儿子与情人 James
Joyce詹姆斯.喬伊斯Dubliners（Araby）都柏林人（阿拉伯节） 美国文学 浪漫主义时期： 瑞普凡温克尔很喜欢自然，
与古德曼布朗一路向前走， 涉水过河还吟唱自我之歌， 不料半路遇到大白鲸迪克。 Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文Rip Van
Winkle里普.凡.温克尔 Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生Nature论自然 Nathaniel
Hawthorne撒尼尔.霍桑Young Goodman Brown年轻小伙子古德曼.布朗 Walt Whitman沃尔特.惠特曼There
Was a Child Went Forth从前有个出门的孩子Cavalry Crossing a Ford涉水过河的骑兵队Song of
Myself自我之歌 Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸 现实主义时期：
哈克贝利费恩和黛西米勒给世界写信， 听到苍蝇嗡嗡叫于是追着拍了几公里， 因此就不能等待死神嘉莉妹妹的到来。 Mark
Twain马克.吐温The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利.费恩历险记 Henry
James亨利.詹姆斯Daisy Miller苔瑟.米勒 Emily Dickinson艾米丽.狄金森This is my letter
to the World这是我给世界写的信I heard a Fly buzz – When I died我死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声I like
to see it lap the Miles我喜欢看见它拍击许多英里Because I could not stop for
Death因为我不能停下来等待死神 Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹 现代时期：
在地铁站里船商的妻子拿到一份合同， 条件是摘完苹果之后选没有走过的路， 和在雪夜森林里逗留的毛猿激战获胜。
这样盖茨比才会邀请她到印第安营寨， 看露天电影纪念艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花。 I Like To See It Lap The Miles by
Emily Dickinson. I like to see it lap the miles, And lick the valleys
up, And stop to feed itself at tanks; And then, prodigious, step
Around a pile of mountains, And, supercilious, peer In shanties by the
sides of roads; And then a quarry pare To fit its sides, and crawl
between, Complaining all the while In horrid, hooting stanza; Then
chase itself down hill And neigh like Boanerges; Then, punctual as a
star, Stop - docile and omnipotent At its own stable door.
我喜欢看它一路舔食前进（I like to see it lap the Miles） 我喜欢看它奔驰数里－－ 舔着山谷而上－－－
停下来在水箱边饮水－－－ 然后－－迈开惊人的步伐 繞着层层的山峦－－－ 目空一切的凝望 在小棚屋里--在道路边--- 然后是一个露天采石场
为了适合它的肋骨 在两根之间爬行 一路不停地抱怨 Emily Dickinson (1830-l886) 一、一般识记
Dickinson's life and writing Miss Emi1y Dickinson was born into a
Calvinist family of Amherst, Massachusetts. She attended Amherst
Academy for seven years and suffered serious religious crisis. After
affected by an unhappy 1ove affair with Reverend Charles Wadsworth,
she became a total recluse, 1iving a normal New England village life
only with her family. Her private life was pretty much in order. She
wrote poetry, and read intensively by herself. Her favorite writers
were Keats, the Brontes, the Brownings, and George E1iot; classic
myths, the Bible, and Shakespeare were what Emily drew commonly on for
allusions and references in her poetry and letters. She also drew
intellectua1 resources from her contemporary American, Thoreau and
Emerson. In general, Dickinson wanted to live simply as a complete
independent being, and as a spinster. Dickinson's poetry writing began
in the early 1850s. Altogether she wrote 1,775 poems, of which only
seven had appeared during her 1ifetime. Most of her poems were
published after her death. Her fame kept rising. She is now recognized
not only as a great poetess on her own right but as a poetess of
considerable influence upon American poetry of the 20th century. 二．识记
Dicksinson's poems: (1) Her religious poems: she wrote about her doubt
and be1ief about religious subjects. While she desired salvation and
immortality, she denied the orthodox view of paradise. Although she
believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence. (2)Her poems
concerning death and immortality: These poems are closely related to
her religious poetry, ranging over the physical as well as the
psychological and emotional aspects of death. She showed her ambiguous
attitude towards death and immortality. She looked at death from the
point of view of both the living and the dying. She even imagined her
own death, the loss of her own body, and the journey of her soul to
the unknown. Perhaps her greatest rendering of the moment of death is
to be found in "I heard a Fly buzz -- when I died --", a poem
universally considered one of her masterpieces. (3)Her love poems:
Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on. One group of her love
poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. These poems
are clear1y the reflection of her own unhappy experience, closely
re1ated to her deepest and most private feelings. Many of them are
striking and original depictions of the longing for shared moments,
the pain of separation, and the futility of finding happiness. The
other group of 1ove poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire, in
which Dickinson dealt with, allegorically, the influence of the male
authorities over the female, emphasizing the power of physica1
attraction and expressing a mixture of fear and fascination for the
mysterious magnetism between sexes. However, it is those poems dealing
with marriage that have aroused critical attention first and showed
Dickinson's confusion and doubt about the role of women in the 19th
century America. (4)Her nature poems: More than 500 of her poems are
about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship
between man and nature is well-expressed. On the one hand, she shared
with her romantic and transcendental predecessors who believed that a
mythical bond between man and nature existed, that nature revealed to
man things about mankind and universe. On the other hand, she felt
strongly about nature's inscrutability and indifference to the life
and interests of human beings. However, Dickinson managed to write
about nature in the affirmation of the sheer joy and the appreciation,
unaffected by philosophical speculations. Her acute observations, her
concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive,
from sketches of flowers, insects, birds, to the sunset, the fully
detailed summer storms, the change of seasons; from keen perception to
witty ana1ysis. 三．领会 The thematic concerns and the original artistic
features of Dickinson's poetry: 1．Themes: Dicksinson's poems are
usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within
her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the
whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love,
and nature. 2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and
unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are
always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a
particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1
device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis.
Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of
traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter
alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery
that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson
managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect
rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and
punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced
greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson's
irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses
readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity,
directness and plainness. Her poems are usually short, rarely more
than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or
symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate
sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She
frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the
reader, and personification to vivify some abstract ideas. Dickinson's
poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for
its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has
never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.
四．应用 Selected Readings: 1. (44l ) This is my letter to the World This
poem expresses Dickinson 's anxiety about her communication with the
outside world and her vision of the poet's task and function. 2. (465)
I heard a Fly buzz -- when l died -- This poem is a description of the
moment of death. Dickinson's attitude toward death is that of peaceful
acceptance. She looked at death from the point of view of both the
living and the dying. She even imagined her own death, the loss of her
own body, and the journey of her soul to the unknown. This poem,
universally considered one of her masterpieces, is perhaps her
greatest rendering of the moment of death. 3. (585) I like to see it
lap the Miles - This poem is an interesting study of how Dickinson
makes the train part of nature by animalizing it. 4. (7l2) Because I
could not stop for Death- This is one of Dickinson's most celebrated
poems describing death. It possesses many features typical of her
poetry. She holds ambivalent attitudes towards death. On the one hand,
death is a stage of life, where man bids farewell to the human world
of transience and goes to the Heaven of immortality; death is a
release from a lifetime of work and suffering to a lasting peace in
heaven. Therefore, she depicts the dark subject of death in a light
tone. In this poem Dickinson personifies death and immortality so as
to make her message strongly felt and vivify the abstract ideas. On
the other hand, she feels uncertain about immortality of death. Many
rhetorical devices are used in this poem, such as personification
(Death and immortality are personified as "He".), image or symbols
especially in the third stanza. Other symbols include
"Carriage"(hearse), "House"(Ground) etc. She also uses punctuation for
musicality and capitalization for emphasis. 所有重点作家要点 William
Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亞 The greatest playwright and the most popular
sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction;
irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of
three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a
mighty and just sovereign is a necessity—"The King's government must
be carried on" (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的) (Each hero has his weekness
of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma
between action and mind; Othello's inner weakness is made use of by
the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally
give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity;
and Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to
incessant crimes.)literature should be a combination of beauty,
kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality Henry
Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 First of all the 18th century English novelist to
write the "comic epic in prose"; the first to give the modern novel
its structure and style; use the third-person narration; "Father of
the English Novel "; "the just copies of human manners"
Easy\unlaboured\familiar\extremely vivid and vigorous\ logic and
rhythm Thomas Gray 扥馬斯.格雷 The leader of the sentimental poetry of the
day, especially "the Graveyard School" William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 A
"worshipper of nature"; a poet in memory of the past, to him, life is
a cyclical journey, its beginning finally turns out to be its end;
Advocate the writing of the common people in ordinary language; the
joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes; natural scenery
with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes,
the poor in rural places; reveal the inner workings of individual's
mind; the seeming simplicity of the poet both in diction and
description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a
better world; poetry originates from "emotion recollected in
tranquillity" George Gordon Byron 喬治.戈登.拜倫 G.G.Byron's chief
contribution: "Byronic hero": Such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel
figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right all the
wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single – handedly
against all the misdoings, political, religious and moral. Thus his
figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and
conventions. John Keats 約翰.濟慈 Sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;
exact and closely knit construction, sensual description Charles
Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯 1. theme: critical realist writers, criticize:
poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corruptness 2. characteristics: (1)he
is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary (2)character
portrayal (3)characters are mostly innocent ,helpless, persecuted
child characters (4)a mixture of humor and sympathism (pathos)
(5)bizarre figure, horrible Robert Browning 羅伯特.布郞寧 perfects "dramatic
monologue", keeps readers alert, thoughtful and enlightened George
Eliot 喬治.艾略特 Pseudonym: Mary Ann Evans founder of "stream of
consciousness", focus on inner struggle. hereditary influences govern
human action. concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women
lies in their very birth(hereditary influences) naturalistic and
psychological novel Thomas Hardy 扥馬斯.哈代 1. evaluation: naturalist
(D.H.Lawrance; Theodore Dreiser; George Eliot),also critical realist
writer(Dickens) 2. features: nostalgic(Washington Irving; F.Scott
Fitzergerald; William Faulkner),also pessimistic intellectually
advanced and emotionally traditional tells very good stories about
very interesting people but seldom stops to ask why 3. naturalism:
Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" (1)man is born with tragic,
inevitably bound by his own hereditary traits (2)man proves powerless
before fate however he tries, he seldom escapes his doomed destiny
George Bernard Shaw 蕭伯納 1.idea:against "art for art's sake", art
should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing
social contradictions and educating common people 2.works features:
problem plays, only one passion: indignation (1)showing one's
character by the expense of another's (2)inversion, Shaw's characters
are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter
during the play the forward motion consists not in the unrolling of
plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse William Butler
Yeats 威廉.伯特勒.叶芝 Combination of his appreciation of beauty and a sense
of tragedy life, gave a significance to the ordinary events of life in
his poetry; his style is both simple and rich, colloquial and formal,
with a quality of metaphysical wit and symbolic vision; T.S. Eliot
T.S.艾略特 (1)presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the
modern western society (2)reflects disillusion and despair of a whole
post war generation. anguish, menace, sterility had been afflicting
all sensitive members of the postwar generation (3)concerns with the
spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has
lost its meaning (4)reflects the 20th century people's disillusion and
frustration in a meaningless and boring world James Joyce 詹姆斯.喬伊斯 1.
scene: the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, the same subject:
the Irish people and their life 2. stream of conscienceness: presents
unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make
the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues a literary
form presenting psychological aspects of characters 3. style:
straightforward\lucid\logical\leisurely\concentrating on revealing in
his novels the psychic being of the characters Ralph Waldo Emerson
拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生 The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism
(American Puritanism\European Romanticism); is generally known as an
essayist; his last reputation began only with the publication of
Essays; the American Scholar(1837) self-reliance\American scholar\the
over-soul\intuitive\short\declarative\ Nathaniel Hawthorne 撒尼尔.霍桑
Published Twice-Told Tales / The Scarlet letter; black vision of life
and human beings; sin and evil; the wrong doing of one generation
lives into the successive ones; the Puritan concept of life is
condemned; a master of symbolism keen psychological analysis\ambiguity
Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 Poetry could play a vital part in the process of
creating a new nation; a strong sense of mission; use the poetic "I",
speaking in the voice of "I"; the triangular relationship: "I" the
poet, the subject in the poem, and "you" the reader; free verse;
different thins would mean a different wave of feeling
Openness\freedom\individualism\conversational and casual\simple even
crude Mark Twain 马克.吐温 1. "The true father of our national
literature"; "damned human race" 2. features: (1)paid more attention
to the "life" of the Americans (2)preferred to have his own region and
people in his stories, i.e. "local colorism" (3)concerned with the
life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people
(4)nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present
that faded before their eyes (5)skillfully used the colloquialism, the
language is simple, direct ,faithful. protagnists spoke in vernacular,
both realistically and symbolically (6)his humor is remarkable, his
humor is not only funny elements making people laugh, but a kind of
artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the
decayed romanticism Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 1. The first American writer to
conceive his career in international terms 2. evaluation: influenced
by Freud, pioneer of "stream-of-consciousness", founder of
psychological realism; laid a greater emphasis on the "inner world" of
man; 3. The Portrait of A Lady is generally considered to be his
masterpiece; 4. highly refined and insightful Emily Dickinson 艾米丽.狄金森
1. works features: (1)she uses a particular rhyme pattern,uses dashes
and captical letters as a means of emphasis (2)simplicity and
plainness (3)focus on a single image or symbol (4)poems are personal
and meditative (5)personification 2. idea: skeptical about the
relationship between man and nature, concerns religion, death,
immortality, love, nature 3. She called this stream of tiny,
aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented "letter to the world," a way
to bridge her private world with the public 4. her poetry despite its
ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety
and richness Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞1. idea: naturalist (1)heredity
and environment are the forces determining man's destiny, under what
life was ironic, even tragic (2)human beings' life was trapped into'a
welter of inscrutable forces' (3)Darwin's idea of "survival of the
fittest" is embodied as "kill or to be killed" in Dreiser's works
(4)explain the insignificance of life and attack the conventional
moral standards (5)materialism is the core. man has a meaningless,
endless search for satisfaction of his desires, desires for money
(6)sex is another human desire sexual beauty symbolizes the social
status 2. features: lack of concision, more inclusive and less
selective Robert Lee Frost 罗伯特.李.弗罗斯特 The Pulitzer Prize winner on
four occasions; a serious poet idea: a momentary stay against
confusion, like Wordsworth profound ideas are delivered under the
disguise of the plain language and the simple form; combined
traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm;
semi-free or semi-conventional Ernest Hamingway 欧内斯特.海明威A Nobel Prize
winner for literature 1. Hemingway hero "grace under pressure" he is
with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint. man always fights
a losing battle of life,but never lose dignity. man can be physically
destroyed, but never defeated spiritually 2. The dignity of movement
of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water
3.colloquialism (Mark Twain)(short ,simple, conventional words)
William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳1. ground: American South, Northern
Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha County 2. theme: almost all his heroes are
tragic (1)they are prisoners of the past or of the society,or of some
social and moral taboos, or of their own personalities (2)society
conditions man with its laws and institutions and eliminates man's
chance of responding naturally to the experiences of his existence
(3)man tries to explain the incomprehensible by turning away from
reality, but becomes weak, cowardly and confused(Emily-coward) 3.
nostalgic in The Sound and The Fury 4. works' features: (1)use of
narrative techniques is remarkable, let the characters explain
themselves, the reader experiences the work of art directly (interior
monologue) (2)breaks up chronology, juxtaposes the past with the
present (3)stream of consciousness (4)inner musings of the narrator
(5)good at presenting multiple points of view  英美文学历年考题之2003年4月卷 PART
ONE 　　I. Multiple Choice 　　1. Although _______ was essentially a
medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new 　　era
of literature to come. 　　A. William Langland 　　B. John Gower 　　C.
Geoffrey Chaucer 　　D. Edmund Spenser 　　Answer: C 　　2. The religious
reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the
class struggles 　　waged by the _____. 　　A. rising bourgeoisie against
the feudal class and its ideology 　　B. working class against the
corruption of the bourgeoisie 　　C. landlord class against the rising
bourgeoisie and its ideology 　　D. feudal class against the corruption
of the Catholic Church 　　Answer: A 　　3. The statement that a man
gained the whole world but lost his own soul makes a good summary of
the main 　　plot of ______. 　　A. Paradise Lost 　　B. The Merchant of
Venice 　　C. Hamlet 　　D. The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus 　　Answer:
D 　　4. "Is not a patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a
man struggling for life in the water, and 　　when he has reached
ground, encumbers him with help?" 　　The above passage is taken from
_______. 　　A. Francis Bacon's "Of Studies" 　　B. William Shakespeare's
The Merchant of Venice 　　C. Samuel Johnson's "To the Right Honorable
the Earl of Chesterfield" 　　D. Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal"
Answer: C 　　5. The essence of humanism is to ______. 　　A. restore a
medieval reverence for the church 　　B. avoid the circumstances of
earthly life 　　C. explore the next world in which men could live after
death 　　D. emphasize human qualities 　　Answer: D 　　6. In The Pilgrim's
Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. 　　A.
delightful 　　B. satirical 　　C. sentimental 　　D. solemn 　　Answer: B
7. The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English
novel, which, contrary to the 　　medieval romance, gives a ______
presentation of life of the common English people. 　　A. romantic 　　B.
idealistic 　　C. prophetic 　　D. realistic 　　Answer: D 　　8. As a
literary figure, John Rivers appears in _______. 　　A. Fielding's Tom
Jones 　　B. Dickens's Oliver Twist 　　C. Bronte's Jane Eyre 　　D.
Austen's Pride and Prejudice 　　Answer: C 　　9. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
created the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the
English 　　bourgeoisie in the ______ century. 　　A. 17th 　　B. 18th 　　C.
19th 　　D. 20th 　　Answer: B 　　10. In "Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard," Thomas Gray compares the common folk with the great ones,
　　wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the
______. 　　A. chance 　　B. love 　　C. money 　　D. material sources
Answer: A 　　11. The poetic view of ______ can be best understood from
his remark about poetry, that is, "all good 　　poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." 　　A. Samuel Taylor
Coleridge 　　B. John Keats 　　C. William Wordsworth 　　D. Percy Bysshe
Shelly 　　Answer: C 　　12. Pip, Estella, Havisham, Magwitch, and Joe
Gargery are most likely names of characters in _______. 　　A. Oliver
Twist 　　B. David Copperfield 　　C. Bleak House 　　D. Great Expectations
　Answer: B 　　13. In English poetry the _______ is regarded as the most
common foot. 　　A. iamb 　　B. anapest 　　C. trochee 　　D. dactyl 　　Answer:
A 　　14. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennet finds out some weak
points about herself in the process of 　　judging others. Which of the
following is NOT a weak point of hers? 　　A. Blindness. 　　B.
Partiality. 　　C. Snobbishness. 　　D. Prejudice. 　　Answer: C 　　15. In
Byron's poem "Song for the Luddites," the word "Luddite" refers to the
_______. 　　A. workers who destroyed the machines in their protest
against unemployment 　　B. rising bourgeoisie who fought against the
aristocratic class 　　C. descendents of the ancient king, King Lud 　　D.
poor country people who suffered under the rule of the landlord class
　Answer: A 　　16. "Five miles meandering with a mazy motion 　　Through
wood and dale the sacred river ran, 　　Then reached the caverns
measureless to man, 　　And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean." 　　The
above lines are taken from ______. 　　A. Wordsworth's "The Solitary
Reaper" 　　B. Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" 　　C. Coleridge's "Kubla
Khan" 　　D. Keats's "Ode on an Grecian Urn" 　　Answer: C 　　17. In his
poem, "Ode to the West Wind," Shelley intends to present his wind as a
central _______ around 　　which the poem weaves various cycles of death
and rebirth. 　　A. concept 　　B. symbol 　　C. simile 　　D. metonymy
Answer: B 　　18. In the conversation with his wife in Chapter One of
Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet uses a(n) ______ 　　tone with sarcastic
humor. 　　A. solemn 　　B. harsh 　　C. arrogant 　　D. teasing 　　Answer: D
19. Charles Dickens takes the French Revolution as the background of
his novel ______. 　　A. Great Expectations 　　B. A Tale of Two Cities
C. Bleak House 　　D. Oliver Twist 　　Answer: B 　　20. A typical feature
of the English ______ literature is that writers became social and
moral critics, 　　exposing all kinds of social evils. 　　A. Renaissance
　B. Romantic 　　C. Victorian 　　D. Medieval 　　Answer: C 　　21. The
statement that those extraordinary people, seeking something beyond
the provincial life, have 　　finally to subject themselves to the
limitations of the reality either due to their own weakness or the
social environment may well sum up one of the major themes of ______.
　A. Fielding's Tom Jones 　　B. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe 　　C. Austen's
Pride and Prejudice 　　D. Eliot's Middlemarch 　　Answer: D 　　22. A
typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong
sense of ______, who never 　　pays any attention to human feelings.
A. justice 　　B. property 　　C. morality 　　D. humor 　　Answer: B 　　23.
Which of the following statements about The Scarlet Letter is NOT
true? 　　A. It explores man's never-ending search for the satisfaction
of materialistic desires. 　　B. It relates the conflicts between the
society and the individual. 　　C. It is about the effect of sin on the
people involved and the society as a whole. 　　D. It presents a
psychological analysis of the inward tensions of the characters.
Answer: B 　　24. "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your
own mind" is a famous quote from _______'s 　　writings. 　　A. Walt
Whitman 　　B. Henry David Thoreau 　　C. Herman Melville 　　D. Ralph Waldo
Emerson 　　Answer: D 　　25. Which of Hemingway's novels describes the
drifting life of American exiles in Europe? 　　A. The Sun Also Rises.
B. A Farewell to Arms. 　　C. For Whom the Bell Tolls. 　　D. The Old Man
and the Sea. 　　Answer: B 　　26. The theme of _______ may be well stated
as "It sings of nationalism and of the nature of the self in
relation to the cosmos and the meaning and purpose of birth and
death." 　　A. Edgar Allan Poe's "To Helen" 　　B. Robert Frost's "The
Road Not Taken" 　　C. Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself" 　　D. Emily
Dickenson's "Because I could not stop for Death" 　　Answer: C 　　27. The
American Puritanism as a cultural heritage benefited the Americans in
_______. 　　A. strengthening their moral values 　　B. weakening their
religious faith 　　C. knowing truth intuitively 　　D. developing their
science and technology 　　Answer: A 　　28. Mark Twain, one of the
greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______.
　A. international theme 　　B. waste-land imagery 　　C. local color 　　D.
symbolism 　　Answer: C 　　29. "Strange names were over the doors
-strange faces at the windows -every thing was strange. His mind 　　now
began to misgive him, that both he and the world around him were
bewitched. Surely this was his 　　native village, which he had left but
the day before." The above passage is taken from ______. 　　A. Irving's
"Rip Van Winkle" 　　B. Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" 　　C. James'
"Daisy Miller" 　　D. Hemingway's "Indian Camp" 　　Answer: A 　　30.
According to Hawthorne, the scarlet letter "A" which originally stood
for "_______" finally obtained 　　the meaning of "able" or "angel"
through Hester's efforts. 　　A. adultery 　　B. arrogance 　　C.
accomplishment 　　D. agony 　　Answer: A 　　31. As a naturalist writer,
Theodore Dreiser was greatly influenced by _______. 　　A. Nathaniel
Hawthorne 　　B. Charles Darwin 　　C. Henry James 　　D. Ralph Waldo
Emerson 　　Answer: B 　　32. In Sister Carrie, Hurstwood, extremely
hopeless and totally devastated, ends his life by turning on 　　the
gas, while at the same time Carrie is rocking comfortably in her
luxurious hotel room before she 　　boards a ship for _______. 　　A. New
York 　　B. London 　　C. Paris 　　D, Geneva 　　Answer: B 　　33. In Henry
James' "Daisy Miller," the author tries to portray the protagonist as
an embodiment of 　　______. 　　A. the force of convention 　　B. the
decline of aristocracy 　　C. the free spirit of the New World 　　D. the
corruption of the new rich 　　Answer: C 　　34. American writers of the
first postwar era who were devoid of faith and alienated from the
civilization were commonly called "______." 　　A. sons of liberty 　　B.
fatherless children 　　C. a beat generation 　　D. a lost generation
Answer: D 　　35. The raft with which Huck and Jim make their voyage
down the Mississippi River may symbolize all the 　　following EXCEPT
______. 　　A. a return to nature 　　B. an escape from evils, injustices,
and corruption of the civilized society 　　C. the heavenly kingdom of
Christianity 　　D. a small world where people of different colors can
live friendly and happily 　　Answer: C 　　36. Of the following American
poets in the twentieth century, the one who has the best knowledge of
　Chinese culture is _______. 　　A. Robert Frost 　　B. Allen Ginsberg
C. Ezra Pound 　　D. E. E. Cummings 　　Answer: C 　　37. Emily Grierson,
the protagonist in Faulkner's story "A Rose for Emily," can be
regarded as a symbol 　　standing for all the following qualities EXCEPT
_______. 　　A. no prejudice against the northerners 　　B. rigid ideas of
social status 　　C. bigotry and eccentricity 　　D. grace and integrity
Answer: D 　　38. Robert Frost is a regional poet in the sense that his
poems are mainly concerned about the _______. 　　A. life in New York
B. country life in New England 　　C. sea adventures 　　D. life on the
Mississippi 　　Answer: B 　　39. In Hemingway's story "Indian Camp" Nick,
the protagonist, witnesses _______. 　　A. a tragic killing of the
Indians by the white man 　　B. real friendship between the white men
and the Indians 　　C. men's senseless killing of each other 　　D.
terrible scenes of birth and death 　　Answer: D 　　40. Great Gatsby,
written by Fitzgerald in 1925, is a story about ______ who was
destroyed by the 　　influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people
around him. 　　A. a vagabond 　　B. an idealist 　　C. an eccentric 　　D. an
opportunist 　　Answer: B PART TWO 　　II. Reading Comprehension 　　41.
"Busy old fool, unruly sun, 　　Why dost thou thus, 　　Through windows
and through curtains call on us?" 　　Questions: 　　A. Identify the poem
and the poet. 　　B. What does the word "fool" refer to? 　　C. What idea
does the quotation express? 　　参考答案： 　　A It is taken from Jone Donne's
"The Sun Rising" (P66) 　　B. "fool" refers to the sun. 　　C. Donne's
great prose works are his sermons, the quotation expresses a strong
sense of rebellious 　　spirit, the author tried to break away from the
conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 　　(P63+66) 　　42.
"Most mighty Emperor of Lilliput, delight and terror of the universe,
whose dominions extend five 　　thousand blustrugs (about twelve miles
in circumference) to the extremities of the globe; Monarch of all
Monarchs; taller than the sons of men; whose feet press down to the
center, and whose head strikes 　　against the sun; at whose nod the
princes of the earth shake their knees; pleasant as spring,
comfortable 　　as summer, fruitful as autumn, dreadful as winter."
Questions: 　　A. Identify the work and the author. 　　B. What is the
tone of the author? 　　C. What does the author parody here? 　　Answers:
　A. The passage comes from "Gulliver's Travels" written by Jonanthan
Swift. (P115) 　　B. The author used the Ironic tone of the passage.
C. Romance (prose)/ Adventurous prose is the parody here. 　　43. "She
thanked men -good! but thanked 　　Somehow -I know not how -as if she
ranked 　　My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name 　　With anybody's
gift." 　　Questions: 　　A. Identify the poem and the poet. 　　B. What
kind of tone does the speaker use here? 　　C. What idea does the quoted
passage express? 　　Answers: 　　A. The poem is "My Last Duchess", by
Robert Browning. (P286) 　　B. The speaker is Duke, he is a villain. The
speaker uses the tone of arrogant (傲慢的) here. 　　C. The quoted passage
reveals the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man. (P287)
　　44. "This is my letter to the World 　　That never wrote to Me - 　　The
simple News that Nature told - 　　With tender Majesty" 　　Questions:
A. Identify the poet 　　B. What does the word "World" refer to? 　　C.
What idea does the quoted passage express? 　　Answers: 　　A. The poet is
Emily Dickinson. (P520) 　　B. "World" refers to the outside world. 　　C.
The poem expresses Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with
the outside world. (P520) 　　III. Questions and Answers 　　45. "For
herein Fortune shows herself more kind 　　Than in her custom; it is
still her use 　　To let the wretched man outlive his wealth, 　　To view
with hollow eye and wrinkled brow 　　An age of poverty; from which
ling'ring penance 　　Of such misery doth she cut me off." 　　The above
lines are taken from a speech made by Antonio, a major character in
Shakespeare's play The 　　Merchant of Venice. Why does Antonio say that
Fortune is more kind to him than in her custom? 　　参考答案: 　　This
sentence means she, Lady Fortune, is more kind to him because she is
taking away both his wealth 　　and life. The speaker is Antonio, it's
said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and 　　will
have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange
bond that requires Antonio to 　　pay him a pound of flesh if he can't
repay him, the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.)
(P38) 　　46. "The first shot I made among these creatures, I killed a
she-goat which had a little kid by her which 　　she gave suck to, which
grieved me heartily; but when the old one fell, the kid stood stock
still by her 　　till I came and took her up, and not only so, but when
I carried the old one with me upon my shoulders, 　　the kid followed me
quite to my enclosure, upon which I laid down the dam, and took the
kid in my arms, 　　and carried it over my pale, in hopes to have it
bred up tame, but it would not eat, so I was forced to 　　kill it and
eat it myself; these two supplied me with flesh a great while, for I
ate sparingly; and saved 　　my provisions (my bread especially) as much
as possibly I could." 　　This is a very significant sentence with great
details that reveals the character of Robinson Crusoe. 　　What aspects
of Crusoe's character are revealed then? 　　参考答案: 　　1) In most of his
works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class
and showed his 　　sympathy for the lower-class people. Robinson Crusoe
was such a character. 　　2) Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked
and marooned/landed on a lonely island, struggles to live 　　for 24
years there and finally is saved by a ship and returns to England.
During the period Robinson 　　leads a harsh and lonely life and
survives by growing corps, taming animals, etc. growing from a na?ve
young man into a hardened man. 　　3) With a great capacity for work,
inexhaustible energy (精力充沛), courage and persistence in overcoming
difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature, Crusoe
becomes the prototype / 　　representative of the empire builder, the
pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）． 　　4) In the novel,
Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitude which the middle
class praised 　　highly, so he can be regarded as a spokesman of the
bourgeois. (P98-100) 　　47. Situational irony occurs when what happens
turns out to be quite different from what is expected; 　　sometimes
what happen is just the opposite of what is expected. In "Indian
Camp," Hemingway makes a 　　successful use of this kind of irony.
Please illustrate it with some examples. 　　(本题属于超纲题，书上没有现成的答案，可忽略不计)
48. "The only thing I don't like, she proceeded, is the society."
("Daisy Miller" by Henry James) 　　What kind of society does Daisy not
like? Why? 　　参考答案: 　　She doesn't like the old world ---European life.
Because she is the American Girl in Europe, a　　celebrated cultural
type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the
keynote of her 　　character, turns out to be an admiring but a
dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the 　　Old World
finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different
cultures. (P499---500) 　　IV Topic Discussion 　　49. List three
distinctive features of English Renaissance movement in literature and
then illustrate 　　each with proofs from either the concerned chapter
in your textbook or your own reading. 　　参考答案: 　　1) The first period of
the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.
Petrarch was 　　regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the
English writers. Wyatt introduced the Petrachan sonnet 　　into England
and Surrey brought in blank verse. 　　2) The Elizabethan drama, in its
totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The Greek
　　and Roman Drams had a great influence on the Elizabeth Drama,
especially on Shakespeare's tragedies. E.g. 　　Hamlet, the first of the
great tragedies, is regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the
stage. 　　3) Francis Bacon, the first important English essayist, is
best known for his essays which greatly 　　influenced the development
of his literary form. He was the founder of modern science in England.
　　(P10---12) 　　50. "My faith is gone!" cried he (Goodman Brown), after
one stupefied moment. "There is no good on earth; 　　and sin is but a
name. Come, devil! for to thee is this world given." 　　Comment on this
passage from Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown". 　　参考答案: 　　1)
Allegorically, Young Goodman Brown becomes an Everyman called Brown,
who will be aged in one night by 　　an evil adventure, and the evilness
makes everyone a fallen idol in the world. 　　2) "My Faith is gone" is
a pun, it means my wife has disappeared or my faith to God has gone.
In the 　　angle of Symbol: "Brown look up to the Heaven and resist the
wicked one" symbols Brown has the force to 　　resist the evilness of
the Nature and he still has the faith to God; but "he is alone in the
forest" 　　symbols the society is the place full of sins and evilness,
Brown's strength is not enough at all; then 　　after returning, he
lives a dismal and gloomy life symbols he has been crushed down by the
social 　　evilness and lost his belief in goodness and piety.
(P434—435) 1.Of the following American poets, whose work was first
recognized in England and then in America? A. Robert Frost B. Walt
Whitman C. Emily Dickinson D. Wallace Stevens Answer: A (P561)
2.O'Neill's inventiveness seemingly knew no limits. He was constantly
experimenting with new styles and forms for his plays, especially
during the twenties when ______was in full swing. A. Symbolism B.
Expressionism C. Romanticism D. Realism Answer: B (P571) 3. ______is a
school of modern painting, whose emphasis is on the formal structure
of a work of art and especially on the multiple-perspective
viewpoints. A. Expressionism B. Impressionism C. Cubism D. Imagism
Answer: C (P546) 4. In a class which discuss the Imagist Movement in
the United States, we will definitely NOT include________. A. William
Carlos Williams B. Ezra Pound C. Gary Snyder D. Wallance Stevens
Answer: C (P547-548) 5.The first full-length play written by Eugene
O'Neill is ______. A. The Straw B. Beyond the Horizon C. Bound East
for Cardiff D. The Hairy Ape Answer: B (P568) 6.Fitzgerald's fictional
world is the best embodiment of the spirit of_______. A. the Jazz age
B. the Romantic Period C. the Renaissance Period D. the Neoclassical
Period Answer: A (P577) 7.Who, disregarding grammar and punctuation,
always used "I" instead of "I" to refer to himself as a protest
against self-importance? A. Cummings B. Wallance Stevens C. Fitzgerald
D. Ernest Hemingway Answer: A (P548) 8. Who is the author of the
writing "The Grapes of Wrath"? A. John Steinbeck B. Eugene O'Neill C.
Fitzgerald D. Theodore Dreiser Answer: A (P548-549) 9. Theodore
Dreiser belonged to the school of literary ______which emphasized
heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping
individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed
circumstances. A. naturalism B. realism C. determinism D. humanism
Answer: A (P524) 10.The author of "The Portrait of a Lady" is best
at_______. A. probing into the unsearched secret part of human life B.
a truthful delineation of the motives, the impulses, the principles
that shape the lives of actual men and women. C. a dramatizing the
collisions between two very different cultural systems on an
international scene D. disclosing the social injustices and evils of a
civilized society after the Civil War. Answer: C (P496) 11.The period
ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as _____________. A.
the Age of Realism B. the Age of Modernism C. the Age of Romanticism
D. the Age of Colonicalism Answer: A (P471) 12.Who exerts the simple
most important influence on literary naturalism? A. Emerson B. Jack
London C. Theodore Dreiser D. Darwin Answer: D (P475) 13. ______is
considered by H.L. Mencken as "the true father of our national
literature." A. Hemingway B. Poe C. Irving D. Twain Answer: D (P477)
14. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a
_______language. A. grand B. pompous C. simple D. vernacular Answer: D
(P481) 15.In the following writers, who is generally regarded as the
forerunner of the 20th century "Stream-of-consciousness" novels and
the founder of psychological realism______________. A. Henry James B.
Mark Twain C. Emily Dickenson D. Theodore Dreiser Answer: A (P498)
16.The greatest work written by Theodore Dreiser is__________. A.
Sister Carrie B. An American Tragedy C. The Financier D. The Titan
Answer: B (P525) 17. Of all the following issues, _____is definitely
NOT the focus of the Romantic writers in the American literary
history. A. Puritan morality B. Human bestiality C. Noble savages D.
Divinity of man Answer: B (P401) 18.Henry David Thoreau's work,
________, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of the New England
Transcendental Movement. A. Walden B. The Pioneers C. Nature D. "Song
of Myself" Answer: A (P402) 19. "Nothing is at last sacred but the
integrity of your own mind" is a famous quote from______'s writings.
A. Walt Whitman B. Henry David Thoreau C. Herman Melville D. Ralph
Waldo Emerson Answer: D (P402) 20. 'Leaves of Grass' commands great
attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of________, which
are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War
and the American Civil War. A. the democratic ideals B. the romantic
ideals C. the self-reliance spirits D. the religious ideals Answer: A
(P447) 21.According to Whitman, the genuine participation of a poet in
a common cultural effort was to behave as a supreme_________. A.
democrat B. individualist C. romanticist D. leader Answer: B (P448)
22.In the following works, which sign the beginning of the American
literature? A. The Sketch Book B. Leaves of Grass C. Leather Stocking
Tales D. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn B (P399) 23. In 1837, Ralph
Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______at Harvard, which was
hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmeasas :Our Intellectual Declaration of
Independence". A. "Self-Reliance" B. "Divinity School Address" C. "The
American Scholar" D. "Nature" Answer: C (P423) 24. In Hawthorne's
novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as________. A.
saviors B. villains C. commentators D. observers Answer: B (P432)
25.All of the following are works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
except_______. A. The House of the Seven Gables B. White Jacket C. The
Marble Faun D. The Blithedale Romance Answer: B (P431) 26. The
Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and
second, the individual is____, therefore, self-reliant. A.
insignificant B. vicious by nature C. divine D. forward-looking
Answer: C (P402) 27.The three trilogies of_____Forsyte novels are
masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century. A. D. H.
Lawrence's B. John Galsworthy's C. James Joyce's D. Thomas Hardy's
Answer: B (P337) 28. ____is the most outstanding stream-consciousness
novelist. A. T.S. Eliot B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. James Joyce D.
Oscar Wilder Answer: D (P317) 29.In his famous poem_____, Yeats
explores the problems of death, love, old age and art. A. "Leda and
the Swan" B. "No Second Troy" C. "September 1913" D. "Sailing to
Byzantium" Answer: D (P354) 30.The Rainbow and_____are generally
regarded as D.H. Lawrence's masterpieces. A. Women in Love B. Son s
and Lovers C. Lady Chatterley's Lover D. The Plumed Serpent Answer: A
(P370) 31.Galsworthy was a _____writer, having inherited the fine
traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism
such as Dickens and Thackeray. A. naturalistic B. romantic C.
realistic D. conventional Answer: D (P338) 32.In "The Lake Isle of
Innisfree", William Bulter Yeats expresses his ____________. A. hope
to go abroad B. desire to escape into a "fairyland" C. love for common
life D. hatred for war Answer: B (P356) 33.In which of the following
poems by Yeats did you find the allusion to Helen and Trojan War? A.
Sailing to Byzantium B. Down by the Sally Garden C. The Lake Isle of
Innisfree D. Leda and the Swan Answer: D (P354) 34. Which of the
following best describes the speaker of 'The Love Song of J. Alfred
Prufrock"? A. He is a man of an action. B. He is a man of apathy. C.
He is a man of inactivity. D. All the above are wrong. Answer: C
(P363) 35.Of the following writings by James Joyce, which is a prime
example of modernism in literature? A. Ulysses B. A Portrait of the
Artist as a Yong Man C. Dubliners D. Finnegans Wake Answer: A (P386)
36. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens's works lies in
his ______. A.social criticism B.optimism C.character-portrayal
D.social setting Answer: C (P241) 37._____is based on the Celtic
legends of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. A.In
Memoriam B."Ulysses" C.Idylls of the King D.The Princess Answer: C
(P275) 38._____works are known as "novels of characters and
environment." A.Charles Dickens's B.George Eliot's C.Jane Austen's
D.Geroge Eliot's Answer: B (P300) 39.____belives that man's fate is
predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of 'nature", both
inside and outside. A.Charles Dickens B.Thomas hardy C.Bernard Shaw
D.T.S. Eliot Answer: B (P301) 40.The author of the work "Dombey and
Son" is _________. A.Charles Dickens B.Henry James C.Robert Lee Frost
D.Ezra Pound Answer: A (P239—240) 41. "Self-conceited", "cruel" and
"tyrannical" are most likely the names of the character in______.
A.Robert Browning's 'My Last Duchess' B.Christopher Marlowe's
'Dr.Faustus' C.Shakespeare's Love's 'Labour's lost' D.Sheridan's 'The
School for Scandal' Answer: A (P287) 42. According to D.H. Lawrence,
_____was the first novelist that "started putting all the actions
inside". A.George Eliot B.Thomas Hardy C.Charles Dickens D.T.S. Eliot
Answer: A (P236) 43.'Every day, every hour, brought to him one more
little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his", the sentence
is found in_____. A.Middlemarch by George Eliot B.Tess of the
D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy C.Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
D.Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Answer: B (P309) 44.Which of the
following best describes the protagonist (Henchard) of Thomas Hardy's
"The Mayor of the Casterbridge"? A.He is a man of self-esteem B.He is
a man of self-contempt C.He is a man of self-confidence D.He is a man
of self-sufficiency Answer: D (P300) 45.It is _____who established the
cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit.
A.Jean Jacques Rousseau B.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe C.Edmund Burke
D.Thomas Paine Answer: A (P157) 46._____defines the poet as "man
speaking to men," and poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility."
A.William Blake B.William Wordsworth C.Samuel Taylor Coleridge D.John
Keats Answer: B (P161) 47._____is regarded as a "worship of nature".
A.John Keats B.William Blake C.William Wordsworth D.Jane Austen
Answer: C (P176) 48.Wordsworth's short poems can be classified into
two groups: poems about nature and poems about________. A.love B.human
life C.freedom D.social activities Answer: B (P176) 49."Don Juan" is
Byron's masterpiece, a great ______of the early 19th century. A.comedy
B.tragedy C.comic epic D.novel Answer: C (P194) 50. In Shelly's "To a
Skylark", the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours
forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet________. A.both
celestial rapture and human limitation B.both image creation and
profound meaning C.both music and words D.both inspiration and skills
of writing Answer: A (P206) 51.Which of the following is the Gothic
novel? A.Shelly's Prometheus Unbound B.Keats' Lamia C.Mary Shelly's
Frankenstein D.Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice Answer: C (P166)
52.Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the
characteristics of Renaissance? A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and
Greek culture. B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval
Europe. C.Exaltation of man's pursuit of happiness in his life, and
tolerance of man's foibles. D.Praise of man's efforts in soul delivery
and personal salvation. Answer: D (P7) 53._____ introduced the
Petrarchan sonnet into England. A.Anglos/ Saxons B.Normans/
Anglo-Saxons C.Greeks/ Romans D.Romans/ Normans Answer: B (P11)
54.Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally
brought to its last perfection ______Dryden had successfully used in
his plays. A.the heroic couplet B.the free verse C.the blank verse
D.the Spenserian stanza Answer: A (P92) 55. ____was very much
concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes and tried to
awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his
writing. A.Samuel Johnson B.Jonathan Swift C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan
D.Thomas Gray Answer: A (P132) 56. As the representative of the
Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce___to England.
A.Rationalism B.Criticism C.Romanticism D.Realism Answer: A (P91)
61.Although _______ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks
of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A.
William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser
Answer: C 62.The author of "The Portrait of a Lady" is best at_______.
A. probing into the unsearched secret part of human life B. a truthful
delineation of the motives, the impulses, the principles that shape
the lives of actual men and women. C. a dramatizing the collisions
between two very different cultural systems on an international scene
D. disclosing the social injustices and evils of a civilized society
after the Civil War. Answer: C (P496) 63.As a literary figure, John
Rivers appears in _______. A. Fielding's Tom Jones B. Dickens's Oliver
Twist C. Bronte's Jane Eyre D. Austen's Pride and Prejudice Answer: C
64.The poetic view of ______ can be best understood from his remark
about poetry, that is, "all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings." A. Samuel Taylor Coleridge B. John Keats C.
William Wordsworth D. Percy Bysshe Shelly Answer: C 65.Pip, Estella,
Havisham, Magwitch, and Joe Gargery are most likely names of
characters in _______. A. Oliver Twist B. David Copperfield C. Bleak
House D. Great Expectations Answer: B 66.In English poetry the _______
is regarded as the most common foot. 　　A. iamb 　　B. anapest 　　C.
trochee 　　D. dactyl 　　Answer: A 67. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth
Bennet finds out some weak points about herself in the process of
judging others. Which of the following is NOT a weak point of hers?
A. Blindness. 　　B. Partiality. 　　C. Snobbishness. 　　D. Prejudice.
Answer: C 68."Five miles meandering with a mazy motion 　　Through wood
and dale the sacred river ran, 　　Then reached the caverns measureless
to man, 　　And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean." 　　The above lines
are taken from ______. 　　A. Wordsworth's "The Solitary Reaper" 　　B.
Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" 　　C. Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" 　　D.
Keats's "Ode on an Grecian Urn" 　　Answer: C 69.In the conversation
with his wife in Chapter One of Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bennet uses
a(n) ______ 　　tone with sarcastic humor. 　　A. solemn 　　B. harsh 　　C.
arrogant 　　D. teasing 　　Answer: D 70. Charles Dickens takes the French
Revolution as the background of his novel ______. 　　A. Great
Expectations 　　B. A Tale of Two Cities 　　C. Bleak House 　　D. Oliver
Twist 　　Answer: B71."Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of
your own mind" is a famous quote from _______'s　　writings. 　　A. Walt
Whitman 　　B. Henry David Thoreau 　　C. Herman Melville 　　D. Ralph Waldo
Emerson 　　Answer: D 72.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage
benefited the Americans in _______. 　　A. strengthening their moral
values 　　B. weakening their religious faith 　　C. knowing truth
intuitively 　　D. developing their science and technology 　　Answer: A
73.As a naturalist writer, Theodore Dreiser was greatly influenced by
_______. 　　A. Nathaniel Hawthorne 　　B. Charles Darwin 　　C. Henry James
　　D. Ralph Waldo Emerson 　　Answer: B 74. Robert Frost is a regional
poet in the sense that his poems are mainly concerned about the
_______. 　　A. life in New York 　　B. country life in New England 　　C.
sea adventures 　　D. life on the Mississippi 　　Answer: B 75.The
following belong to "The Lost Generation" except . 　　A.Ezra Pound
B.Robert Frost 　　C.Theodore Dreiser 　　D.William Carlos Williams 【答案】：C
76.（2001.4，选择39）Which of the following novels can be regarded as
typically belonging to the school of literary modernism? （ ）. 　　A. The
Sound and the Fury. 　　B. Uncle Tom's Cabin. 　　C. Daisy Miller. 　　D.
The Gilded age. 　　【答疑编号30203105：针对该题提问】 　　答案：A
分析：只有A项《喧嚣与骚动》是现代文学的代表。 77.（2002.4，选择35）In "After Apple Picking,"
Robert Frost wrote: "For I have had too much/Of apple – picking: I am
overtired/Of the great harvest I myself desired." From these lines we
can conclude that the speaker is （ ）. 　　A. happy about the harvest
B. still very much interested in After Apple Picking 　　C. expecting a
greater harvest 　　D. indifferent to what he once desired
【答疑编号30203106：针对该题提问】 　　答案：D
分析：句子意思为：因为我已经摘了太多/苹果：我现在已十分厌倦/我自己曾渴望的大丰收。所以答案应为D。 78.（2002.4，选择37）The
Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their （ ）. 　　A.
indestructible spirit 　　B. pessimistic view of life 　　C. war
experiences 　　D. masculinity 　　【答疑编号30203108：针对该题提问】 　　答案：A
分析：海明威作品中典型人物都生活在充满紧张和战斗的世界里，人类总是打败仗，但打败仗也要有尊严，人类的肉体可以消亡，但精神永远不可战胜。正确答案应为A。
79..（2002.4，选择40）In Hemingway's "Indian Camp", Nick's night trip to
the Indian village and his experience inside the hut can be taken as （
）. 　　A. an essential lesson about Indian tribes 　　B. a confrontation
with evil and sin 　　C. an initiation to the harshness of life 　　D. a
learning process in human relationship 　　【答疑编号30203110：针对该题提问】 　　答案：C
　分析：尼克在印第安营地，看他父亲给一位妇女接生，用大剪力却不麻醉，这件事给他带来了窘迫和不安，使尼克开始接触了生和死的痛苦和粗暴。
80."Ulysses" was written in the form of . 　　A.short lyric 　　B.essay
C. story 　　D.dramatic monologue 　　答案：D 　　分析：《尤利西斯》以戏剧独白的形式写成。
zaizai2008普通会员会员等级: 小学生发帖数量: 119精华数量: 0 所持现金: 123巴士币 银行状态:尚未开户 用户积分:
0注册日期: 2008-04-08# 6 2008-04-20 11:2381.（2001.4，选择14）"My Last Duchess"
is a poem that best exemplifies Robert Browning's（ ）. 　　A. sensitive
ear for the sounds of the English language 　　B. excellent choice of
words 　　C. mastering of the metrical devices 　　D. use of the dramatic
monologue 　　【答疑编号30104102：针对该题提问】 　　答案：D
分析：《我已故的公爵夫人》是布朗宁最著名的一篇戏剧独白诗。 82..（2001.4，选择15）Here is a passage from
Middlemarch, a novel by George Eliot:"Her blooming full – pulsed youth
stood there in a moral imprisonment which, made itself one with the
chill colourless, narrowed landscape, with the shrunken furniture, the
never – read books, and the ghostly stag in a pale fantastic world
that seemed to be vanishing from the daylight." 　　Who is the lady
mentioned in the quoted passage? （ ） 　　A. Dorothea 　　B. Emma 　　C.
Molly 　　D. Irene 　　【答疑编号30104103：针对该题提问】 　　答案：A
分析：此题考查考生对乔治•艾略特作品《弥都玛持镇》内容的掌握。 83..（2002.4，选择17）The typical feature
of Robert Browning's poetry is the （ ）. 　　A. bitter satire 　　B. larger
– than – life caricature 　　C. Latinized diction 　　D. dramatic
monologue 　　【答疑编号30104106：针对该题提问】 　　答案：D
分析："戏剧独白"这一体裁，是布朗宁的一个创造，是他对英语诗歌形式的一个贡献。这种诗通过主人公的自白，来表现人物的命运及各种场面。
84.The literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects
of characters is usually termed as . 　　A.dramatic monologue 　　B.heroic
couplet 　　C.stream of consciousness 　　D.prose epic 　　【答案】：C
【分析】：直接写出角色没有从语言反映出的心理活动成让角色以独白形式讲出内心最深处的思想的文学手法通常称为"意识流"。 布莱克 William
Blake 诗人与雕刻家，曾被人认为天才和疯子 From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual
mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. declare that \"I know that
This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision,\"and that \"The Nature
of my work is visionary or imaginative\".
他认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，他的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满了想象与幻觉。
主要作品：《天真之歌》《经验之歌》《天堂与地狱联姻》《老虎》《先知书》 Poetical Sketches is his first
printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse. Marriage of
Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻 Blake\'s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his
entry into maturity. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of
the contraries. 写作特色：Blake writes his poems in plain and direct
language语言直白朴素. His poems ofen carry the lyric beauty with immense
compression of meaning.他的诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽以及深远的意义。 He distructs the
abstractness他不喜欢抽象的词汇 and tends to embody his view with visual images.
Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his
poetry.并常用实实在在的比喻及形象来体现他的视野。The Symbolism in wide range is also a
distinctive feature of his poetry.
大范围的使用象征也是他作品的鲜明特征.plain,direct,lyric.beauty,symbolism 选读作品： The songs
of Innocence: 天真之歌 It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy
and innocent world. though not without its evils and suffering.
表述了宗教只是一种安慰，一种想象中的极乐世界的社会环境。 The songs of Experience 经验之歌 It paints a
different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and
repression with a melancholy/doleful: 悲哀的tone. Childhood is central to
Blake\'s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience,
and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical
reference.揭示出宗教的本来面目，即为儿童带来灾难痛苦。 indicates the conditions of the
exploitation被剥削的 of child labour,which make religion a
consolation起安慰作用的, reveals the true nature of religion which helps
bring misery to the poor children. the tyger 老虎（历年考题长考这首） suggests
fear,represents energy,symbolizes the French Revolution in 1789;\'the
forest of the night\' symbolizes the world of experience;\'fearful
symmetry\'suggests the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God\'s
creation. 第四节诗人把老虎的创造过程同铁匠造物结合起来，进一步加强感叹的效果。
第五节中诗人暗示：创造和平纯洁的也可以制造出恐怖的力量，制造出暴力以及可怕的东西。 Read the quoted part and
answer the questions: 1. \"A little black thing among the snow Crying
\"'weep! 'weep! In notes of woe \"where are thy father & mother? Say?
\" \"They are both gone up to the church to prey.\" (1)Identify the
poem and poet. (2)Explain \"notes of woe\". (3)What does the sentence
mean \"they ate both gone up to the church to prey.\" Answer: (1)It is
from \"The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of experience) by Blake.(P172)
(2)\"notes of woe\" means the songs/notes of sadness. (3)It implies:
religion is the instrument of their repression/ oppression, its nature
is to help bring misery to the poor children.(P169) 2 \"Then naked &
white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in
the wind, And the angle told Tom, if he'd be a good bye, He'd have God
for his father, and never want joy.\" (1)Identify the poem and its
poet; (2)What does the poem implies? Answer: (1) The poem is take from
\"The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence)\", which was written
by William Blake.(p171) (2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy
and innocent world, though the wretched child are exploited and
orphaned, they had nice dream for life and the world, which implies
religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from religion, they
can get consolation and an \"illusory happiness\".(p168) English
Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the
publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have
ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the
first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 浪漫主义时期英国"湖畔派"
英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家，是华兹华斯（1770－1850）、柯勒律治（1772－1834）和骚塞（1774－1843）。他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名"湖畔派"。
华兹华斯/Wordworth 为他和柯勒律治共同创作的《抒情歌谣集》/Lyrical Ballads
所作的序言，被认为是英国浪漫主义文学的宣言。 华兹华斯/Wordworth
十分热爱并善于描写大自然，被誉为"自然的诗人"，代表作是《序曲》，柯勒律治/Coleridge 的代表作是长诗《古舟子咏》。
subjects and the faculties本质 of the Romanticism. The subjects are:
love, nature, nationalism, individualism, The faculties they cherished
are: imagination, spontaneity自发性,
浪漫主义的本质特征是主观性与抒情性。浪漫主义者崇尚大自然，歌颂自然之美。浪漫主义者重视民间文学，艺术上喜用夸张手法，追求强烈的美丑对比和出奇制胜的艺术效果。
. 浪漫主义文学家认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，同时可以净化人的心灵。 浪漫主义者还体现了强烈的民族精神。
哥特小说也是浪漫主义的一部分，它盛行于英国18世纪末浪漫主义前期。The Renaissance Period 1. age:
1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient
Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially in
literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church
3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and
sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and
Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the
universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his
worldly happiness Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓賽 1. The poet's poet; 2.
Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a
lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealism The Faerie
Queen 仙后 (The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌) An allegory;
"a historical poem" to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a
hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful loves
Christopher Marlowe 克里斯扥夫.馬洛 （Blank verse University wit） 1. perfected
blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama
2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English
drama Dr Fauctus 浮士德博士 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人 1.
symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend
of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic
end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil William Shakespeare
威廉.莎士比亞 The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a
creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use
of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and
a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just
sovereign is a necessity—"The King's government must be carried on"
(在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的) (Each hero has his weekness of nature:
Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between
action and mind; Othello's inner weakness is made use of by the
outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give
up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and
Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to
incessant crimes.) literature should be a combination of beauty,
kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality Sonnets 十四行詩
The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 Hamlet 哈姆雷特 (Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯;
The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and
Juliet; Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King
Lear, and Macbeth 1. 154 poems; English form 2. The traditional theme
of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio,
to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and
to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people
today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians' hypocrisy
and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways
of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews
(Shylock). 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the
qualities of a "blood-and-thunder" thriller and a philosophical
exploration of life and death Francis Bacon 弗蘭西斯.培根 a well known
philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern
science; his "Essays" is an important landmark in the development of
English prose brevity\compactness\powerfulness Of Studies 论学习 It
analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by
different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence
over human character John Donne 約翰.鄧恩 John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 the leading
figure(代表人物) of the "metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be
divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The
songs and Sonnets a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and
attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than
static A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a
Christian humanist  English Literature Chapter I An Introduction to
Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance Period I. Choose
the right answer: 1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of
a magician aspiring for ____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a
result of selling his soul to the Devil. A.British/ immorality
B.French/money C.German/knowledge D.American/political power Answer: C
(可参考课本P21) 2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is
regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Wife's
Complaint B.Beowulf C.The Dream of the Rood D.The Seafarer Answer: B
(可参考课本P1) 3.It's Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English
literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the
English Society in his masterpiece__________. A.The Canterbury Tales
B.The Legend of Good Women C.Troilus and Criseyde D. The Romaunt of
the Rose. Answer: A (可参考课本P4) 4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most
significant intellectual movement, was_____. A. Geographical
exploration B. Religious reformation C. Publishing and translation D.
Humanism. Answer: D (可参考课本P8) 5. "Prince Arthur's greatest mission is
his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a
love vision."The two figures come from_____. A.Paradise Lost B.Dr.
Faustus C.The Faerie Queene D.Hamlet Answer: C (可参考课本P13) 6. In
"Sonnet 18", Shakespeare_________________. A.Meditate on the
destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry. B.Satirize
human's vanity. C.Predict the eternity of love. D.Eulogize the power
of the beauty. Answer: A (P37) 7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank
verse with his "mighty lines" and make 'blank verse' the principle
vehicle of expression in drama. A.Surrey B.Wyatt C.Marlowe D.Sidney
Answer: C (P21) 8. Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are the following
works except____. A.Hamlet B.King Lear C.Romeo and Juliet D.Othello
Answer: C (P33) 9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th
century, which was under the reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in
England reached its summit, and in which the 'real mainstream
(真正的文学主流)' was ____. A.Victoria/poetry B.Elizabeth/ drama C.Mary/
novel D.James/ drama Answer: B (P11) 10. In The Legend of Good Women,
Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of
iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____. A.The Spenserian
stanza B.The heroic couplet C.The blank verse D.The free verse Answer:
B (P5) 11. The Redcrosse Knight in "The Faerie Queene" stands
for_____, and Una stands for_____. A.bravery/ chastity B.holiness/
truth C.error/ delivery D.true gentleman/ lady. Answer: B (P16) 12.
Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics
of Renaissance? A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.
B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.
C.Exaltation of man's pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance
of man's foibles. D.Praise of man's efforts in soul delivery and
personal salvation. Answer: D (P7) 13. "The slings and arrows of
outrageous fortune" is an example of ______. A.Metaphor B.Simile
C.Irony D.Personification Answer: A (P55) 14. _____ introduced the
Petrarchan sonnet into England. A.Anglos/ Saxons B.Normans/
Anglo-Saxons C.Greeks/ Romans D.Romans/ Normans Answer: B (P11) 15. It
is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented
to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his
time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of
life. A.Edmund Spenser B.Geoffrey Chaucer C.William Shakespeare D.John
Donne Answer: B (P4) 16. The following belong to the characteristics
of 'metaphysical poetry' represented by 'John Donne' except___.
A.Conceits B.Actual imagery and simple diction C.Argumentative form
D.Elegant style Answer: D (P63) 17. Paradise Lost is actually a story
taken from____. A.Greek Mythology B.Roman legend C.The Old Testament
D.The New Testament Answer: C (P73) 18. In "Paradise Lost", Satan says
"We may with more successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile
eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe" What does the "Eternal
war" mean? A.To remove God from his throne B.To burn the Heaven Down
C.To corrupt God's creation of man and woman-----Adam and Eve D.To
beguile into a snake to threaten man's life Answer: C (P71, 节选部分在P75)
19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as
Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities
of a "blood-and-thunder" thriller and a 'philosophical exploration' of
life and death. A.The Merchant of Venice B.Hamlet C.King Lear D.The
Winter's Tale Answer: B (P33) 20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests
that provided the source for the rise and growth of English
literature. A.Anglos/ Saxons B.Normans/ Anglo-Saxons C.Romans/ Normans
D.Greeks/ Romans Answer: B (P1) 21. Paradise Lost is ___'s
masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse,
about the heroic revolt of Satan against God's authority. A.John Donne
B.Christopher Marlowe C.John Milton D.Edmund Spenser Answer: C (P71)
22. The following description fit into Milton 'except'_____. A.a great
revolutionary poet of the 17th century B.an outstanding political
pamphleteer C.a great stylist and master of blank verse D.a kind of
elegant and refine style. Answer: D (P70---73) 23. _____is not written
by John Milton. A.Samson Agonistes B.Paradise Lost C.Paradise regained
D.Tamburlaine Answer: D (P71) 24. Marlow's greatest achievement is
that he perfected the 'blank verse', and he is regarded as 'the
pioneer of English drama', which of the following is not written by
him? A.Tamburlaine B.The Jew of Malta C.The Passionate to His Love
D.The Sun Rising Answer: D (P20) 25. ____Essays is the first example
of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an
important landmark in the development of English prose. A.John
Milton's B.Francis Bacon's C.Montaigne's D.Thomas Gray's Answer: B
(P58) 26. _____Was known as "the poets' poet". A.William Shakespeare
B.Edmund Spenser C.John Donne D.John Milton Answer: B (P15) 27. "And
we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A
cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle."
The above lines are probably taken from______. A.Spenser's The Faerie
Queene B.John Donne's The Sun Rising C.Shakespeare's Sonnet 18
D.Marlow's The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Answer: D (P28) 28.
Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of
Shakespeare's Sonnet 18? A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.
B.The speaker satirizes human vanity. C.The speaker praises the power
of artistic creation. D.The speaker meditates on man's salvation.
Answer: C (P37) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:
1."For herein Fortune shows herself more kind Than is her custom. It
is still her use To let the wretched man outlive his wealth, To view
with hollow eye and wrinkled brow An age of poverty; from which
ling'ring penance Of such misery doth she cut me off" 1.Identify the
title of the works and author. 2.Explain "from which…cut me off".
3.What happened to him, which caused the words? 参考答案: The lines are
from "The Merchant of Venice", William Shakespeare. (P48) 2) This
sentence means she, 'Lady Fortune(命运女神)', is more kind to him because
she is taking away both his wealth and life. 3) The speaker is
Antonio, it's said that his ship have all been lost, and he is
penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock
has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of
flesh if he can't repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend
in due time.) (P38) 2."Read not to contract and confuse, not to
believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to
weigh and consider" 1)Identify the work and author. 2)What idea does
the passage express? 参考答案： 1) The sentence comes from "Of Studies"
written by 'Francis Bacon'. (P61) 2) The Sentence talks about the
proper way to read: When you read, don't be puzzled by the content of
the book; don't take it for granted; don't quote too much from the
book; before accepting its idea, you'd better think about its
shortcomings and consider it from all sides. 3." Nor lose possession
of that fair thou ow'st; Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his
shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st: So long as men can
breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to
thee. 1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it? What does
"eternal lines" mean? Interpret it briefly. 参考答案： 1) The poem is "
Shall I Compare thee to a Summer's Day", by Shakespeare. (P38) 2)
Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets. (P38) 3)
It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten
you with darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they
will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you
eternal life. (Or A nice summer's day is usually transient, but the
beauty in poetry can last for ever. (P37) 4."… All is no lost: the
unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage
never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?……
Irreconcilable to our grand Foe" 1) Please identify the poem and the
poet. 2) Interpret"all is not lost". 3) What does the whole passage
mean? 参考答案： 1) It is taken from John Milton's "Paradise Lost".(P74) 2)
"all is not lost" is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels
rebel against God, but they are driven from Heaven into hell. In the
fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he
says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and
the courage to fight till death still remain. (P71) 3) This passage
shows Satan's will not to submit (服从), and the desire to long for
freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful
and disgraceful than the downfall.(P71) 5."If he be not apt to beat
over matters, let him study the lawyer's cases. So every defect of the
mind may have a special receipt." Questions: 3)What does "beat over
matters" mean? 4)What does "receipt' refer to? 5)From which essay does
the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about? 参考答案： 1)It
means: make through examinations of things. (P63) 2)"Receipt" refers
to cure, prescription. (P63) 3)The sentences are from "Of Studies"
(Francis Bacon). It is the most popular of bacon's essays. It analyzes
what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by
different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence
over human character. (P60—61) 6."What, is great Mephistophilis to
passionate For being deprived of the joys of heaven? Learn thou of
Faustus manly fortitude And scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.
…… Say he will spare him Four and twenty years Letting him live in all
voluptuousness Having thee ever to attend on me… Questions: 1)Identify
the passage and author; 2)"Say he surrenders up to him his soul", who
will surrender his soul? What for? 3)Who are thee? What will he do?
参考答案： 1) The passage comes from "Dr.Faustus" written by Christopher
Marlowe. (P25—26) 2) Dr.Faustus will surrender his soul to devil.
Because he was a great scholar who has a strong desire to 'get
knowledge' in vain, finally he 'made a bond' to sell his soul to Devil
in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he
desires. (P22) 3) The "thee", refers to "Mephistophilis", the Devil's
servant. He helped Dr.Faustus to do anything he wants. (P22) 7."Busy
old fool, unruly sun, Why does thou thus, Through windows and through
curtains call on us?" Questions: 6)Identify the work and author.
7)What idea does the passage express? 参考答案: 1)The passage comes from
"The Sun Rising", written by 'John Donne'. (P66) 2) The speaker
questions the sun's authority and speaks condescendingly, placing the
sun in the status of a subordinate. In the lover's kingdom, the sun
has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His
presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy. III.
Questions and answers: 1.How do you know about Renaissance? Give a
summery about English literature in the period? (No more than 150
words) 参考答案: 1.The Renaissance refers to the period between
14th----mid-17th century. It first started in Italy. 2.The Renaissance
means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek
culture. 3.In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which
the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the
old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that
expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to
recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman
Catholic church. 4.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is
the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature
and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. They
thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the
ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the
appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and
drama were the most outstanding literary forms. 5.Shakespeare, Marlowe
and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the
English Renaissance. (可参考课本P7---12) 2. Please give a brief analysis of
Hamlet's "To be or not to be" soliloquy (独白). 参考答案: "To be or not to
be" is 'a philosophical exploration of life and death'. The soliloquy
condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the
world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so 'speculative,
questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy'. It was not because
he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his
'hesitative/hesitant character', when the chance for action came, it
seemed defeat. It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden
of the duty to revenge his father's death, he is forced to live in the
suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that
it would be better to 'commit suicide', but being scared of what might
happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the
sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not
carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys 'the sense of world-weariness
(厌世)' . (P33-34) 3. What common features do the characters share in
Marlow's works? (No more than 150 words) 参考答案: The creation of The
Renaissance hero is one of Marlow's contributions. 1)Such a hero is
always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the
challenge from god and men. They had human dignity and capacity,
trying to get heaven/highest ideas on the earth by their own efforts.
2)For example: Tamburlaine is a character written by Marlowe. By
depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal forc4e in
conquering, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of man for infinite/
limitless power and authority. In Dr.Faustus, Marlowe celebrated the
human passion for knowledge, power and happiness. 3) Tamburlaine and
Dr.Faustus are typical in owning such Renaissance spirit, Tamburlaine,
being a cruel conquer, found happiness in conquering other kingdom.
Only death could defeat him. While Dr.Faustus, a more introspective
and philosophical figure, had high spirit for knowledge but he had sin
for having despair in God and trust in Devil. (P20—22) 4. What are the
main themes of Shakespeare's plays? 参考答案： Shakespeare's plays are
divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays. 1) His
historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might
and just sovereign/ruler is necessary. 2)In his romantic comedies, he
takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth. 3)In
his tragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who
faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and
whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero
has his weakness of nature. We also see the conflict between the
individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters
are always individuals representing certain types. 5. Please comment
on the character of Satan in "Paradise Lost." 参考答案： Satan is a
rebellious (叛逆的) figure against God in literature, defeated, he and
his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept
his failure, swearing that "all was not lost" and that he would
revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of
Satan's character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle
class. While he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness. 6.
What are the characteristics of the Humanism? 参考答案： 1)'Humanism' is
the essence of Renaissance. 2)Humanists see that human beings were
glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction
of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to
despise (轻视) but to 'question, explore, and enjoy'. 3)They also
believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of
this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform
wonders (创造奇迹). (P8) 英国浪漫主义与古典主义的区别（重点）： (1)The Romantic Movement
expressed negative attitude toward the existing social and political
condition, the Romantics saw the corruption and injustice of the
inhumanity of capitalism; (2)The Neo saw man as a social; while Rom
saw him as an individual in the solitary state; (3)Neo stressed the
common features of men; but the Rom stressed the special qualities of
each individual's mind; (4)Neo celebrated rationality, equality and
science of the outside world; while Rom changed to the inner world of
the human spirit, whose theory saw the individual as the center of all
experience; (5)The literature of Neo was heavily didactic and
moralizing. There were fixed laws for each type of literature; Rom
expressed his feeling, valued accuracy in portraying, they thought
literature should be free from all rules. (6)The most important form
in Neo was prose; while Rom was an age of poetry. (书上160-161) thoughts
and event influenced the period of Romanticism 影响浪漫主义时期的思想和事件 (1)
Rousseau (a French philosopher) explored new ideas about nature,
society and education, which provided guiding priding principles for
the French Revolution and Romanticism;
法国哲学家卢梭探索出自然、社会与教育的新思想。卢梭的这些想法为法国大革命和浪漫主义提供了必要的指导。 (2) The French
Revolution and the Declaration of Rights of Man"(written by Thomas
Paine)aroused the great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English
liberals and radicals,which became a great source for Romanticism.
法国革命和人权宣言的发表引起了英国自由主义与激进主义者强烈的同情和热情。 (3) England itself had
experienced profound 意义深远的 economic and social changes as
industrialism,which were reflected in the works of literature.
(P157-159)The Neoclassical Period I. Choose the right answer: 1.
____brings Henry Fielding the name of the \"Prose Homer\". A.The
Pilgrim's Progress B.Tom Jones C.Robison Crusoe D.Colonel Jack Answer:
B (P122) 2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and
finally brought to its last perfection ______Dryden had successfully
used in his plays. A.the heroic couplet B.the free verse C.the blank
verse D.the Spenserian stanza Answer: A (P92) 3. Of all the 18th
century novelists ___was the first to set out, both in theory and
practice, to write specially a \"comic epic in prose.\"A.Henry
Fielding B.Daniel Defoe C.Jonathan Swift D.John Bunyan Answer: A
(P120) 4. ____is the most successful religious allegory in the English
language. A.Genesis A B.The Holy War C.The Pilgrims progress D.Exodus
Answer: C (P85) 5. In which of the following works can you find the
proper names \"Lilliput\", \"Brobdingnag\", \"Houyhnhnm\" and
\"Yahoo\"? A.The Pilgrim's Progress B.The Faririe Queene C.Gulliver's
travels D.The School of Scandel Answer: C (P108) 6. \"As shades more
sweetly recommend the light, So modest plainness sets off sprightly
wit; For works may have more wit than does'em good As bodies perish
through excess of blood.\" In the above lines, Pope tries to sat
that_______. A.more wit will make better poetry B.plainness is more
important than wit in poetry C.too much wit will destroy good poetry
D.plainness will make wit dull Answer: C (P93-94) 7. The Rape of the
Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the form of a mock______, which
describes the triviality of high society in a grand style. A.epic
B.elegy C.sonnet D.ode Answer: A (P92) 8. Which of the following is
NOT a typical feature of Samuel Johnson's language style? A.His
sentences are long and well structured. B.His sentences are interwoven
with parallel words. C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words.
D.His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly
expressed. Answer: C (P132) 9. \"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of
power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike
the inevitable hour. In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends
to say that great family, power, beauty and wealth___________. A.will
never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory.
B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreams C.are the
very best things to lead people to their glories D.will never prevent
people from reaching their final destination---grave.Answer: D (P154)
10. ____has been regarded by some as \"Father of the English novel\"
for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern
novel.A.John Bunyan B.Henry Fielding C.Daniel Defoe D.Johnathan Swift
Answer: B (P121) 11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the
vanity of human wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped
to cure them of it through his writing. A.Samuel Johnson B.Jonathan
Swift C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Thomas Gray Answer: A (P132) 12.
____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century, in his
plays, morality is the constant theme. A.Alexander Pope B.Richard
Brinsley Sheridan C.Samuel Johnson D.George Bernard Shaw Answer: B
(P136) 13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of
the first to introduce___to England. A.Rationalism B.Criticism
C.Romanticism D.Realism Answer: A (P91) 14. The Rivals and ____are
generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A.The School for Scandal B.The
Duenna C.Widower's Houses D.The Doctor's Dilemma Answer: A (P137) 15.
____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧) of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England. A.The
Rivals B.Gulliver's Travels C.Toms Jones D.The School for Scandal
Answer: D (P138) 16. The poem \"Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard\" by Thomas Gray is regarded as the most representative
work of _____. A.The Metaphysical School B.The Graveyard School C.The
Gothic School D.The Romantic School Answer: B (P152) 17. _______,
written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English
Neoclassicism. A.An Essay of Dramatic Poetry B.An Essay on Criticism
C.The Advancing of learning D.An Essay on Freedom Answer: B (P93) 18.
______is a typical feature of Swift's writings. A.Elegant style
B.Causal narration C.Bitter satire D.Complicated sentence structure
Answer: C (P107) 19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding,
which brings him the name of the \"Prose Homer\"? A.The Coffee---House
Politician. B.The Tragedy of Tragedies. C.The History of Tom Jones, A
Foundling. D.The History of Amelia. Answer: C (P120) 20. \"Hold! See
whether it is or not before you go to the door----I have a particular
message for you if it should be my brother.\" The two sentences are
found in ________. A.The School for Scandal B.The Rivals C.The Critic
D.The Scheming Lieutenant Answer: A (P139) 21. In terms of Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard, which is wrong? A.The author employs
metaphor in this poem. B.The author excessively expresses his personal
melancholy. C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the
unknown. D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring
havoc on them. Answer: B (P152-153) 22. The Houyhnhnms depicted by
Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are________. A.horses that are
endowed with reason. B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable
qualities C.giants that are superior in wisdom. D.Hairy, wild, low and
despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance
but also in some other ways. Answer: A (P108) II. Read the quoted part
and answer the questions: 1. \"Words are like leaves; and where they
most abound, Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. False
eloquence, like the prismatic glass, Its gaudy colors spreads on every
place; The face of Nature we no more survey, All glares alike, without
distinction gay.\" Questions: 1) Identify the author and the passage;
2) Name the devices used in the passage with examples; 3) Explain
\"Words….found\". 4) What is the mainly implied idea of the passage?
参考答案： 1) The passage is from Pope's \"An Essay on Criticism\". (P94)
2) In the passage the author used \"Simile\" the device, e.g. \"Words
are like leaves\" and \"false eloquence, like the prismatic glass'
etc. 3) The sentence means: Where/When too many words are used, they
seldom express much sense. 4) The passage implies authors shouldn't
stress too much the artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty
of language, they should pay special attention to True Wit, which is
best set in the plain style. (just as too many leaves will cover the
fruits, too gaudy/ showy glass will hide the face the Nature, too
false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.) 2.
\"Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and
destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short
and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of
power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike
the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave.\"
Questions: 1) Identify the author and the works; 2) What does \"the
inevitable hour\"? 3) Explain the first stanza; 4) What does the whole
passage imply. 参考答案： 1) This is Thomas Gray's \"Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard\". 托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》(P154) 2) \"The inevitable
hour\" means time of death. (P156) 3) The first stanza means: The men
with ambition and high position shouldn't laugh at the ordinary people
for their simple life and hard work. 4) In the passage, the poet
reflects on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy, or how
important and humble, every is equal before death, the author
givesmuch sympathy to the poor and unknown (P153) III. Questions and
answers: 1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters
of the literature. 参考答案： 1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,
also known as \"the Age of Enlightenment\" or \"the age of Reason\".
2)Its background was: a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference
of values; b.It was an age of fast development for English to become
the first powerful capitalist country in the world; c.It was an age of
economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.
3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual
movement. 4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance
and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and
science. They advocated universal education, which could make people
rational and prefect, they believed. 5)In literature, The
Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the
ancient Greek and Roman classical works; the works at the time,
heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every
type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel
predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic
Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable
authors Pope, Defoe, etc. 2.Please cite examples from \"Gulliver's
Travels\" to explain briefly how did Swift criticized and allude to
the government and the society. 参考答案: 1)In the first part of the
\"Gulliver's Travels\", Swift described the tricks and practices in
the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that
the success of the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence
but for their skills in the games; 2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift
made horses with reason and good qualities. The citizens who are
\"hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings
not only in appearance but also in almost every way\" to
criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life,and
urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109)
3. People always say that: \"As a member of the middle class, Defoe
spoke for and to the members of his class\" . How do you understand
this sentence? Please explain it with the character of him. 参考答案： 1)
In most of his works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working,
sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the lower-class
people. Robinson Crusoe was such a character. 2) Robison goes out to
sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned/landed on a lonely island,
struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship
and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a harsh and
lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming animals, etc.
growing from a naive young man into a hardened man. 3) With a great
capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛), courage and
persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling
against nature, Crusoe becomes the prototype / representative of the
empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）． 4)
In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitude
which the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a
spokesman of the bourgeois. (P98-100) The Sun Rising 太阳升起 Death, Be
Not Proud 死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets） Paradise Lost 失樂園 1. dramatizing and
illustrating the state of being in love 2. a bold challenge to the
proud Death Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God,
tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and
causes the Fall of ManEzra Pound埃兹拉.庞德In a Station of The Metro在地铁站
Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.李.弗罗斯特After Apple-Picking摘了苹果之后The Road Not
Taken没有走的路Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边逗留 Eugene
O'Neill尤金.奥尼尔The Hairy Ape毛猿 F.Scott Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德The Great
Gatsby了不起的盖茨比 Ernest Hamingway欧内斯特.海明威Indian Camp(In Our Times)印第安营寨
William Faulkner威廉.福克纳A Rose For Emily纪念艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花 Stopping by Woods on
a Snowy Evening[雪夜林边小驻] ---by Robert Frost Whose woods these are I
think I know, 我知道林子的主人是谁， His house is in the village though.
虽村落是他所居之地。 He will not see me stopping here, 他不会看到我停留于此， To watch his
woods fill up with snow. 凝视他的林子雪花纷飞。 My little horse must think it
queer, 我的小马一定以我为怪， To stop without a farmhouse near, 近无房舍，为何停伫。
Between the woods and frozen lake, 况只有林子与冰湖， The darkest evening of
the year. 和一年中最黑之夜。 He gives his harness bells a shake, 他轻摇铃具 To ask
if there is some mistake. 询问有错与否。 The only other sound's the sweep,
唯一的回复来自， Of easy wind and downy flake. 软雪和清风。 The woods are lovely,
dark and deep. 林子很美——昏暗而幽深， But I have promises to keep, 但我已有约定。 And
miles to go before I sleep. 沉醉前还有一段路要走 And miles to go before I sleep
沉醉前还有一段路要走。 [导读]《雪夜林畔小驻》（"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening"）是现代英语始终公认的短篇杰作。此诗之难能可贵，在于意境含蓄，用语天然，而格律严谨。意境则深入浅出，貌似写景，却别有寓意。
这首《雪夜林前小驻》所描写的情景不用解释，但它后面的情趣、哲理、魅力，需要细细品位－－我独自站在树林边沿，里面有一种东西在吸引我，但不能光听内心世界的召唤，我还要许多世间的约会、责任:森林又暗又深真可羡/但我还要守一些诺言/还要赶多少路才安眠/还要赶多少路才安眠
[注释] Queer：Deviating from the expected or normal; strange:奇怪的，不平常的，a
queer way of talking（一种奇怪的讲话方式）。告诉大家一个由queer组成的词组，in queer
street表示"负债"、"在困难中"等。 Harness：The gear or tackle, other than a yoke,
with which a draft animal pulls a vehicle or an
implement.挽具：一种与轭不同的用于将驮重动物系在车辆或工具上的马具 Downy：Resembling down:似绒毛的
eg:downy white clouds. 絮状白云 Doctor Faustus (about 1589), is a play
based on the German legend of a man aspiring for knowledge and finally
meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.
The play's dominant moral is human rather than religious. It
celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it
also reveals man's frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a
hostile moral. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of
man's condition. 　 The selection of ActⅠfrom Dr. Faustus is about the
signing of the bond. Faustus sells his soul to the Devil in return for
24 years of life in which he may have the services of Mephistophilis
to give him everything he desires. Faustus has experienced much
internal conflict, symbolized in the appearances of both Good Angel
and Bad Angel. In portraying Faustus, a more introspective反省的 and
philosophical figure than Tamburlaine, Marlowe praises his soaring高飞的
aspiration for knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since
Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God and trust in
Devil. The tragedy of Dr. Faustus, the protagonist in Christopher
Marlowe' s The Tragic History of Dr. Faustus, is the very fact that
______. A. man is confined to time B. he tried to join Africa to Spain
C. he became a man without soul after he sold it D. he conjured up
Helen, the lady who was partially responsible for the breaking - up of
the Trojan War The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by Christopher
Marlowe（1564-1593） 热情的牧人对他的爱人 Come live with me and be my love,
请与我同栖，为我最爱 And we will all the pleasures prove 让我俩印证一切的欢悦—— That
valleys, groves, hills, and fields, 不论生於深谷之中，高峰之上 Woods, or steepy
mountain yields. 不论来自山涯水湄，林间效野 And we will sit upon rocks, 让我们俩闲坐大石之上
Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, 静观放牧的人们餵食群羊 By shallow rivers
to whose falls 悦耳的鸟鸣回荡浅水的溪湄 Melodious birds sing madrigals. 和著水声如牧歌般悠扬
And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant poises, A
cap of flowers, and a kirtle Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;
让我为你铺好玫瑰的花床 配上千枝花束倾吐馨香 让我献上花饰的小帽一顶 加上绣满桃金娘叶的短裳 A gown made of the
finest wool Which from our pretty lambs we pull; Fair lined slippers
for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold; 一件极品羊毛编织的长裙 来自我们可爱的小羊身上
一双便鞋衬里厚实足以过冬 鞋扣由纯金打造绝不虚诳 A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral
clasps and amber studs; And if these pleasures may thee move, Come
live with me, and be my love. 稻草与长春藤嫩芽编成的腰带 有珊瑚环扣与玛瑙钉饰增彩 如果这些喜乐能让你心动
请与我同栖，为我最爱 The shepherds's swains shall dance and sing For thy delight
each May morning: If these delights thy mind may move, Then live with
me and be my love. 俊俏的牧人会群起歌舞徘徊 只为让你在五月的晨光中开怀 如果这些欢悦能让你青睐 请与我同栖，为我最爱
－解析－ 「田园诗」（pastoral）的文类传统，可追溯到圣经中的大卫王及希腊诗人海希欧德。流行於希腊的田园诗大约分为三类：对话、独白及挽歌。田园诗通常描写身为牧羊人的叙事者，在一个风光明媚的田野中抒发情感，往往隐喻对城市生活的批判，并藉由情欲或友谊的思慕对失去的伊甸进行召唤。但流行於马娄年代的田园诗虽对异性的恋慕多有著墨，但直接的情欲邀约，前此并不多见。马娄的诗可谓开了此类情欲邀约的先河。此类诗中所表达多为「及时行乐」（carpe
diem）（尤其是肉欲的当下满足）的主题。此种向往的前提是人类因为过多的文明压抑而产生诸般的问题。故在五月天里，突破禁忌放纵情欲，便成了获取救赎的重要途径：情欲的终点便是未受文明所污染的伊甸。但及时行乐的主调背后，却往往潜藏著深沉的无常感。故此类田园诗中亦有「韶光易逝」（tempus
fugit ）的母题：在时间的浊流中，纯真必遭世故污染，一如春花之易谢，而五月田野中的故事也终将随之烟消云散。The Renaissance
Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery
of ancient Roman and Greek classic; England's Golden Age, especially
in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic
Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse
and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman
and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the
universal tend of humanism in emphasizing man's dignity and his
worldly happiness The Neoclassical Period 1. age: 1660-1798 2.
background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a
turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of
Enlightenment or the Age of Reason 3. features: (1)a furtherance of
the Renaissance – the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal
education (2)reason, "eternal truth", "eternal justice", "eternal
equality" was what human society should seek for; advocated universal
education (3)reviving the interest in old classical works
(neoclassicism) (4)keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and
accuracy (5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literature
The Romantic Period 1. age: 1798-1870 2. background: coming along with
the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution 3. features:
(1)contrary with the neoclassicism: emphasize that man have in common,
focuses on the special qualities of individual mind (2)tend to probe
into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily
happenings of the human world (3)employ rural scenery, legendary and
mythological, stories of ancient times, figures from country and
Orientals (4)produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is
an age of poetry (5)the focus of the everyday life of human beings in
the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essays The Victorian
Period 1. age:1836-1901 2. background: (1)early years: rapid economic
development as well as serious social problems (2)the next twenty
years: prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of
earnestness, respectability, modesty domesticity (3)the last three
decades: the decline of the British empire and the decay of the
Victorian values 3. idea: (1)Darwin's The Origin of Species; The
Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith
(2)Utilitarianism: whether it could promote the material happiness
(3)socially conscious writers criticized(2)'s depreciation of cultural
values, cold indifference towards human feeling (4)literature:
magnitude and diversity, romantically and realistically 4.critical
realist writers: criticized the society, concerned about the fate of
common people　　 The Modern Period 1.background: 1914-1945 (1)natural
and social sciences enormously advanced (2)capitalism came into its
monopoly stage (3)the gap between the rich and the poor was further
deepened (4)World War 1 2 broke 2.what ideas influence this period:
all kinds of philosophical ideas (1)Karl Marx: scientific socialism
(2)Darwin's theory of evolution, "survival of the fittest" (3)Freud's
analytical psychology (4)The irrationalist philosophers give immense
influence 3.ideas: (1)Modernism originated from skepticism and
disillusion of capitalism (2)The French symbolism announced modernism
(3)takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis
as its theoretical base. The major themes are the distorted, alienated
and ill relationships 4.difference between Modernism and Realism
Modernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects (1)Modernism
rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of
Realism(2)Modernism reflects the source of Realism, i.e. the external,
objective, material world (3)Modernism rejects almost all the
traditional elements in literature 5.D.H.Lawence's works' features:
(1)he interests in exploring the psychological development, he thinks
life impulse is man's instinct. any conscious oppression will cause
distortion of the individual's personality (2)make a psychological
exploration of human relationships, especially those between men and
women (3)he emphasizes that it's capitalist industrialization that
turn man into inhuman machines. And the desires for power and money
cause the alienation of human relationships 6.John Osborne: "Look back
in Anger" "the Angry Young Man", the working-class drama and the
Theater of Absurd The Romantic Period: stretches from the end of 18th
century to the outbreak of the civil war. "the American Renaissance"
Writings in the period emphasize upon the imaginative and emotional
qualities of literature. The most clearly defined Romantic literary
movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism. The
Realistic Period 1865-1914 1. background: the Civil War affected both
the social and the value system(1)transformed from an agricultural one
to an industrialized and commercialized one (2)stimulated
technological development (3)stepped up urbanization (4)people became
dubious about the human nature and the charity of God The Gilded Age
2. American Realistic Period and English Realistic Period(Victorian
Period) common ground (1)a great interest in the realities of life,
aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life
(2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of class struggle
(3)common people mostly depicted differences(America) (1)native trends
in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces
(2)perfect the dialect style (3)concern about "local colorism", a
unique variation of American literary realism 3. American Naturalism:
influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory (1)accept the more negative
implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those
characters in literary works (2)inherited qualities, and habits
confined by social forces are depicted (3)theme: human "bestiality",
especially the sexual desire (4)unpolished language
(5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes
of the individual, or beyond his control (6)material source from the
lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty (7)naturalism is
evolved from realism. Author's tone in writing is less serious and
sympathetic, more ironic and pessimistic The Modern Period: 1.age:
second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th century
2.background: (1)the U.S. has become the most powerful country
(2)technological revolution (3)a decline in moral standard, a
spiritual wasteland, feelings of fear, loss, disorientation and
disillusionment 3. influencing ideas: (1)the same as English Modern
period: Karl Marx, Darwin, Freud (2)stream of consciousness: 4."The
Lost Generation" by Gertrud the second American Renaissance – the
expatriate movement 5. John Steinbeck: "The Grapes of Wrath" Allen
Ginsberg: "Howl", the manifesto of Beat Movement Salinger: "The
Catcher in the Rye" 6. modernism's features: literature: convey a
vision of social breakdown and moral decay writer: develop techniques
that could represent a break with the past. modernistic works are
discontinuity and fragmentation 7.The differences between Modernism
America and England (1)American writers emphasize the concrete sensory
images or details as the direct conveyor of experience (2)modern
fiction employ the first narration or confine the reader to the
"central consciousness" or one character's point of view common
ground: directness, compression, vividness, sparing of words  Shall I
compare thee to a summer's day? 　　Thou art more lovely and more
temperate. 　　Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 　　And
summer's lease hath all too short a date. 　　Sometime too hot the eye
of heaven shines, 　　And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; 　　And
every fair from fair sometime declines, 　　By chance or nature's
changing course untrimm'd; 　　But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; 　　Nor shall Death brag
thou wander'st in his shade, 　　When in eternal lines to time thou
grow'st: 　　So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, 　　So long lives
this, and this gives life to thee. 　　 　　 　　能否把你比作夏日璀璨？ 　　你却比炎夏更可爱温存；
狂风摧残五月花蕊娇妍， 　　夏天匆匆离去毫不停顿。 　　 　　苍天明眸有时过于灼热， 　　金色脸容往往蒙上阴翳； 　　一切优美形象不免褪色，
　　偶然摧折或自然地老去。 　　而你如仲夏繁茂不凋谢， 　　秀雅风姿将永远翩翩； 　　死神无法逼你气息奄奄， 　　你将永生于不朽诗篇。
只要人能呼吸眼不盲， 　　这诗和你将千秋流芳。 　　 William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 1. The first
period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI,
Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four
comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The
Taming of the Shrew, and Love's Labour's
Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
2. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King
John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer
Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You
Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two
tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius
Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。
3. Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his
so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and
Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All's Well That Ends
and Measure for
Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
20. The last period of Shakespeare's work includes his principle
romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The
Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble
Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。
21. Shakespeare's sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet's
own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare's history plays are
mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty
and just sovereign is a
necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his
romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward
love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full
play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。 24. The successful
romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness
of love and the spirit of pursuing
happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。 25. Shakespeare's
greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They
have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble
hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》 26. "The King's government must
be carried on"—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the
pleasure of the
king."国王的统治一定要万古不变"----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。 27. Thus,
he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only
thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek
comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。
28. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty,
kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and
reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。 29. Shakespeare is above all writers
in the past and in the present
time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。 30. Almost all English
writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point
of view, in literary form or in
language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。 31. Sonnet 18 is one
of the most beautiful sonnets written by
Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。 艾略特T.S.Eliot Eliot's most famous
poem, The Waste Land《荒原》 . 《灰星期三》Ash Wednesday 《四个四重奏》Four Quartets
《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法，而且艾略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。《空洞的人》The hollow
man在主题上十分近似《荒原》，是艾略特最黑暗的诗。 在著名散文《传统与个人天才》中，他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。 The
Waste Land《荒原》他的代表作
不仅全面展现了现代西方社会在物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃，人生已经失去了意义。
The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a
modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning,
significance and purpose. The poem has developed a whole set of
historical ,cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as
being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's
disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society.
这首诗的影响：The Waste Land, Eliot's most important single poem, has been
hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry,
comparable to Wordswoth's Lyrical Ballads. 作家特色： (1)presents physical
disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society
展现了现代西方社会的心理错乱和精神上的颓废。 (2)reflects disillusion醒悟 and despair of a
whole post war generation anguish痛苦,menace威吓,sterility思想贫乏 had been
afficting all sensitive members of the postwar generation (3)concern
with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human
life has lost its meaning (4)reflects the 20th century people's
disillusion and frustration迷惑 in a meaningless and boring wording As a
young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handing
of language,Eliot had explorr in his early poetry various aspects of
the disintegration of
life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气，艾略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代西方文明在各个方面的衰败，传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。
艾略特认为现代社会的弊病是没个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总和，只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。 选读作品：The Love Songs
of J.Alfred Prufrock "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" is Eliot's
most striking显著的 early achievement. His first important poem, "The
Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," appeared in 1915.
他的第一首情歌《J`A.布鲁富克劳的情歌》于1915年问世。 It presents the meditation of an aging
young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in a
form of dramatic monologue,suggesting an ironic contrast between a
pretended "love song" and a confession of the speaker's incapability
of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class
world.全诗的形式是戏剧独白dramatic
monologue，暗示了虚假的'情歌'与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊的上流社会之间的讽刺性对照。David Herbert
Lawrence 主要作品：虹the rainbow 恋爱中的女人women in love儿子与情人 The Rainbow (1915)
and Women in Love (1920), are generally regarded as his
masterpieces.被认为是代表作。 his autobiographical自传体 novel, Sons and Lovers
儿子与情人 In Lawrence's opinion, the mechanical civilization is
responsible for the unhealthy development of human fulfillment in
marital relationship shadows of the disintegration and destructiveness
of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional conflicts
and psychological tensions of the
characters劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展，爱情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。 expressed a strong
reaction against the mechanical civilization. one of the first
novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He
believed that the healthy way of the individual's psychological
development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another
term, the sexual impulse. Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol
of Life Force. makes a deliberate use of those "four-letter" words in
his novels, declared that any repression of the sexual impulse based
on social, religious, or moral values of the civilized world would
cause severe damageds to the harmony of human relationships and the
psychic health of the individual's personality. 写作特色：重点中的重点 1)
Lawrence's interest lay in the psychological development of his
character; 2) He criticized the dehumanizing effect of the capitalism
industrialization on human which turned man into inhuman machines and
unhealthy animal; 3) He believes the life impulse -the sexual impulse
was man's most important instinct, any conscious repression would
cause distortion of the man's personality; 4) He explored the
relationship of man and woman in psychology; 5) He believed the
alienation and the perversion were caused by the desire for power and
money. irony,humour and wit are the characteristic featuress of many
of the stories.讽刺，幽默，机智都是他短篇小说的特点。 选读作品：Sons and Lovers儿子与情人 故事大意：Mrs
Morel, daughter of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed ,
intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous
and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own
class. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the
class difference between them starts to estrange them from each other.
The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affection upon
her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners;
they will be educated to realize her ideals of success, hapiness and
social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong
influence of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits,
and see their father with their mother's eyes, despising their father
whose personality degenerates step by step as he feels his exclusion.
Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
Man.The title of the novel suggests a character study with
strongautobiographical elements. The novel can be read as a
naturalistic account of the hero's bitter experiences and final
artistic and spiritual
liberation.1916年，乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。
写作特点： 1. scene: the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, the same
subject: the Irish people and their life 2. stream of conscienceness:
presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the
characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in
monologues a literary form presenting psychological aspects of
characters 3. style:
straightforward\lucid\logical\leisurely\concentrating on revealing in
his novels the psychic being of the characters This literary approach
to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually
termed as "stream of consciousness." And Joyce is regarded as the most
prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing
in his novels the psychic being of the
characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是"意识流"。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。 Another remarkable
feature of Joyce's writings is his style. His own style is a
straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely; subtlety, economy
and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the
so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete,
rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical
features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of
thoughts in the major characters'
mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格，他本身的文风直白，清晰，富于逻辑而游刃有余；细微，简洁，精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入"意识流"，他的文风便陡转急变：处处可见不完整，短促，支离破碎的语句和措辞，这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变，闪烁不定及杂乱无章。
Ulysses尤利西斯代表作 Ulysses, Joyce's masterpiece, has became a prime
example of modernism in literature. The three major characters are:
Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and
Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》，这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色：爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆，他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯，也就是《艺术家年轻时代的画像》中的主人公。
主题：an account of man's life during one day . The events seem to be
trivial ,insignificant, but below the surface of them, the natural
flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the
characters inner world are richly presented in an frank and
penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小说中，这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎，毫无意义，甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流，反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移，表达空前直白，极富穿透力。
选读作品： Dubliners（Araby） 都柏林人（阿拉伯节） a tale of the frustrated quest for
beauty theme: the child lives not with his parents but with an uncle
and aunt, a symbol of that isolation and lack of proper relation
between parents and children "Araby" from Dubliners This tale of the
frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both
meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and
the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and
incident suggests some particular aspect of the
theme.《都柏林人》：这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败，故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义，现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活，象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。
Chapter 5 The Modern Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. The three
trilogies of_____Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism
in the early 20th century. A. D. H. Lawrence's B. John Galsworthy's C.
James Joyce's D. Thomas Hardy's Answer: B (P337) 2. ____is the most
outstanding stream-consciousness novelist. A. T.S. Eliot B. Richard
Brinsley Sheridan C. James Joyce D. Oscar Wilder Answer: D (P317) 3.
In his famous poem_____, Yeats explores the problems of death, love,
old age and art. A. "Leda and the Swan" B. "No Second Troy" C.
"September 1913" D. "Sailing to Byzantium" Answer: D (P354) 4. ____is
a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization
in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. A.
Ulysses B. The Waste Land C. The Confidential Clerk D. Dubliners
Answer: B (P360) 5. The Rainbow and_____are generally regarded as D.H.
Lawrence's masterpieces. A. Women in Love B. Son s and Lovers C. Lady
Chatterley's Lover D. The Plumed Serpent Answer: A (P370) 6. In ____,
James Joyce intends to present a microcosm of the whole human life by
providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of
its kind, and how history is recapitulated in the happenings of one
day. A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man B. Dubliners C.
Ulysses D. Finnegans Wake Answer: C (P388) 7. Structurally and
thematically, George Bernard Shaw follows the great tradition _______.
A. Modernism B. Romanticism C. Realism D. Naturalism Answer: C (P323)
8. Galsworthy was a _____writer, having inherited the fine traditions
of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as
Dickens and Thackeray. A. naturalistic B. romantic C. realistic D.
conventional Answer: D (P338) 9. In "The Forsyte Saga" by John
Galsworthy, a typical Forsyte has a remarkable characteristic-----a
strong sense of______. A. money B. property C. success D. privilege
Answer: B (P339) 10. In "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", William Bulter
Yeats expresses his ____________. A. hope to go abroad B. desire to
escape into a "fairyland" C. love for common life D. hatred for war
Answer: B (P356) 11. In which of the following poems by Yeats did you
find the allusion to Helen and Trojan War? A. Sailing to Byzantium B.
Down by the Sally Garden C. The Lake Isle of Innisfree D. Leda and the
Swan Answer: D (P354) 12. Of the following poems by T.S. Eliot, which
is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th Century English
Poetry? A. Poems 1909----1925 B. The Hollow Men C. Prufrock and Other
Observations D. The Waste Land Answer: D (P359) 13. "The yellow fog
that rubs its back upon the windowpanes,/ The yellow smoke that rubs
its muzzle on the windowpanes/ Linked its tongue into the corners of
the evening,/ Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains." The
stanza is taken from_________. A. T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J.
Alfred Prufrock" B. Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for
Death" C. Alfred Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break" D. William
Wordsworth's "I wandered Lonely as a Cloud" Answer: A (P363---364) 14.
Which of the following best describes the speaker of 'The Love Song of
J. Alfred Prufrock"? A. He is a man of an action. B. He is a man of
apathy. C. He is a man of inactivity. D. All the above are wrong.
Answer: C (P363) 15. Of the following works by D.H. Lawrence,
_______established his position as novelist. A. The White Peacock B.
The Trespasser C. Women in Love D. Sons and Lovers Answer: D (P370)
16. Which of the following is considered to be a better-structured
novel? A. Women in Love B. Son s and Lovers C. The Rainbow D. Lady
Chatterley's Lover Answer: A (P372) 17. 'The Lawrence trilogy" refers
to the following three plays except ______. A. A Collier's Friday
Night] B. The Daughter -in-Law C. The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed D.
Lady Chatterley's Lover Answer: D (P373) 18. Which of the following
writings is not the novel of D.H. Lawrence's? A. Sons and Lovers B. A
Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man C. The White Peacock. D. The
Rainbow Answer: B (P369---370) 19. Of the following writings by James
Joyce, which is a prime example of modernism in literature? A. Ulysses
B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Yong Man C. Dubliners D. Finnegans
Wake Answer: A (P386) 20. Which of the following is not true according
to James Joyce? A. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in
literature. B. Joyce is regarded as the most prominent
stream-of-consciousness novelist. C. Joyce is a realistic writer in
English literature history. D. His novel "A Portrait of the Artist as
a Young man" is a naturalistic account of the hero's bitter
experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Answer: C
(P386---389) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1.
Analyze the poem of T. S. Eliot -"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
1) "In the room the women come and go Talking of Michelangelo" <1> Why
does the sentence repeat in the poem for several times? Answer: The
sentence symbolizes the remote and faraway things, it implies the
inability to face up with the reality and the life of the hero. (P363)
2) "And indeed there will be time For the yellow smoke that slides
along the street, ... There will be time, there will be time ...." <1>
What deep implication can you get from the passage? Answer: The hero
was unable to face up with the life and reality bravely, but he was
anxious to find time passing so quickly that he was very depressed.
The passage shows the tragic character of the indecision of the young
man. (P363) 3) "I have measured out my life with coffee spoons; I know
the voices dying with a dying fall Beneath the music from the father
room. So how should I presume? <1> What did the speaker presume? <2>
Interpret the excerpt. Answer: <1> He will propose marriage to a girl,
but he dare not. <2> The Excerpt shows the futile and boring life of
the upper class. (Every day, they drink coffee, listen to music, but
they can't really enjoy the pleasure of life, leading a boring life.)
4) "I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the
floor of silent seas." <1> Interpret it. Answer: If he had been a crab
on the ocean bed, maybe he would have been better. The motion of the
crab suggests futility and growing old. (P368 注释5) 5) "But as if a
magic lantern threw the nerves in patterns on a screen: Would it have
been worthwhile" (此节选部分在P367) <1> Interpret it. Answer: The sentence
implies the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and to life.
He is always fearful that others will see through his ideas and truth
of falling love, which makes himself live in frightening and
restlessness. (P363) 2. "I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine
bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone
in the bee-loud glade" 1) Identify the poem and poet; 2) Interpret the
poem. Answer: 1) The poem is "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", which was
written by William Butler Yeats. (P355) 2) In the poem, the poet
imagined a place where he could live like a hermit, implying that he
was tired of the life of his day, he sought to escape into and ideal
"fairyland" where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoyed the
beauty of the nature. 3. "North Richmond Street, being blind, was a
quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' school
set the boys free ..., gazed at one another with brown imperturbable
faces." 1) Comment the main tone of the story with the concrete images
of the passage. 2) Analyze the theme of the story. 3) Explain the
devices of symbols with the examples of the article. Answer: 1) The
tone of the story is a fine tuned melancholy. The scene is drab,
lifeless. The Christian School sounds like prison -it sets the boys
free. The brown color also showed the tone of the story. (节选部分在P390)
2) The story introduced a little boy's love experience, expressing his
awareness of reality and expectation, and pointing out the drabness
and harshness of the adult world. (P385) 3) In this article the author
used many images to show the symbols meaning, expressing the
frustrated quest for beauty. (P390) For example: The little boy lived
with his uncle and aunt -a symbol of the isolation and the lack of
proper relationship; His uncle forgot his arrangement is a symbol of
the boy's failure; The deserted train symbol the indifference
relationship, and "all the stalls were in closed and the greatest part
of the hall was in darkness" and "the upper part of the hall was now
completely dark" symbol the destined failure of the boy's quest for
the beauty. 4. "You are not, my son. Battle-battle -and suffer. It's
about all you do, as far as I can see." "But why not, my dear? I tell
you it's the best ---" "It isn't. And one ought to be happy, one
ought." By this time Mrs. Morel was trembling violently ... "Eh, my
dear -say rather you want me to live." 1) Name the works and its
writer. 2) Who are the two speakers? How do you know her? Answer: 1)
The novel is named "Sons and Lovers". It's the works of D. H.
Lawrence. (节选部分在P383) 2) The two speakers are Mrs. Morel and her son
(Paul). Mrs. Morel is a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious
woman. Having been disappointed with her husband, a coal miner, she
puts all her feeling on her son, hoping to realize her ideas of
success, happiness and social esteem. The distorted relationship
reflects the inhuman mechanical civilization and the indifference of
the men. (P375—376) III. Questions and answers: 1. What are the
characters of Modernism? Answer: 1) Modernism rose out of scepticism
and disillusionment of capitalism; 2) The French symbolism heralded
modernism; 3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory
of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base; 4) The major theme of
Modernism are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between
man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself; 5) The
Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and
the tone is disillusioned. (P312—313) 2. D. H. Lawrence is regarded as
revolutionary, how do you know his works?Answer: 1) Lawrence's
interest lay in the psychological development of his character; 2) He
criticized the dehumanizing effect of the capitalism industrialization
on human which turned man into inhuman machines and unhealthy animal;
3) He believes the life impulse -the sexual impulse was man's most
important instinct, any conscious repression would cause distortion of
the man's personality; 4) He explored the relationship of man and
woman in psychology; 5) He believed the alienation and the perversion
were caused by the desire for power and money. (P317) 3. What
philosophical ideas influenced Modernism? Answer: 1) Karl Marx's
scientific socialism; 2) Darwin's theory evolution -the social
Darwinism "survival of the fittest"; 3) Einstein's theory of
relativity; 4) Freud's analytical psychology; 5) The irrational
philosophy. (P311—P312) 4. Common sense about "The Waste Land" Answer:
"The Waste Land" is T. S. Eliot's masterpiece: 1) The poem presents a
panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation; 2) It reflects
the mood of disillusionment, frustration, and despair of the whole
post-war generation; 3) It concerns with the spirit breakup that man
has lost his meaning, significance, and purpose of life; 4) The poem
derogated/criticized the civilized world for its horror, menace,
anguish and futility. (P359—362) 5. Analyze the background of the
Modernism. Answer: 1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly,
capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and
the rich was deepened; 2) The First World War and The Second World War
happened, which influenced people greatly; 3) All kinds of
philosophical ideas were produced. (P311—312) 6. Say something about
Freudian and Jungian' psycho-analysis. Answer: 1) Multiple/many levels
of consciousness exist in the human mind at the same time; 2) Man's
present are the sum of his past, present and future; 3) Truth exists
in the unique, isolated, and private world of each individual. 4) The
theory creates "steam-of-consciousness". (P316) 7. Why Modernism is
different from Realism? Answer: In many aspects, Modernism acts
against Realism; 1) Modernism rejects rationalism, while Realism
stresses it; 2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological
world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world;
3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it casts away
all the traditional elements such as: story, character, etc. while
Realism stresses it. 4) Modernism works are called anti-novel,
anti-poetry, anti-drama etc. (P313) 8. List the representative authors
of the "Stream of Consciousness" and explain the theory. Answer: 1)
Stream of Consciousness is a narrative method to describing the
unspoken thoughts and feelings of the characters, but not using
objective description or conventional dialogue. Authors represent the
thought, emotions without logical sequence or syntax and make the
characters tell the inner movement of consciousness and the thoughts.
2) The representative authors are: James Joyce "Ulysses" Virginia
Woolf "Mrs. Dalloway" Richardson "Pilgrimage" T. S. Eliot Henry James
George Eliot (P389)  Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 特色要点： stretches from the
end of 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. "the American
Renaissance" Writings in the period emphasize upon the imaginative and
emotional qualities of literature. The most clearly defined Romantic
literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.
这一时期特点识记：（对上面要点的扩充） 一、From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak
of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington
Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. It
is also called "the American
Renaissance".浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为"美国德文艺复兴"）
二、 The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became
a permanent convention of American literature.
对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 三、The American Puritanism as a cultural
heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.
美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 四、 Besides, a preoccupation with the
Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the
works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.
在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 五、The most clearly
defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England
Transcendentalism. 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 六、This
Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers
America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David
Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.
超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 七、Basically, Transcendentalism
has been defined philosophically as "the recognition in man of the
capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge
transcending the reach of the
senses."超验主义承认"人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识"。 八、Emerson once proclaimed
in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own
mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the
idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is
divine and, therefore, self-reliant.
爱默生曾说过："只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的"。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 九、 It ranges
from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of
Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper
to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological
romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca
Harding. 美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯的社会现实小说。
十、To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and
great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of
human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。 英美浪漫主义比较 British
Romanticism和American Romanticism的比较 Time： 英：1798—1832 Wordsworth and
Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads; death of Walt Scotts and the passage of
the Reform Bill in the Parliament美：1782—1861 Washington Irving's The
Sketch Book; Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass Background Historically：
英：The French Revolution、The English Industrial Revolution 美：Westward
expansion Economically： 英：agricultural society had been replaced by a
modern industrialization one、economic exploitation of the workers by
the capitalists 美：Booming economy: experiencing industrial
transformation Politically： 英：Rousseau's new idea about Nature,
society, education;radicals sympathized the French Revolution,
claiming Liberty, Equality, Fraternity 美：Two-party system;freedom and
democracy Definition： 英：Revolt of the English imagination against of
the neo-classical reason 美：Revolt against classicism Theme：
英：Bitterness, melancholy 美：A strong sense of optimism and a mood of
"feeling good" of the whole country Contents： 英：1.spontaneous outflow
of power feelings2.imagination3.nature4.escape from society and return
to nature 美：1.free expression of emotions and psychic states of the
charter 2.emphasis on imaginative qualities: picturesque, exotic,
sensuous, the supernatural 3.the wildness and American Puritanism;
more moralizing 4.escape from society and return to nature
Characteristics： 英：1.nature images, dream-like atmosphere, music
beauty, 2.Gothic elements 美：1.derivative 2.Puritanism: moralizing
3.Calvinistic view of original sin Literary Movement： 英：无
美：Transcendentalism Writers： 英：William Blake, William Wordsworth,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George G. Byron, P. B. Shelley, John Keats
美：Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt
Whitman, Herman Melville 本章要应用的内容： 应用"内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释
Ａ．华盛顿•欧文 应用：选读《瑞普•凡•温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 Ｂ．拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲
学思想及自然观 Ｃ．纳撒尼尔•霍桑 应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 Ｄ．华尔特•惠特曼
应用：选读《草叶集》诗选："一个孩子的成长"、"涉水的骑兵'"、"自己之歌"的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 Ｅ．赫尔曼•麦尔维尔
应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 American Puritanism清教主义 The
American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral
values, as is shown in American romantic writings. Puritanism is the
practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The American Puritans, like
their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the
church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the
doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and
limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in
the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their
arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed
they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and
religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life.
Puritans' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of
their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them,
and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of
what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other
movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a
profound influence on the early American mind and American values.
American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an
enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some
extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national
cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. One of the
manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more
to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a
preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the
mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of
lesser writers. New England Transcendentalism 超验主义 　　New England
Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary
movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord,
Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United
States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an
informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the
l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid
rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic
system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all
creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight
over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.
The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their
contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel
Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally
philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically,
Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition
in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining
knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once
proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity
of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism
inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the
individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant. 欧文Washington
Irving(1783-l859) father of the American short stories, the American
Goldsmith短篇小说之父，美国的金匠 the first American writers to earn an
international reputation regarded as an early Romantic writer in the
American literary history美国早期浪漫主义文学代表作家之一 Perfected the best classic
style that American literature ever produced First novel 纽约历史 见闻札记
contains German folk tales 瑞普·凡·温克尔, 睡谷传说 影响以及特色（要点）： Earn an
international reputation; Father of the American short stories;
perfect the best classic style that American Literature ever produced
The American Gold Smith
Musicality，dreaming，Gothic哥特式，supernatural超自然，exotic 异国情调的place
选择会考的知识点： A History of New York---He parodies or imitates
Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 Like the two famous personae he created,
Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a
conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich
Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 We hear rather
than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.
We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and
relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 He is worth the honor
of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary
craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是"美国的近匠"。 With the publication of The Sketch
Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on
both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。
选读作品： Rip Van Winkle里普.凡.温克尔 Well know for Rip's 20-year sleep A model
of perfect English in American literature and in the English language
as well 主题：" rip van winkle"—Here, Irving's pervasive theme of
nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made
unforgettable."瑞普.凡.温克尔"---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 应用：What are
the theme and the artistic features of \"Rip Van Winkle\"? The theme:
　Irving\'s taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a
disappearing past. This socia1 conservatism and literary preference
for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story \"Rip
Van Winkle.\" The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip\'s 20-year
s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America.
Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it.
The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not
always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of
things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled
juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip\'s
20 years\' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with
his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the
mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington
era, lrving describes Rip\'s response and reaction in a dramatic way,
so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the
preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a
dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a
modern democratic America. The artistic features: \"Rip Van Winkle\"
is not only well-known for Rip\'s 20-year sleep but also considered a
model of perfect English in American Literature and in the English
language as well. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a
writer who \"perfected the best classic style that American Literature
ever produced.\" He has a clear, easy style. 　　(a) We get a strong
sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best
reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than
read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. 　　(b)
We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.
So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a
dreaming quality. He uses genial humor to exaggerate the seriousness
of situation. He uses dignified words to produce a half-mocking
effect. 　　\(c\)The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are
manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved
in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.( Rip Van Winkle was
overwhelmed by the magic power of the drink and fell into sleep for 20
years.) 　　(d)Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place
with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with
emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the
honor of being \"the American Goldsmith\" for his literary
craftsmanship.The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism
(American Puritanism\European Romanticism); is generally known as an
essayist; his last reputation began only with the publication of
Essays; the American Scholar(1837) self-reliance自助\American
scholar美国学者\the over-soul超灵\intuitive直觉的\short\declarative宣言的 The
style of Emerson's essays写作特点：　 Emerson's essays often have a casual
style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures.
They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative
sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out
into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson's
philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he
uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work
clearly expressed. Well-read in the classics of Western European
literature, Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and
enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his
discussion. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive
American style.要点： New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously
agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of
American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 Emersonian
Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed
some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European
Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings
to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of
man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 In his
essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the
importance of the individual, and Nature. 爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。
Emerson id affirmative about man's intuitive knowledge, with which a
man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act
accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 The ideal individual
should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 "Go back to nature, sink
yourself back into its influence and you'll become spiritually whole
again.""回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。" In 1845, a great
transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。 In
general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American
style, as he called for in The American Scholar in
1837.总的说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格，堪称"美国学者"。 选读作品：Nature论自然 要点：The unofficial
manifesto for the Transcendental Club; transparent eyeballs透明的眼球,one
is merged into nature, while retaining a unique perception感知 of the
experience.expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist
pursuit and his love for nature." "Nature"-the essay discuss the love
of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to
nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential
expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general
return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment. In
the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his
Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.
"论自然"----全书讨论对自然的爱，对自然的利用，对自然的理性主义哲学，物质宇宙里的精神证据，人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。
应用：Emerson's view on nature爱默生的自然观 Emerson's nature is emblematic of
the spiritual world, alive with God's overwhelming presence; hence, it
exercises a healthy and restorative inf1uence on human mind. "Go back
to nature, sink yourse1f back into its inf1uence and you'1l become
spiritually who1e again." By employing nature as a big symbol of the
Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, Emerson has brought the Puritan
1egacy of symbolism to its perfection. The essay Nature discusses the
love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in
relation to nature, evidences of spirit in the material universe, and
the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from
a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural
environment. In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main
principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.
In expressing his belief in the mystical "unity of nature," Emerson
develops his concept of the" Over- Soul" or" Universal Mind." In the
selection Emerson's famous metaphor of "a transparent eyeball" is
employed to illustrate his philosophical discussion.Emily Dickinson
诗歌主题Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys
狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。 1. works features: (1)she uses a particular
rhyme pattern,uses dashes and captical letters as a means of emphasis
(2)simplicity and plainness (3)focus on a single image or symbol
(4)poems are personal and meditative (5)personification 2. idea:
skeptical about the relationship between man and nature, concerns
religion, death, immortality, love, nature 3. She called this stream
of tiny, aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented "letter to the
world," a way to bridge her private world with the public 4. her
poetry despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its
variety, subtlety and richness 选读作品： 1This is my letter to the World
这是我给世界写的信Anxiety about communication with the outside world; 2I heard
a Fly buzz – When I died 我死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声A description of the moment of
death;3I like to see it lap the Miles 我喜欢看见它拍击许多英里Animalizing train as
part of nature; 4Because I could not stop for Death 因为我不能停下来等待死神
Personifies death and immorality, three stages of life: youth, mature
period, end of life Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those
issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion,
death, immortality, love, and nature. In some of her poems she wrote
about her double and belief about religious subjects.
在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。 Although she
believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence. Closely
related to Dickinson's religious poetry are her poems concerning death
and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the
psychological and emotional aspects of death.
虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三个方面。 One group of her
love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.
她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。 More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote
are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the
relationship between man and nature is
well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。 her acute
observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in
nature are pervasive. 她对自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣丰饶。 Her poems have no titles,
hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a
particular stress pattern. eg. Capital letters as a means of emphasis.
The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in
community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes,
irregular.她的诗大多无题，常以首句引用，诗中节奏特别，例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌，不讲规则，为人喜闻乐见。
Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and
plainness. 她用词简洁，直率，平易。 Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible
formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and
richness. 狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。 Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。 The
best-depicted character of the novelist can be classified into three
types: 1) the innocent,pesecuted(受迫害的),helpless child character such
as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield, and Little Dorrit; 2)
the horrible and grotesque character such ad Fagin, Bill Sikes and
Qulip; 3) the humourous and comic figures like Mr. Micawber, Sam
Weller, and Mrs. Gamp. The best he can do seems to try to retain an
optimism with wishful thinking, as in his ealy works, or to express a
helpless indignant(愤怒的, 愤慨的) protest（主张, 断言, 抗议）, as in his later
novel. Oliver人物的背景 The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of
the workhouse and life of the under world in the nineteenth-century
London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order
and of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years.
Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child
hero and Fagin the first gretesque figure. Charles Dickens查尔斯．狄更斯 Soon
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly
installments. It is once lifted him into a position of fame and
fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了，这使狄更斯一度名利双收。 Dickens is one of the greatest
critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。 The best
he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful
thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。 Whatever his limitations, this man is
loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform
his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is
ready to love and
sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性，他都深受人民大众喜爱，不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。 In his
works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the
nineteenth century England, particularly
London.在他的作品中，狄更斯对１９世纪的英国，特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。 His early works contain
Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud),
David Copperfield and Martin
Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》，《尼古拉斯．尼克尔比》，《皮克威克外传》（合法欺骗），《大卫．科波菲尔》和《马丁．瞿述伟》等等。
This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant
jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。 His later works
contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times
and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》，《荒凉山庄》，《小多利特》，《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。
Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。 Dickens' works
are also characterized by a mingling of humor and
pathos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点，是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。 Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious
to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in
excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the
story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下，但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破坏故事的连贯性。 Charles Dickens is
one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be
remembered forever. 狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。
Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑 Interior of the heart, there is evil in
every human heart, which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the
whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity 作家特色： Published
Twice-Told Tales / The Scarlet letter; black vision of life and human
beings; sin and evil; the wrong doing of one generation lives into the
successive ones; the Puritan concept of life is condemned; a master of
symbolism keen psychological analysis，ambiguity含糊，不明确 The Scarlet
Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple
but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan
community. 《红字》是霍桑的代表作，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情节简单，但内容感人。
According to Hawthorne, "There is evil in every human heart, which may
remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may
rouse it to activity. "霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。
"The Birthmark" drives home symbolically Hawthorne's point that evil
is man's birthmark, something he is born with.
在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。 One source of evil that Hawthorne is
concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to
someone who is too proud, too sure of himself. 霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。
Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and
corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.
加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的，必然向上帝赎罪。 Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and
almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in "Young
Goodman Brown. "霍桑擅长隐喻，像《小伙子布朗》一样，他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。 The scarlet letter
A is ambiguous. And the ambiguity is one of the Salient
characteristics of Hawthorne's
art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。 选读作品：Young Goodman
Brown年轻小伙子古德曼.布朗Everyone possesses some evil secret 主题结构、象征手法及语言特色
1.The story: Goodman Brown, a Puritan who lives in the village of
Salem, leaves his wife Faith who pleads him not to go, to attend a
witches' Sabbath in the woods. A satanic figure leads the credulous
protagonist to a witches' Sabbath. There, he astonishingly finds lots
of prominent people of the village and the church. When he is about to
be confirmed into the group, he finds his wife Faith is also there
beside him. He immediately cries out" look up to Heaven and resist the
wicked one," only to find he is alone in the forest. He returns to his
home, but since then lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is
never able to believe in goodness or piety again. 2.The theme,
allegory, symbolism and language features of the selected reading
(1)allegorical theme: "Young Goodman Brown" is one of Hawthorne's most
profound tales. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of
human evil. In the manner of its concern with guilt and evil, it
exemplifies what Milville called the" power of blackness" in
Hawthorne's work. In "Young Goodman Brown," he sets out to prove that
everyone possesses some evil secret. "Evil is the nature of mankind."
Its hero, a naive young man who accepts both society in general and
his fellow men as individuals worth his regard, is confronted with the
vision of human evil in one terrible night, and becomes thereafter
distrustful and doubtful. 　　(2)allegory:Hawthorne is a great
allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the
case in "Young Goodman Brown." A1legory is used to ho1d fast against
the crushing blows of reality. Its hero, a naive young man who accepts
both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his
regard, is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible
night, and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful. Allegorically,
our protagonist, becomes an Everyman named Brown, a "young man" who
will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this
world a fallen idol. 　　(3)ambivalence of Hawthorne's art :The story is
manipulated in such a way that we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses
the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer, and he
does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night
of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream. Mr.Rochester and
Jane Eyre. Rochester: a grim-looking, energetic, quick-tempered, but
an understanding middle-aged man; has a burning spirit and a longing
to love and be loved; struggles for recognition of her basic rights
and equality as a woman. It's an individual conscious struggle towards
self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her
weakness overcome Wessex: The Return of the Nature; The Mayor of
Casterbridge; Jude the Obscure) criticize the society, hypocricy of
the society naturalism, the misery, poverty Tess suffers "Not guessing
the cause, there was nothing to remind him that experience is as to
intensity, and not as to duration. Tess's passing corporeal blight had
been her mental harvest"Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼 Whitman is a giant of
American letters. His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a
monumental work which commands great attention because of its uniquely
poetic embodiment of American democratic ideals. He is the poet of the
common people and the prophet and singer of democracy. His aim was
nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to
initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be
recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情，开创一种新的诗歌传统，抒发独特的自我。 the poet's essential
purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically
with the democratic "en-masse" of America, which is established in the
opening lines of "Song of
Myself."诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。 As
Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of
creating a new nation.惠特曼认为，诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。 In celebrating the self,
Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and
openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时，惠特曼强调子我的物理存在和性爱。
Whitman's poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the
poetic "I".他的诗总用第一人称。 "Song of Myself"-In this poem Whitman sets
forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief
in the singularity and equality of all beings in
value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人类个别性和平等性。 作家特色： Poetry could play
a vital part in the process of creating a new nation; a strong sense
of mission; use the poetic "I", speaking in the voice of "I"; the
triangular三人间的 relationship: "I" the poet, the subject in the poem,
and "you" the reader; free verse无韵体; different thins would mean a
different wave of feeling
Openness\freedom\individualism\conversational对话的 and casual不经意的\simple
even crude 选读作品： There Was a Child Went Forth从前有个出门的孩子 The growth of a
child /a young growing American Cavalry Crossing a Ford涉水过河的骑兵队
Reminds its readers of a photo of the American Civil War All the
movements described in this picture are frozen. And while sounds are
depicted, it's more likely that they come out of the watcher's
imagination, rather than from the picture itself Herman
Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 A master of allegory and symbolism，like Hawthorne
Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality兽性, beyon man's control
Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。 Of all these sea
adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.
这些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》最好，达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。 Moby-Dick is regarded as the first
American prose epic. 《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。 It turns out to be a symbolic
voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the
universe, a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and
psychology. 《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。 the Pequod is the
microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth.
The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is
complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the
character Ahab, however, the whale represents only
evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也很美丽。但对埃哈布，白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙，隐藏着未知和神秘。
Melville's great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis,
speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a
world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华，创造才华，心理分析能力，观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。 选读：Moby
Dick白鲸 The first American prose epic;a symbolic voyage of the mind in
quest of truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration
into man's deep reality and psychology; Moby Dick symbolizes nature;
Ahab -- a tragic hero, becoming evil himself in his thirst渴望 to
destroy evil. American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period I.
Choose the right answer: 1. Of all the following issues, _____is
definitely NOT the focus of the Romantic writers in the American
literary history. A. Puritan morality B. Human bestiality C. Noble
savages D. Divinity of man Answer: B (P401) 2. Henry David Thoreau's
work, ________, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of the New
England Transcendental Movement. A. Walden B. The Pioneers C. Nature
D. "Song of Myself" Answer: A (P402) 3. "Nothing is at last sacred but
the integrity of your own mind" is a famous quote from______'s
writings. A. Walt Whitman B. Henry David Thoreau C. Herman Melville D.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Answer: D (P402) 4. 'Leaves of Grass' commands
great attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of________,
which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary
War and the American Civil War. A. the democratic ideals B. the
romantic ideals C. the self-reliance spirits D. the religious ideals
Answer: A (P447) 5. According to Whitman, the genuine participation of
a poet in a common cultural effort was to behave as a
supreme_________. A. democrat B. individualist C. romanticist D.
leader Answer: B (P448) 6. The period before the American Civil War is
generally referred to as ___________. A. The Naturalist Period B. The
Modern Period C. The Romantic Period D. The Realistic Period Answer: C
(P399) 7. In the following works, which sign the beginning of the
American literature? A. The Sketch Book B. Leaves of Grass C. Leather
Stocking Tales D. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn B (P399) 8. _____is
the author of the work 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'. A. Washington
Irving B. James Joyce C. Walt Whitman D. William Butler Yeats Answer:
A (P404) 9. Washington Irving's 'Rip Van Winkle' is famous
for_________. A. Rip's escape into a mysterious B. The story's German
legendary source material C. Rip's seeking for happiness D. Rip's
20-years sleep Answer: D (P406) 10. Which of the following statement
is not true about Washington Irving? A. Washington Irving is regarded
as Father of the American short stories. B. Irving's relationship with
the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be
ignored considering his success both abroad and at home. C. Irving's
taste was essentially progressive or radical. D. Washington Irving has
always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style
that American literature ever produced." Answer: C (P403---406) 11.
The Publication of ______established Emerson as the most eloquent
spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. A. Nature B. Self-Reliance
C. The American Scholar D. The Over-Soul Answer: A (P420) 12. The
phrase "a transparent eye-ball' compares philosophical mentation of
Emerson's. It appears in_________. A. The American Scholar B. Nature
C. The over Soul D. Essays: Second Series Answer: B (P423) 13. In
1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______at Harvard,
which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmeasas :Our Intellectual
Declaration of Independence". A. "Self-Reliance" B. "Divinity School
Address" C. "The American Scholar" D. "Nature" Answer: C (P423) 14.
_____is the most ambivalent (有争议的) writers in the American literary
history. A. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Walt Whitman C. Ralph Waldo Emerson
D. Mark Twain Answer: A (P429) 15. "There is evil in every human
heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but
circumstances may rouse it to activity", which author of the following
authors does the mention belong to________. A. Washington Irving B.
Ralph Waldo Emerson C. Nathaniel Hawthorne D. Walt Whitman Answer: C
(P431) 16. In Hawthorne's novels and short stories, intellectuals
usually appear as________. A. saviors B. villains C. commentators D.
observers Answer: B (P432) 17. All of the following are works by
Nathaniel Hawthorne except_______. A. The House of the Seven Gables B.
White Jacket C. The Marble Faun D. The Blithedale Romance Answer: B
(P431) 18. Walt Whitman is radically innovative in the form of his
poetry. What he prefers for his new subject is__________. A. free
verse B. blank verse C. lyric poem D. heroic couplet Answer: A (P450)
19. Which of the following features cannot characterize poems by Walt
Whitman? A. Lyrical and well-structured B. Free-flowing C. Simple and
rather crude D. Conversational and casual Answer: A (P450---451) 20. "
The horizon's edge, the flying sea-crow, the fragrance of salt marsh
and shore mud. These became part of that child who went forth every
day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day." The two
lines are taken from____________. A. "There Was a Child Went Forth" by
Walt Whitman B. "In a Station of the Metro" by Ezra Pound C. "Cavalry
Crossing a Ford" by Walt Whitman D. "Ulysses" by Joyce Answer: A
(P454) 21. "Moby Dick" is regarded as the first American_________. A.
Prose epic B. Comic epic C. Dramatic fiction D. Poetic fiction Answer:
A (P460) 22. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT________. A.
mystery of the universe B. sin of the whale C. power of the great
Nature D. evil of the world Answer: B (P461) 23. Which of the
following comments on the writings by Herman Melville is not true? A.
"Bartleby, the Scrivener" is a short story. B. "Benito Cereno" is a
novella. C. The Confidence---Man has something to do with the sea and
sailors. D. Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.
Answer: C (P459---460) 24. The Transcendentalists believe that, first,
nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is____, therefore,
self-reliant. A. insignificant B. vicious by nature C. divine D.
forward-looking Answer: C (P402) II. Read the quoted part and answer
the questions: 1. "Time grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as
years of matrimony rolled on: a tart temper mellows with age, and a
sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener by constant use.
For a long while he used to perpetual club of the sages, philosophers,
and other idle personages of the village. Questions: 1) Please
identify the author and the title of the work. 2) What's the meaning
of this passage? 参考答案: 1) This is an excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle" by
Washington Irving. (P408) 2) With his wife's dominance at home, the
situation became harder and harder for Rip Van Winkle. His wife's
temper became worse and she scolded him for more often. He had to stay
in the club with idle people. (P407) 附: Question: Please describe the
changes Rip Van Winkle experienced. Answer: 1) Rip Van Winkle was the
hero in Irving's works. He was a good-natured man, a henpecked
(惧内的，妻管严的) husband. 2) Because his wife's shrewish (泼妇一样的) treatment,
Rip had to escape from his home to the little inn in the village. When
it failed to give him some restful air, he had to go hunting in the
high mountain, where Rip met a stranger, and the man asked Rip to
carry keg for him. Then Rip reached the place in the valley, where
many strangers were playing nine-pins. Later Rip got drunk after
drinking the liquor, which made him sleep for 20 years. 3) Rip woke up
as an old man, entering the village learned that his wife had died, he
got the freedom of his own,; and the American had been dependent from
the control of Britain, he had changed from a subject of the King
(George III) into a citizen of the independent new U.S..... 2. " I
celebrated myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall
assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you"
Questions: 1) Please identify the author and the title of the poem
that had used when published. 2) What is the theme of this poem? 参考答案:
1) In the 1856, the title was "Poem of Walt Whitman, an American",
then it became "Walt Whitman" in 1860, until 1881, it finally became
"Song of Myself". The author is Walt Whitman. (P456--457) 2) In this
poem Whitman sets forth two principle beliefs: A. The theory of
universality (普遍性), which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of
people and things; B. The belief in the singularity (个别性) and
equality(平等性) of all beings in value. (P457) 3. "Standing on the bare
ground, ----my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into
infinite space, -----all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent
eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all." Questions: 1) Please identify the
author and the title of the work. 2) Please briefly interpret this
passage. 3). What rhetorical device of "transparent eye-ball". 4)
Emerson said he want to become a transparent eye-ball, what king idea
did he want to express? 参考答案: 1) This selection is from "Nature" by
Emerson. (P427) 2) In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main
principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.
Emerson develops his concept of "Over-Soul" Or "Universal Mind". Last
but not the leas, it affirms the divinity of the human beings. (P423)
3) It used the device of metaphor. (P423) 4) He wanted to tell us:
Nature can purify (净化) our quality and let us get comfort. (P243) III.
Questions and answers: 1. The Romantic Period was called "The American
Renaissance". Discuss the background of the Romantic Period, and
compare it with the Romanticism of Britain. Answer: 1) The two
Romanticism both stress the imaginative and emotional qualities of
literature; 2) They all pay attention to psychic states of the
characters and exalt the individual and common man; 3) American
Romanticism revealed unique characteristics: (difference) <1> American
authors describe their native land,, especially the spirit of the
pioneering into the west, the desire for an escape from society and a
return to nature; <2> American writers use local dialect in language;
<3> Puritanism has great influence over American Romantics; <4>
Calvinism of original sin is obvious in their works; <5>
Transcendentalism is very important theory in American Romanticism;
<6> The important setting in American Romanticism are: ① the early
puritan settlement; ② the confrontation with the Indians; ③ the
frontiersmen's life; ④ the wild west; ⑤ imagination. (P399—402) 2.
Analyze the themes and characteristic of Hawthorne. Answer: Hawthorne
was a man with inquiring imagination, meditative mind and dark vision
to life. His themes in writing are: 1) Man was born with evil and sin,
one source of them is over-reaching intellect, whose image was always
villain; (Chllingworth e.g.) 2) Hawthorne was influenced greatly by
Puritanism, while he criticized it bitterly; 3) He believed
Calvinistic ideas, thinking man was depraved and corrupted; they
should obey God for saving the spirits; 4) He concerned the moral life
of man and human history; 5) He was keen on the description of man's
development of psychology. (P432—433) 3. Explain the theory of
Transcendentalism, then list its important author and works. Answer:
Transcendentalism is a very important theory in American Romanticism,
its main ideas are: 1) Man has the capacity of knowing truth
intuitively, or the ability of getting knowledge transcending the
senses; 2) Nature is ennobling and individual is divine, therefore,
man should be self-reliant. 3) Man is divine/holy and perfectible and
man can trust himself to decide what is right and act accordingly;
(but to Hawthorne and Melville man is a sinner); 4) Universe is
over-soul -a symbol of the spirit, God or the universe, there is an
emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal
"over-soul" -unity of Nature. 5) The important authors are: Emerson
(The American Scholar) and Thoreau. 6) "Nature", Emerson's works, is
called the unofficial manifesto for the club. (P421—P422) 4. Hawthorne
was a master in using symbol and allegory; cite some example to
analyze it. Answer: 1) Allegorically, Young Goodman Brown becomes an
Everyman called Brown, who will be aged in one night by an evil
adventure, and the evilness makes everyone a fallen idol in the world.
2) In the angle of Symbol: "Brown look up to the Heaven and resist the
wicked one" symbols Brown has the force to resist the evilness of the
Nature and he still has the faith to God; but "he is alone in the
forest" symbols the society is the place full of sins and evilness,
Brown's strength is not enough at all; then after returning, he lives
a dismal and gloomy life symbols he has been crushed down by the
social evilness and lost his belief in goodness and piety. (P434—435)
5. Washington Irving was called "Father of the American short stories"
and "the American Goldsmith". What characteristics did he have?
Answer: 1) He was nostalgic author, and he always juxtaposing the Old
and the New world; 2) He remained a conservative and always exalted a
disappearing past, and he prefer the past to present, prefer a
dream-like world to a real one; 3) His stories were always from
legend, especially German legends, showing best classic style.
(P405—406) 6. Sea adventures are Melville's favorite subject;
"Moby-Dick" is a great novel in the theme, which is also noted for its
symbolism, please analyze it in detail. Answer: 1) About the sea
adventure: it symbols the voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and
knowledge of the universe; a spirit exploration into man's deep
reality and psychology; 2) About the boat; it symbols the society, and
the crew symbol all kinds of people with different social and ethnic
ideas; 3) About the white whale: To the author, it symbols nature, it
is a complex, unfathomable and beautiful; To the captain Ahab, it is
evilness, is a wall. So he will lead all his crew to cut through the
wall to dig out all the unknown, mysterious things behind it. To the
narrator, Ishmael, it is a mystery. (P460—461) 7. Walt Whitman is a
unique poet. Can you explain what make him unique? Answer: 1) His
themes are: Democracy; the Revolutionary War and the Civil War;
freedom; openness; brotherhood; individualism; the growth of industry
and the wealth of the cities; universality. 2) His styles are special:
"free verse"; "catalogue"; simple and even crude language. (P448-551)
Song of Myself自我之歌 Universality, singularity and equality 主题：In this
poem Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: the theory of
universality, which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and
things, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings
in value. Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞 America's literary naturalists Case
history including everything Determinism (heredity biological &
environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of
Desire - The Financier, The Titan, The Stoic ，Sister Carrie，'who shall
cast the first stone?' In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by
two volumes of his "Trilogy of Desire", The Financier and The Titan,
the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in
1947.1911年，Jennie
Gerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。 作家特色：1. idea:
naturalist (1)heredity and environment are the forces determining
man's destiny, under what life was ironic, even tragic (2)human
beings' life was trapped into'a welter of inscrutable forces'
(3)Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest" is embodied as "kill or
to be killed" in Dreiser's works (4)explain the insignificance of life
and attack the conventional moral standards (5)materialism is the
core. man has a meaningless, endless search for satisfaction of his
desires, desires for money (6)sex is another human desire sexual
beauty symbolizes the social status 2. features: lack of concision,
more inclusive and less selective In his words, man is a "victim of
forces over which he has no control".
用他的话来说，人类是"各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的"。 From the first novel Sister
Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what
he had found them to be ---materialistic to the core.
在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。 For lack of concision, his
writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are
sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters
and events .由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。 His style is not
polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic
ends he sough. 他的写作风格虽显粗糙，但内容严肃，与表现主题十分相符。 选读：Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹
Project the American value – materialistic; The theme of the book:
Sister Carrie best embodies Dreiser's naturalistic belief that men are
controlled and conditioned by heredity, environment and chance, but a
few extraordinary and unsophisticated human beings refuse to accept
their fate wordlessly and instead strive, unsuccessfully, to find
meaning and purpose for their existence. Carrie, as one of such,
senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaring world yet seeks to
grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies her desires for
social status and material comfort. In Sister Carrie, Dreiser
expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness
of life and impotence of men. Chapter 2 The Realistic Period I. Choose
the right answer: 1. Emily Dickinson was sometimes curious about the
feeling of speech of death and in one of her poems she wrote about
the______of death, the title of the poem is "I heard a Fly buzz when I
died". A. moment B. suffering C. happiness D. meaning Answer: A (P518)
2. Theodore Dreiser belonged to the school of literary ______which
emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces
shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and
detailed circumstances. A. naturalism B. realism C. determinism D.
humanism Answer: A (P524) 3. More than five hundred poems that
Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general _____about the
relationship between man and nature is well expressed. A. scepticism
B. eulogy C. happiness D. denial Answer: A (P518) 4. "This is my
letter to the World" is a poem expressing Emily Dickinson's _____about
her communication with the outside world. A. happiness B. anger C.
anxiety D. sorrow Answer: C (P520) 5. Though secluded herself in her
own house, Emily Dickinson was never really indifferent of the outside
world, as could be seen in her poems such as "I like to see it lap the
Miles", which describes a(n) ______, an embodiment of modern
civilization. A. snake B. animal C. the road D. train Answer: D (P521)
6. After "The Adventure of Tom Sawyer", Twain gives a literary
independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book called_____, and the book
from which "all modern American literature comes". A. Life on the
Mississippi River B. The Gilded Age C. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
D. The Sun Also Rises Answer: C (P479---480) 7. Winterbourne is used
as a ______in Henry James's "Daisy Miller". A. Protagonist B. Narrator
of the events C. A character of central consciousness D. Persona
Answer: C (P499) 8. Emily Dickinson's verse is most aptly
characterized as ___________. A. exposing the evils of the society B.
paving the way for the following generation of free verse poets C.
sharing the same poetic conventions as Walt Whitman D. exhibiting
sensitiveness to the symbolic implications of experience, such as
love, death, immortality and etc. Answer: D (P518) 9. The author of
"The Portrait of a Lady" is best at_______. A. probing into the
unsearched secret part of human life B. a truthful delineation of the
motives, the impulses, the principles that shape the lives of actual
men and women. C. a dramatizing the collisions between two very
different cultural systems on an international scene D. disclosing the
social injustices and evils of a civilized society after the Civil
War. Answer: C (P496) 10. The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has
been referred to as _____________. A. the Age of Realism B. the Age of
Modernism C. the Age of Romanticism D. the Age of Colonicalism Answer:
A (P471) 11. Who exerts the simple most important influence on
literary naturalism?A. Emerson B. Jack London C. Theodore Dreiser D.
Darwin Answer: D (P475) 12. One of the most familiar themes in
American naturalism is the theme of human "______". A. bestiality B.
goodness C. compassion D. greed Answer: A (P476) 13. ______is
considered by H.L. Mencken as "the true father of our national
literature." A. Hemingway B. Poe C. Irving D. Twain Answer: D (P477)
14. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a
_______language. A. grand B. pompous C. simple D. vernacular Answer: D
(P481) 15. Henry James's fame generally rests upon his novels and
stories with________. A. international theme B. national theme C.
European theme D. Regional theme Answer: A (P497) 16. In the following
writers, who is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th
century "Stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of
psychological realism______________. A. Henry James B. Mark Twain C.
Emily Dickenson D. Theodore Dreiser Answer: A (P498) 17. In Henry
James' "Daisy Miller", the author tries to portray the young woman as
an embodiment of ___________. A. the corruption of the newly rich B.
the free spirit of the New World C. the decline of aristocracy D. the
force of convention Answer: B (P499) 18. Which of the following is NOT
a usual subject of poetic expression of Emily Dickinson's? A. War and
peace B. Love and marriage C. Life and death D. Religion Answer: A
(P517) 19. The following titles are all related to the subject that
escapes from the society and returns to nature except__________. A.
Dreiser's Sister Carrie B. Copper's Leather-Stocking Tales C.
Thoreau's Walden D. Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Answer: A (P401 / P526) 20. The greatest work written by Theodore
Dreiser is__________. A. Sister Carrie B. An American Tragedy C. The
Financier D. The Titan Answer: B (P525) 21. Closely related to Emily
Dickinson's religious poetry are her poems concerning ___________. A.
Childhood B. Youth and happiness C. Loneliness D. Death and
immortality Answer: D (518) 22. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain
active on the literary scene, _________became the major trend in
American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.
A. sentimentalism B. romanticism C. realism D. naturalism Answer: C
(P474) II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1. "It was a
close place. I took it up, and held it in my hand. I was a trembling,
because I'd got to decide, forever, betwixt tow things, and I knowed
it. I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to my
self: "All right, then, I'll go to hell"----and tore it up. It was
awful thoughts, and awful words, but they was said. And I let them
stay said; and never though no more about reforming." 1) Who was the
"I", which book was the passage taken from? And by whom? 2) Why did he
think "it was awful thought"? Analyze it. 3) Analyze the
characteristic of the hero. Answer: 1) The character is Huckleberry
Finn, the passage is taken from "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by
Mark Twain. (P489) 2) It is the climax of the Huck's inner struggle on
the Mississippi, when Huck is conflicting whether or not he should
write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is, and he is
polarizing/contradicting by the two opposing forces between his heart
and his head, between his affection for Jim and the laws of the
society against those who help slaves escape. Huck's final decision
-to follow his own good hearted moral impulse rather than conventional
village morality. During his thinking Huck thinks of the consequence
of helping Jim (the runaway slave), he might go to hell, "it was awful
thought", with the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his
social awareness, Huck grows. (P480) 3) Huck is an innocent and
reluctant rebel, a typical American Boy with a "sound heart and
deformed conscience". Through the eyes of Huck, the Pre-Civil War
American society is fully exposed and we are deeply impressed by Mark
Twain's thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature
and culture, wildness and civilization. (P483) 2. "I should think it
might be arranged," Winterbourne was thus emboldened to reply.
"Couldn't you get some one to stay----for the afternoon---with
Randolph?" Miss Miller looked at him a moment; and then with all
serenity, "I wish you'd stay with him!" she said. Questions: 1) Please
identify the work and the author. 2) Please analyze the character of
Daisy Miller in literature. 参考答案: 1) It is taken from Henry James's
"Daisy Miller". (P513) 2) She is the American Girl in Europe, a
celebrated type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However,
innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring
but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old
World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two
different cultures. (P499-500) 3. "We passed the School, where
Children strove At Recess---in the Ring--- We passed the Fields of
Gazing Grain---- We passed the Setting Sun---" Questions: 1) Please
identify the poem and the poet; 2) What does "the School, the Fields
of Gazing Grain and the Setting Sun" stands for? Answers: 1) The lines
are from "Because I could not stop fro Death", Emily Dickinson. (P523)
2) It stands for three stages of life: the School----youth; the Fields
of Gazing Grain----mature period; the Setting Sun------end of life.
(P523) 4. "The Eyes around---had wrung them dry--- And breaths were
gathering firm For that last Onset----when the King Be witnessed---in
the Room----" Questions: 1) What is the meaning of the first line? 2)
What does "the King" refer to? 3) What idea does the poem from which
this stanza is taken express? Answers: 1) It means the relatives and
friends had cried and cried so that there were no tears any more.
(P521) 2) "The King" refers to the God of death. (P521) 3) The poem
expresses that the author even imagined her own death, the loss of her
own body, and the journey of her soul to the unknown. (P518) III.
Questions and answers: 1. What are the main ideas of Realists of
America? Answer: The harsh life and disillusion from the dark memories
of the Civil War made the nation dislike the romance, the new
generation of writers came up with new inspirations: 1) They were
interested in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of
the actuality of any aspect of life; 2) People's attention was now
directed the interesting features/things of everyday existence/things
-something brutal, sordid/mean, class struggle etc. 3) The authors
introduced common people such as: industrial workers and farmers,
ambitious businessmen, vagrants, prostitutes/street girls, and
unheroic soldiers in fiction; 4) American writers displayed native
trends in portrayal of the landscape ad social surface realistically;
5) They formed perfect vernacular style in language; 6) Some authors
explored and exploited/used the literary possibilities of the interior
life/psychology, such as Henry James; 7) The representatives were:
Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howells; In short, they set the
example and pictured the future course for the modernism. (in the
subject, themes, techniques, and styles of fiction) (P472---474) 2.
Take examples to analyze the style and theme of Mark Twain. Answer:
Mark Twain is a great literary of America, H. L. Mencken considered
him "the true father of our national literature". 1) Twain's works
like "Adventure of Huckleberry Finn" and "Life on the Mississippi"
shaped the views of America and combined American folk humor and
serious literature together; 2) "The adventures of Tom Sawyer" and The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" proved to be the milestone in American
literature, and they were the record of a vanishing way of life in the
pre-Civil War Mississippi. 3) The books were noted for their
unpretentious, colloquial, poetic, humorous, innocent and free style;
4) The language of Twain was simple, direct, lucid and faithful to
truth -"vernacular"; 5) Twain was famous for a local colorist, who
presented social life through portraits of the local characters of his
region -people living in the area, the landscape, the customs,
dialects, costumes. Especially the theme of the Mississippi valley and
the West; 6) The work of Twain were always confined to a particular
region, historical moment, strong accent, intensified humor to
criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.
(P477-481) 3. Give a comment on the experience of Carrie. 参考答案： 1)
Penniless and "full of the illusions of ignorance and youth", Sister
Carrie leaves her rural home to seek work in Chicago, she grows from
an innocent, pure country girl to be a girl mature in intellect and
emotion, and she becomes a star of musical comedies. But in spite of
her success in material, she is not happy but lonely and dissatisfied.
2) Sister Carrie best embodies Dreiser's naturalistic belief that
while men are controlled and conditioned by heredity, instinct and
chance, a few extraordinary and unsophisticated human beings refuse to
accept their fate wordlessly and instead strive, unsuccessfully, to
find meaning and purpose for their existence. (P527-528) 4. The
characteristic and theme analyses of Henry James. Answer: 1) The
Freudian approach is famous in his novels and his literary essays. 2)
James took great interest in international themes -the clashed between
two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of
Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America in his first period. 3)
"The Portrait of A Lay" is generally considered to be his masterpiece.
4) James experimented with different themes and forms in his middle
period. 5) In his last an major period, James returned to his
"international-theme." 6) The typical pattern of the conflict between
the two cultures would be that of a young American man or an American
girl (Daisy Miller) who goes to Europe and affronts/met with his or
her destiny. The unsophisticated boy or girl would be beguiled,
betrayed, cruelly wronged at the hands of those who pretend to stand
for the highest possible civilization. 7) He focuses on psychological
approach. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of
human beings -this emphasis on psychology and on the human
consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writing. 8) He
is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century
"stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological
realism. 9) James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible
and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal
intervention. (P495-498)5. The period from 1865 to 1914 has been
referred to the Age of Realism (The Gilded Age) in the literary
history of the United States, why did it happen and what characters
did it have? Answer: 1) The American society after the Civil War
provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism, and Civil
War affected the social and the value system of the country, America
had transformed into an industrialized and commercialised society. 2)
The war stimulated the technological development; 3) The booming
economy and industry stepped up urbanization; 4) The phenomenon of
polarization is serious; 5) People became doubtful about the human
nature and the benevolence/grace of God; 6) Gone was the frontier, the
spirit of the frontiersman/pioneer, the spirit of freedom and the
American dream. (P471---472) 6. Please analyze the characteristics of
Emily Dickinson's poems. Answer: 1) Dickinson's poems are usually
based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her
little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole
human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and
nature. (theme) 2) Her masterpiece -----"I heard a Fly buzz---when I
died", she looked at death from the point of view of both the living
and the dying. She even imagined her own death, the loss of her own
body, and the journey of her soul to the unknown. 3) The style of
Dickinson: A: A particular stress pattern: dash"-------" B: Capital
letters as a means of emphasis; C: Language: brief, direct, and plain;
D: Poem: short, always on single image or symbol (e.g. "I like to see
it lap the miles"---------describe a train in the personification of
the literary device) E: Her poems tend to be personal and meditative
(e.g. "Because I could not stop for Death"). (P517---519) 7. In the
representatives of "Local colorism", the writers shared some things in
common and also had some differences, please analyze them. Answer: 1)
3 prominent writers differed in the understanding of the "truth": Mark
Twain and Howells paid attention to the life of the Americans; Henry
James emphasized the "inner world"; 2) Howells focused on the rising
middle class, while Twine dealt with the region and the people at the
forefront; 3) The other local colorists concerned with the life of the
small, well-defined region or province, the setting is always the
isolated small town;4) They were nostalgic historians, recording the
vanishing way of life, and the fading present. (P474---475) 8. Analyze
the theory of Theodore Dreiser'naturalism with example. Answer: 1) His
naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important
deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were
presented in special and detailed circumstances. At bottom, life was
shown to be ironic, even tragic. 2) The characters in his books are
often subject to the control of the natural forces -especially those
of environment and heredity. For example, the hero Hurstwood's tragic
death showed the theory. 3) The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival
of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in
Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where "kill or to be killed" was
the law. 4) He criticizes materialistic to the core, living in such a
society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed
with a never-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of
his/her desires. One of the desires is for money which was a
motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late 19th
century. For example in his masterpiece "Sister Carrie" he traces the
material rise of Carrie Meeber, which indicates the critical attitude
of the author. 5) Sexual beauty symbolizes the acquisition of some
social status of great magnitude. (P525---527) 9. Darwin's
evolutionary theory gave rise to American naturalism, what are their
characteristics? Answer: The American naturalists accepted the more
negative implication of Darwin's theory, and used it to explain the
behaviours in literary works.1) They regarded man as the complex
combinations of inherited attributes/elements, their habits
conditioned/controlled by social and economic forces; 2) They chose
their subjects from the lower ranks of the society and portrayed
misery and poverty/poorness; 3) They dealt with the nature of the man
of "underdogs" -"bestiality", as an explanation of sexual desire; 4)
Their languages were unpolished; 5) The naturalists believed that the
real and true nature is hidden from the eyes o the individual, or
beyond his control; 6) Naturalism evolved/came from realism, but the
tone of the authors were more ironic and pessimistic. (P475-476) The
modern period 现代时期 the second American Renaissance, the expatriate移居海外
movement, the Lost Generation, 迷茫的一代 a transformation from order to
disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, 及时行乐 spiritual wasteland,
collective unconscious,psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age 应用
名词解释："迷惘的一代"，意象派诗歌，象征主义，表现主义，意识流 "荒原"意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映
《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》：主题、意象、语言 弗洛斯特的自然诗 《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》：主题、
象征与比喻、语言 《毛猿》第八场：主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手 《了不起的盖茨比》第三章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格 age:
second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th century
background: (1)the U.S. has become the most powerful country
(2)technological revolution (3)a decline in moral standard, a
spiritual wasteland, feelings of fear, loss, disorientation and
disillusionment influencing ideas: (1)the same as English Modern
period: Karl Marx, Darwin, Freud (2)stream of consciousness:
modernism's features: literature: convey a vision of social breakdown
and moral decay writer: develop techniques that could represent a
break with the past. modernistic works are discontinuity and
fragmentation The differences between Modernism America and England
(1)American writers emphasize the concrete sensory images or details
as the direct conveyor of experience (2)modern fiction employ the
first narration or confine the reader to the "central consciousness"
or one character's point of view common ground: directness,
compression, vividness, sparing of words The idea of "seize the day"
or "enjoy the present " was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope
in the future." 及时行乐"的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。 The most recognizable
literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American
literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the
expatriate movement. 美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。 These
writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also
an expatriate, "The Lost Generation". (why)---Disillusioned and
disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in
America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences
in the war. 这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为"迷惘的一代"（原因）--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。
Ezra Pound's role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in
the history of American literature. 庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。 F.Scott
Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to
be the masters in the field of American fiction.
费兹杰拉德，海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。 O'Neill is remembered for his tragic view of
life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human
desires and human frustrations.
奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。 J.D.Salinger's The Catcher
in the Rye is regarded as a students'
classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。 In general terms, much serious
literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of
social breakdown and moral decay and the writer's task was to develop
techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the
defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are
discontinuity and fragmentation.
总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。 A typical modern
work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation,
and to end without resolution. 现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。 There
are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is
from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from
the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to
the subjective projection.作品在现实，语气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。
Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a
story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person
narration or limit the reader to the "central consciousness" or one
character's point of
view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到"中心的意识"上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。
有关的习题： Analyze the background of the Modern Period. (1) The U.S.
participated in The First World War marked a crucial stage in the
nation's evolution/development to a world power. (2) The technology
has brought about great changes in the life of the American people.
(P544) The ideology analyses about the people and especially the
authors. (The ideology analysis of "The Lost Generation) (1) People
became less certain about what might arise in this changing world and
more cynical about accepted standards of honesty and morality. The
idea of "seize the day" or "enjoy the present" was pervasive. (2)
There was a decline in moral standard and the first few decades of the
twentieth century was described as a spiritual wasteland. The
censor/standard of a great civilization being destroyed or destroying
itself, social breakdown, and individual powerlessness and
hopelessness became part of the American experience as a result of the
First World War, with resulting feelings of fear, loss, disorientation
and disillusionment.(3) Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous,
greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and
they wrote from their own experience in the war. (4) The sense of loss
and despair prevails among the post-war generation who are physically
and psychologically scarred; Faulkner creates his own mythical kingdom
that mirrors not only the decline of the Southern society but also the
spiritual wasteland of the whole American society. (5) The world is
even more disintegrating and fragmentary and people are even more
estranged and despondent. (6) These writers shared almost the same
belief that human beings are trapped in a meaningless world and that
neither God nor man can make sense of the human condition. (7) In
general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards
attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and
the writer's task was to develop techniques that could represent a
break with the past. (P545-552) List some characteristic writers you
know in the Modernism. (1) The spirit of frivolity and carelessness is
brought vividly to life in "The Great Gatsby" (1925). (2) Faulkner's
footsteps in portraying the decadence and evil in the Southern society
in a Gothic manner. (3) Salinger is considered to be a spokesman for
the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye
is regarded as a students' classic. (4) O'Neill is remembered for his
tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the
truth of human desires and human frustration. (P548---549) What are
the styles of the modernists in writing? (1) The defining formal
characteristics of the modernistic works discontinuity and
fragmentation. (2) The biggest shift is from the external to the
internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to
the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective
projection. (3) Modern American writers in general emphasize the
concrete sensory images or details as the direct conveyer of
experience. (4) Their language is direct, compressive, vivid and
sparing of words. (5) Modern fiction tended to employ the first person
narration or limit the reader to the "central consciousness" or one
character's point of view. This limitation accorded with the
modernistic vision that truth does not exist objectively but is the
product of a personal interaction with reality. (P552---553) Some
theories and ideologies influenced the Modernists, what are they? (1)
Darwinism; (2) Karl Marx's scientific socialism; (3) Freud's
"unconsciousness" and psychoanalysis; (4) William James' "stream of
consciousness"; (5) Carl June's "collective unconscious", "archetypal
symble". (P546) Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德 Before graduating from university, he
had mastered nine language. 大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。 Pound's poetic works
include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and
published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound,
andPersonae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》，《人物》的书名出版。 "The point of
Imagism" , Pound wrote in 1914, "is that it does not use images as
ornaments. The image itself is the speech. The image is the word
beyond formulated
language".庞德曾于1914年写道："意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰，意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇"。 The poet,
he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking
out directly in the first person: he must "screen himself" and speak
indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually
a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a "mask", that is, a
persona.他认为，诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受，必须"把自己笼罩起来"，通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话，那就是神话或文学典故。
Ezra Pound's contribution to American literature: Pound was one of the
most important poets and critics of his time and he was regarded as
the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the
"Imagist Movement", which though short-lived, had a tremendous
influence on modern poetry. Pound endorsed the group's three main
principles： 庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则： 1.direct treatment of poetic subjects,
直接处理诗歌主题； 2.elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words,
舍去装饰浮华的词藻； 3.and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical
phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。
Ezra Pound's poetic subjects or themes: Pound's earlier poetry is
saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th
century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the
poet's craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and
the permanence of art.
庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。
Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture:
the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural
renewal as well. Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example. Pound
traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and
social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America
after the heroic time of Jefferson.
后来，他更关注现代文化问题：当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例，庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡，现代世界道德和社会的混乱，尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。
选读作品： In a Station of The Metro在地铁站 One-image poem; a modern adoption
of the Japanese haiku This poem is an observation of the poet of the
human faces seen in a Paris subway station.Pound attempts to produce
the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station
and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the
emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs. The
River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter船商的妻子：一封信 an adaption from the Chinese
of Li Po named Rihaku in Japaness This is a verse "letter" in which
the speaker communicates indirectly, by means of vivid images and
shifting tones, the history of her feelings for her absent husband to
whom she writes. A pact(free verse)合同 Some agreement between
"Whitmanesque" free verse In this poem,Pound started to find some
agreement between "Whitemanesque" free verse, which he had attacked
for its carelessness in composition, and the "verse libre" of the
Imagists who showed more concern for formal values. the Imagist
Movement意向主义运动 Led by the American poet Ezra Pound, Imagist Movement
is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between
1909-1917. 以美国诗人庞德领导，意向主义运动在1909-1917年间在美国和英国展开。It advances modernism
in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as
opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson's wordiness and high-flown
language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中，反对浪漫主义尤其是丁尼生的精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言，主张改革诗歌的媒体。Pound
endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism, including
direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental
or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of
the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.
庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则，直接处理诗歌主题，舍去装饰浮华的词藻，诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。The primary Imagist
objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing, to stick closely to the
object or experience being described, and to move from explicit
generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens,
D.H.Lawrence, etc. Pound's famous one-image poem "In a Station of the
Metro" would serve as a typical example of the Imagist ideas. Robert
Lee Frost 罗伯特.李.弗罗斯特 Frost is an important poet in the 20th century
.He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the
inauguration就职典礼of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. His pomes
contains "Mending the Wall", "The Road Not Taken", "Stopping by Woods
on a Snowy Evening"(speaker's choice between safety and the
unknown)，and "After
Apple-Picking".他的诗包括《补墙》，《未选择的路》，《雪夜林边停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味）和《摘苹果后》。
特色： The Pulitzer Prize winner on four occasions; a serious poet idea:
a momentary瞬间的 stay against confusion, like Wordsworth profound ideas
are delivered under the disguise伪装 of the plain language and the
simple form; combined traditional verse forms with a clear American
local speech rhythm; semi-free or semi-conventional 选读作品： After
Apple-Picking摘了苹果之后 a man's best efforts ever satisfy God This poem is
so vivid a memory of experience on the farm in which the end of labor
leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet
finds him blocked from success by winter's approach and physical
weariness. The Road Not Taken没有走的路 uncertainty of the speaker's choice
between safety and unknown(meditative) took the one less travelled by
and that has made all the differenceIn this meditative poem, the
speaker tells us how the course of his life was determined when he
came upon two roads that diverged in a wood. Forced to choose, he "
took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference."
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边逗留 This is a deceptively
simple poem in which the speaker literally stops his horse in the
winter twilight to observe the beauty of the forest scene, and then is
moved to continue his journey. pastoral life and scene Though he is
generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly
focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems
that investigate the basic themes of man's life in his long poetic
career: the individual's relationships to himself, to his fellow-man,
to his world, and to his
God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人，他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物，但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索，探讨了个人对自己，对别人，对世界以及对上帝的关系。Eugene
O'Neill尤金.奥尼尔 O'Neill's first full-length play, HBeyond the orizon
made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.
奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演，这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。 Between 1920 and 1924 came his
prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg .The Hairy Ape.
These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts,
sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek
model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如《毛猿》，这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系，阶级冲突，性的束缚，社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。
Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the
affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization
denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine
artist.如《伟大的布朗》，它将象征主义，诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。
The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a
complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written
out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with
tremendous skill and
logic.《冰人来了》以其复杂，讽刺，对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨，以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨，并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。
特色和影响： Is unquestionably American's greatest playwright; won the
Pulitzer Prize four times; the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel
Prize; founder of the American drama美国戏剧之父 Characters seek meaning and
purpose in their lives through love or religion or revenge. The result
is disappointment or despair. Use expressionism表现主义; dialect方言, spell
words indicate a particular accent or manner of speech 他作品的主题： Of all
the plays O'Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the
basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death,
illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and
reality, self and
society.在奥尼尔所有的作品中，多数是悲剧，处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点：生与死，幻觉和幻灭，疏远和交流，梦想和现实，自我和社会，欲望和挫折。
选读：毛猿The Hairy Ape concerns the problem of modern man's position.
这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题 Yank's sense of belonging nowhere is a typical of the
mood of isolation and alienation in the early twentieth century in the
US and the whole world as well. "The Hairy Ape"----Yank-brutal,
stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are
the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines.
"毛猿"----扬克，残忍，愚蠢并且猥亵，被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。 F.Scott
Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德 His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one
of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。 he is
often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age， Dollar Decade,
1920s 他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人 a great stylist; using the scenic舞台的 method;
accurate detail A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and
an outsiderAmerican Dream 了不起的盖茨比The Great Gatsby narrator陈述者: Nick
Carraway symbolic of an obscenely污秽的 futile无用的 world "The Great
Gatsby"----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby's dream
and decides to go back home to the West. Gatsby is a mythical figure
whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies
America itself. Gatsby's failure magnifies to a great extent the end
of the American Dream.
《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时，尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物，他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。
He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying
sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the
vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated
with.他酗酒，并且酒后做出许多出轨的事，但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。 Fitzgerald's
fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age,
in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class
society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。 But beneath their masks of relaxation
and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility,
and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a
hint of decadence and moral
decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。Thomas Hardy
他和D`HLawrance，Theodore Dreiser，George Eliot都是自然主义naturalist。
也和狄更斯一样被称为批判现实文学家。 Hardy's novels are all Victorian in date. Most of
them are set in Wessex. 他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。 His best
local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the
Native(1878), The Trumpet Major (1880), The Mayor of Casterbridge
(1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the
Obscure.还乡、号兵长、卡斯特桥市长、林地居民、德伯家苔丝、无名的裘德These works, known as "novels of
character and environment", are the most representative of him as both
a naturalistic and a critical realist
writer.这些作品便是著名的'角色与环境为纲的小说'，最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判现实主义的写作特点。 Among Hardy's
major works, Under the Greenwood Tree is the most cheerful and
idyllic田园短诗的. the naturalistic idea of Hardy The tragic sense is the
keynote of Hardy's novels, and he is a nostalgic 乡愁的author. Hardy's
novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region,
which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the
conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the
modern. Man's fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the
nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature
and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness
or success, and set him in conflict with the environment; we can see
he is influenced greatly by Darwin's theory "survival of the fittest".
Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom
escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most
works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer.
Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is
also called local-colorist. (P300--302) 选读作品：Tess of the D'Urbervilles
主题：这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德，抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。It is a fierce attack on the
hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist
invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry
towards the end of the century. 故事大意：Tess is a beautiful, innocent
peasant girl. The poverty of the family forces her to claim kinship
with the sham but rich d'Urbervilles. Alec, the young master of the
d'Urbervilles, a dandy, seduces Tess and impregnates her. Tess returns
home and later gives birth to a baby, who dies soon. People's opinion
forces Tess to leave home to work on a dairy farm. There she meets
Angel Clare, son of a clergyman.The two fall in love with each other.
On their wedding night, Angel makes a confession about his past
dissipation and is readily forgiven by Tess, but when Tess reveals her
own past, Angel just wouldn't forgive her and deserts her that very
night. Helpless and hopeless, Tess has to wander from place to place,
doing the hardest work and bearing the harshest insult.When her
father's death transfers the whole burden of the family on her, she is
forced to go back to Alec, now a preacher. Before long, the repentant
Angel returns from abroad. Tess, putting all the blames of her
unhappiness on Alec, kills him. She flees with Angel but is caught by
the police and hanged. 分析：This novel is one of the best and most
popular work by Hardy.It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical
morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the
country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of
the century. Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional
idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and
Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society. And the misery,
the poverty and the heartfelt pain she suffers and her final tragedy
give rise to a most bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the
society. Of course, naturalistic tendency is also strong in the novel.
In a way, Tess seems to be led to her final destruction step by step
by Fate. Coincidence adds one "wrong" to another until she is caught
up in a dead-end. As Hardy says at the end of the novel:"Justic was
done, and the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with
Tess. " To fully understand the novel, one has to take into
consideration both its critical realist and naturalistic significance.
选段习题： "Come, Tess, Tell me in confidence." … "The trees have
inquisitive eyes, haven't they? … and drive all such horrid fancies
away!" 1) Interpret the passage. Answer: Tess, as pure woman brought
up with the traditional ideas, is abused and destroyed by the
destructive force, and the misery made her frightened to the future,
which implied the naturalistic viewpoint of Hardy. (P303) Chapter 4
The Victorian Period I. Choose the right answer: Chronologically the
Victorian refers to__________. A.1798---1832 B.1836---1901 C.the
Romantic period D.the Neoclassical Period Answer: B (P233) ____works
are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. A.Thomas Hardy's
B.Charles Dickens's C.Charlotte Bronte's D.George Eliot's Answer: B
(P241) 3. _____is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse
and life of the underworld in the 19th century London. A.Oliver Twist
B.Great Expectations C.David Copper Field D.Hard Times Answer: A
(P243) ____is an elaborate and powerful expression of Alfred
Tennyson's philosophical and religious thoughts. A.Idylls of the King
B."Ulysses" C.Poems, Chieoqy Lyrical] D.In Memoriam Answer: D (P274)
4. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens's works lies in
his ______. A.social criticism B.optimism C.character-portrayal
D.social setting Answer: C (P241) _____is based on the Celtic legends
of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. A.In Memoriam
B."Ulysses" C.Idylls of the King D.The Princess Answer: C (P275) 5.
_____is Robert Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. A."My Last
Duches" B."Meeting at Night" C."Parting at Morning" D."Pippa Passes"
Answer: A (P287) 6. _____initiates a new type of realism and sets into
motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the
naturalistic and psychological novel. A.Charles Dickens B.George Eliot
C.Charlotte Bronte D.Thomas hardy Answer: B (P292) 7. _____works are
known as "novels of characters and environment." A.Charles Dickens's
B.George Eliot's C.Jane Austen's D.Geroge Eliot's Answer: B (P300) 8.
____belives that man's fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a
combined force of 'nature", both inside and outside. A.Charles Dickens
B.Thomas hardy C.Bernard Shaw D.T.S. Eliot Answer: B (P301) 9. The
author of the work "Dombey and Son" is _________. A.Charles Dickens
B.Henry James C.Robert Lee Frost D.Ezra Pound Answer: A (P239—240) 10.
The most important characteristic in Ulysses by Alfred Tennyson is
_______. A.mastering of language B.excellent choice of words C.use of
the dramatic monologue D.excellent metaphor Answer: C (P273) 11.
"Self-conceited", "cruel" and "tyrannical" are most likely the names
of the character in______. A.Robert Browning's 'My Last Duchess'
B.Christopher Marlowe's 'Dr.Faustus' C.Shakespeare's Love's 'Labour's
lost' D.Sheridan's 'The School for Scandal' Answer: A (P287) 12.
Robert Browning's style is_______. A.identical with that of the other
Victorian B.similar to that of Tennyson C.perfectly artistic D.rough
and disproportionate in appearance Answer: D (P285) 13. According to
D.H. Lawrence, _____was the first novelist that "started putting all
the actions inside". A.George Eliot B.Thomas Hardy C.Charles Dickens
D.T.S. Eliot Answer: A (P236) 14. Middlemarch is considered to be
George Eliot's greatest novel, owing to all the following reasons
EXCEPT_______. A.it vividly English country life B.it probed into
perpetual philosophical thoughts C.it provides a panoramic view of
life D.it reveals women's true feelings Answer: B (P293) 15. 'Every
day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature,
and to her one more of his", the sentence is found in_____.
A.Middlemarch by George Eliot B.Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas
Hardy C.Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte D.Wuthering Heights by Emily
Bronte Answer: B (P309) 16. Which of the following best describes the
protagonist (Henchard) of Thomas Hardy's "The Mayor of the
Casterbridge"? A.He is a man of self-esteem B.He is a man of
self-contempt C.He is a man of self-confidence D.He is a man of
self-sufficiency Answer: D (P300) 17. Which of the following
description of Thomas Hardy is wrong? A.Most of his novels are set in
Wessex. B.Tess of the D'Urbervilles is one of the most representative
of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer. C.Among
Hardy's major works, Under the Greenwood Tree is the most cheerful and
idyllic. D.From The Mayor of Casterbridge on, the tragic sense becomes
the keynote of his novels. Answer: D (P299---302) 18. Charlotte's
works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class
working women, particularly________. A.governesses B.clerks
C.baby-sitters D.managers Answer: A (P255) The Modern Period现代主义
时间：1914-194 背景background： 1) Natural and social sciences advanced
greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the
poor and the rich was deepened; 2) The First World War and The Second
World War happened, which influenced people greatly; 3) All kinds of
philosophical ideas were produced. 特点characters： 1) Modernism rose out
of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism; 2) The French
symbolism heralded modernism; 3) Modernism takes the irrational
philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base;
4) The major theme of Modernism are the distorted, alienated and ill
relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man
and himself; 5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective,
inner individual and the tone is disillusioned.
影响这一时期的哲学思想philosophical ideas influenced Modernism： 1) Karl Marx's
scientific socialism; 2) Darwin's theory evolution -the social
Darwinism "survival of the fittest"; 3) Einstein's theory of
relativity; 4) Freud's analytical psychology; 5) The irrational
philosophy. Why Modernism is different from Realism? 现代主义与现实主义的区别 In
many aspects, Modernism acts against Realism; 1) Modernism rejects
rationalism, while Realism stresses it; 2) Modernism includes
internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses
external, objective, and material world; 3) Modernism advocates new
forms and new techniques, and it casts away all the traditional
elements such as: story, character, etc. while Realism stresses it. 4)
Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc.
George Bernard Shaw a brilliant dramatist杰出的戏剧家Shaw wroted more than
50 plays 《鳏夫的房产》、《康帝坦》、《华伦夫人的职业》、 《凯撒和克里奥特拉》、《圣女贞德》、《人与超人》、
《皮克马利瓮》、《回到麦修色拉》、《苹果车》 主要作品介绍： His criticism was witty, biting, and
often brilliant. Widower's House 鳏夫的房产is a grotesquely荒诞地 realistic
exposure of slum贫民窟 landlordism地主所有制; Mrs Warren's Profession华伦夫人的职业,
written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the
economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. These two can be regarded as
the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.The Apple Cart苹果车
(1929) is about politics; John Bull's Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿(1904) is
about racial problems;Too True to Be Good难以置信 (1932) is a better play
of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic betterness on
the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the
aimlessness and disillusion of the
young.主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。Shaw also produced
several plays, exploring his idea of "Life Force", the power that
would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the
social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.
萧伯纳还创作了一系列话题，探索了'生命的力量'--一种能够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。 他的艺术观点： Shaw
was strongly against the credo 信条of "art for art's sake" held by those
decadent 颓废的aesthetic 审美感的 artists. he strongly condemned the "well
made " but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the
late 19th century to meet the low taste of the middle class. Shaw held
that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life,
revealing social contradictions and educating the common
people.艺术应为社会服务，应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。The mission of his drama was to
reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical
reformist point of
view.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。 写作特色： One feature
of Shaw's characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up
one character vividly at the expense of another.
人物塑造方面的特点是他不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。 Another feature is that Shaw's
characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view , that
shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested
in doctrines教条. The forward motion consists not in unrolling of plot
but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.
动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩） Much of
Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional
theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。 选读作品：Mrs Warren's
Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a
play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. George Eliot
her three most popular novels, Adama Bede (1859), The Mill on the
Floss (1860) and Silas Marner(1861) In 1872, Middle-march弥都马驰镇, a
panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot's greatest
achievement 选读作品：Middlemarch Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life,
has been known as one of the most mature works in English literary
history. The book provides a panoramic view of life in a small English
town, Middlemarch, and its surrounding coutryside in the
mid-nineteenth century. It is mainly centered on the lives of Dorothea
Brooke and Tertius Lydgate, both of whom are shown to have great
potentials and ambitions, but both fail in achieving their goals owing
to the social environment as well as their own
vulnerabilities.这两个角色都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心，但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。 Charles
Dickens one of the greatest critical realist writers 伟大的批判现实主义作家
character-protrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature 特点of his works
a mingling混合of humor and pathos悲伤，惆怅 The Posthumous Paper of the
Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. It at once
lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.
《皮克维克外传》的出版，使狄更斯一度名利双收。 whatever his limitations, this man is loved
and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his
works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is
ready to love and
sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性，他都深受人民大众喜爱，不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。 In his
works, Dickens sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the
nineteenth century England, particularly London.
19世纪的英国做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评，特别是伦敦。 Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.
惊人的讲故事的能力。 Dicken\\\\\\\'s works are also characterized by a mingling
of humor and pathos感伤. He seems to believe that life is itself a
mixture of joy and grief. Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring
an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive
sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破坏故事的连贯性。
狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。 Bleak House 荒凉山庄 Little
Dorrit 小多利特 Great Expectations 远大前程 Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·翟述伟 David
Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔 Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔比 A Tale of Two Cities
双城记 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 他的主题： 批判现实主义作家critical realist writers
：poverty,injustice,hypocrisy,corruptness 他的特色： (1)he is skillful in
the dialect and have a large vocabulary (2)character portrayal
(3)character are mostly innocent,helpless,persecuted child characters
(4)a mixture of humor and sympathism (5)bizarre奇异的 figure,horrible恐怖的
选读作品：Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse
system and the dark criminal underworld life 习题：Analyze the style of
Charles Dickens. Adeptness/skilfulness with the vernacular本土的 and
large vocabulary; The most distinguishing/remarkable
character-portrayal; The best writing from the child's point of view;
(His best depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous,
persecuted, helpless children) The depiction描写 of those horrible and
grotesque奇异的 characters; The mingling/mixing features of humor and
pathos/sorrow. (P241) "In pursuance of this determination, little
Oliver, to his excessive astonishment, was released from bondage, and
ordered to put himself into a clean shirt. He had hardly achieved this
very unusual gymnastic performance when Mr. Bumble brought him, with
his own hands, a basin of gruel and the holiday allowance of two
ounces and a quarter of bread. A very tremendous sight, Oliver begins
to cry very piteously. Thinking, not unnaturally, that the board must
have decided to kill him for some useful purpose, or they never would
have begun to fatten him up in this way." Identify the title and the
writer. Why Oliver was released from the bondage? Why had he been
punished? Interpret "A very tremendous sight". Answer: This is an
excerpt from "Oliver Twist" by Charles Dickens. (P249) Because he
would be sold to a notorious chimney-sweeper (at 3 pound ten) and
became his apprentice. (P243) Oliver was punished for that "impious
and profane offence of asking for more gruel." (P242)] 下面的发着玩的
狄更斯主要作品列表 《博兹札记》（ Sketches by Boz ） —— 1836年 《匹克威克外传》（ The Pickwick
Papers ） —— 1836年 《雾都孤儿》（ Oliver Twist ） —— 1837年-1839年 《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》（
Nicholas Nickleby ）—— 1838年-1839年 《老古玩店》（ The Old Curiocity Shop ）——
1840年-1841年 《巴纳比·拉奇》（ Barnaby Rudge ）—— 1841年 《美国纪行》（ American Notes
）—— 1842年 《圣诞颂歌》（ A Christmas Carol ）—— 1843年 《马丁·翟述伟》（ Martin
Chuzzlewit ）—— 1843年-1844年 《董贝父子》（ Dombey and Son ）—— 1846年-1848年 《
大卫·科波菲尔 》（ David Copperfield ）—— 1849年-1850年 《写给孩子看的英国历史》（ A
Child\\\\\\\'s History of England ）——1851年-1853年 《荒凉山庄》（ Bleak House
）—— 1852年-1853年 《艰难时世》（ Hard Times ）—— 1854年 《小杜丽》（ Little Dorrit ）——
1855年-1857年 《 双城记 》（ A Tale of Two Cities ）—— 1859年 《远大前程》（ Great
Expectations ）—— 1860年-1861年 《我们共同的朋友》（ Our Mutual Friend ）——
1864年-1865年 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》（ The Mystery of Edwin Drood ）—— 未完成，1870年
Charlotte Bronte 勃朗特姐妹The Bronte sisters - Charlotte,Emily&Anne
Bronte,a rather reserved and simple girl,was very much a child of
nature生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家 夏洛特的作品主题： Charlotte's works are all about the
struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization,
about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for
love, understanding and a full, happy life. But brought up with strict
orthodoxy, Charleotte would usually stick to the Puritanical code. She
loves the beauty of nature but despises worldly ambition and success.
In her mind, man's life is composed of perpetual battle between sin
and virtue, good and
evil.作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地实现自我价值而奋斗，都是有关一些孤独而自卑的少女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的清冽渴求。在她看来，人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。
All her heroines' highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or
some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism
combined with romanticism. 她小说女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。On one
hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by
exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes,
and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Her works are
famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class working
women, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are
marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion.
一方面，她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷，虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面，她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。 Jane
Eyre简爱 Mr Rochester and Jane Eyre ROchester:a
grim-looking,energetic,quick-tempered,but an understand middle-agde
man;has a buring spirit and a longing to love and be loved.
Jane:stuggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a
woman.it's an individual conscious struggle towards
self-realization.she gets joy through thesacrifice of herself or her
weakness overcome.[/BGCOLOR] Jane Eyre is the greatest governess女家庭教师
image in the literature history; can you analyze the character of her?
Jane Eyre was a little plain governess with quick wit, honesty,
frankness, loving heart and the spirit of independence and
self-dignity. In literature, she is an individual conscious to
self-realization. She was lonely and neglected young woman with a
fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In
author's mind, man's life is composed of perpetual struggle between
sin and virtue, good and evil. The heroines' joy, comes from the
sacrifice of self and the overcome of some weakness. By Jane's
experience, we can see the cruelty, hypocrisy, and other evils of the
upper classes and the misery and the suffering of the poor, and the
false social convention on love and marriage. (P256—259)Emily Bronte
The excerpt taken here is from Chapter XV, the death scene of
Catherine, narrated by Nelley to Mr Lockwood. When Edgar is away at
church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The
intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene
"You teach me now how cruel you've ---cruel and false. Why did you
despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one
word of comfort---you deserve this…" Who is the speaker? What does it
refer to "you despise me, you break your own heart"? What was the
meaning of the story from the social point of view? What is the main
device of the story in description? Answer: The speaker was
Heathcliff.(P270—271) It refers to Cathy married her husband (Linton)
and deserted him and her own love. From the social point of view, it
is a story about a poor man –Heathcliff abused, betrayed and distorted
by his social betters/by the people with higher social position,
because he is a poor nobody. (P266) Flashback. (P267)
历届的都是选段的背景介绍和人物性感分析。下面这段把里面的人名字记清楚了。 Wuthering Heights is the story
about two families and an intruding stranger. The Earnshaw family ----
Mr. Earnshaw, a bluff prosperous Yorkshire farmer, his wife, their son
Hindley and their daughter Catherine ---- live in their handsome
farmhouse Wuthering Heights up in the folds of the moors (Wuthering is
Yorkshire dialect for "weathering", which is indicative of "the
atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather")
The Linton family ---- Mr. Linton, his wife, their son Edgar and their
daughter Isabella ----, a richer and more civilized landed gentry
family, live down in the flat valley at Thrushcross Grange. One day,
Mr. Earnshaw brings home a sallow, rugged foundling he has picked up
in the streets of a city. He calls the boy Heathcliff while Hindley
hates him out of jealousy of his father's fondness for the waif. When
the parents die, Hindley degrades Heathcliff in every day he can, and
the lad grows brutal and sullen. What's more, Heathcliff one day
overhears part of the speech by Catherine that she intends to marry
the handsome and mild Edgar. He runs away. Five years later, he
returns to take his revenge on Hindley. But now, Catherine has become
Mrs Linton. Tormented by her love for her husband and her overwhelming
passion for Heathcliff, Catherine grows sick and dies in giving birth
to a daughter, Cathy. Heathcliff, driven mad at her death, hates his
revenge on people of both houses who he thinks have hindered his union
with Catherine. First, he reduces Hindley to a gambler and a drunkard
and takes possession of Wuthering Heights. Then he takes possession of
Thrushcross Grange by marrying Edgar's sister Isabella and later by
marrying little Cathy to his sickly son Linton. In due time, he drives
Hindley, Isabella and Edgar to death and has Hindley and has Hindley's
son Hareton and Cathy at his mercy.But at this time, events take
another turn. Now 18 years after Catherine's death , Heathcliff's
death, the young couple retire to Thrushcross Grange, leaving the
spirits of Headcliff and the first Catherine, united at last, in
possession of Wuthering Heights. The novel is a riddle which means
different things to different people. From the social point of view,
it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed and distorted by his
social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is
one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine
proves the most intense, the most beautiful and at the same time the
most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings. The
story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood,
a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what
he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through
Isabella's letters to Nelley. While the central interest is
maintained, the squence of its development is constantly disordered by
flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing and genuine.
Alfred Tennyson 开创了戏剧独白：dramatic monologue 真正的艺术家 Poet Laureate
(Wordsworth,Southey也获得过) 特色：His poetry voices the doubt and the faith,
the grief and the joy of the English people in an age of fast social
changes. powerful expression of the poet's philosophical and religious
thoughts ---- his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of
the soul and the afterlife, and his faith in the power of love and the
soul's instinct and immortality. His works are not only the products
of a long and rich England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser,
the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the
fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and
the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron, ---- all these striking
qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's
poetry.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才，还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统，从斯宾塞的梦幻到米尔顿的壮丽，从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与克勒律制的奇异诡异，从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司各特与拜伦的叙事天才，这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。
选读作品 1. Break, Break, Break Break, Break, Break, On thy cold grey
stones, O Sea! And I would that my tongue could utter The thoughts
that arise in me. 拍吧，拍吧，拍吧， 拍在你冷灰的石头上，啊海！ 我愿我的舌也能诉说 涌上我心头的情怀。 O, well
for the fisherman's boy, That he shouts with his sister at play! O,
well for the sailor lad, That he sings in his boat on the bay!
我羡慕渔人的孩子， 他和他妹妹一起玩耍叫嚷， 我羡慕那年轻的水手， 他在他港中的船上歌唱！ And the stately ships go
on To their haven under the hill; But O for the touch of a vanished
hand, And the sound of a voice that is still! 一艘艘的大船驶去， 向他们山下港湾驶进；
我想再摸一下那逝去的手， 再听一次那沉寂了的声音！ Break, Break, Break, At the foot of thy
crags, O Sea! But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never
come back to me. 拍吧，拍吧，拍吧， 拍在你的岩石的脚下，啊海！ 但是往日的柔顺优美 永不会再到我身边来。 诗歌分析：
This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend,
Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here,
the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree,
innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship
and the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the
musical language and in the association of sound and images with
feelings and emotions. The poem contains four quatrains(四行诗), with
combined iambic(抑扬格) and anapaestic(抑抑扬格) feet. Most lines have three
feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b. 这首抒情短诗纪念他的挚友Arthur
Hallam，他的去世对诗人有着终生的影响。诗中诗人失友的悲痛与儿童们的天真愉快和海浪轮船无声无息的移动形成了鲜明的对比。本诗的魅力在于音乐般的语言，及形象声音与情感完美的结合。全诗包含四个四行诗节，有抑扬格与抑抑扬格，多数诗行是三音步，有些是四音步，押韵格式为
abcb。 2. Crossing the Bar 过沙洲 Sunset and evening star, And one clear
call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar, When I put out to
sea, 夕阳西下，金星闪闪， 有清晰的声音对我呼唤！ 但愿，当我驶入海洋， 沙洲上不发出哽咽的声响。 But such a tide as
moving seems asleep, Too full for sound and foam, When that which drew
from out the boundless deep Turns again home. 这滚动的潮水像睡一般静寂，
涨得太满，故无声音泡沫， 从天涯大海里来的 现在又要回到原来的处所。 Twilight and evening bell, And
after that the dark! And may there be no sadness of farewell, When I
embark; 黄昏时分，晚钟响起， 此后是一片漆黑！ 但愿在我启航之际， 没有诀别的伤悲； For though from out our
bourne of Time an Place The flood may bear me far, I hope to see my
Pilot face to face When I have crossed the bar. 因为虽然海潮要带我去远方，
远离我们的时与空的界限， 我希望度过沙洲之后 能见到我的领航人，面对面。 分析：This poem was written in the
later years of Tennyson's life. We can feel his fearlessness towards
death, his faith in God and an afterlife. Bar: a bank of sand or
stones under the water as in a river, parallel to the shore, at the
entrance to a harbor. "Crossing the bar" means leaving this world and
entering the next world.
这首诗是丁尼生晚年的作品，我们可以深切感受到诗人对死亡的无畏以及他对上帝与来世的深信不已。诗的标题含义是离开今生，度往来世。 练习题：
"Sunset and evening star, And one clear call for me! And may there be
no moaning of the bar, When I put out to sea." Explain the
implications of the "sunset, evening star, sea". Name the title of the
poem and interpret it. Can you say some comment on the poem? Answer:
Sunset, evening star: the images of the death; sea symbolizes life.
(P277—278) The title is "Crossing the Bar". It means leaving this
world and entering the next world –the world of the spirit The poem
expresses the fearlessness to death of the poet and his faith in God
and an afterlife. (The poem is musical in language, rich in poetic
images, elaborate in texture and melancholy in air –the characters of
Tennyson.) (P273/P278) "Break, break, break, On thy cold grey stones,
O Sea! And I would that my tongue could utter The thought that arise
in me." Name the poet and the poem. Name the main tone of the whole
poem, the device and the rhyme. Interpret the passage. Answer: Alfred
Tennyson. "Break, Break, Break". (P276) The main tone is Sadness. The
device is contract. The rhyme scheme is "a b c d". (P277) The poem
expressed the poet's feeling of sadness in memory of his best friend.
(P276)Ulysses 希腊神话 the poem expresses the mouth of Tennyson\'s own
determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also
reflects the restlessness and aspiration of the age.
本诗以戏剧独白的形式写成，不仅通过尤利西斯之口表达了作者自己的为生命而斗争的决心与勇气，也反映了当时那个时代的希望与孜孜不倦。 习题： "I
will drink Life to the lees: all times I have enjoy'd Greatly, have
suffer'd greatly, both with those That loved me, and alone; on shore,
and when Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades Vext the dim sea: ……
……but honour'd of them all" Identify the name of the poem. Explain
"drink life to the lees". What is the theme of the poem? In what form
is the poem written? Answer: The name of the poem is "Ulysses". (P278)
The sentence means: I will keep travelling and exploring till the end
of my life. (P281) The theme is Ulysses can't endure the peaceful
commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuaded his old
followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world
and new knowledge. (the poem also expresses Tennyson's own
determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also
reflects the restlessness and aspiration/anxiety of the age.) (P281)
The literary form is "dramatic monologue". (P281) Robert Browning
perfect;dramatic monologue',keeps readers alert,thoughtful and
enlightenedThe name of Browning is often associated with the term: "
dramatic monologue." In general, Browning's poems are not meant to
entertain the reades with the usual acoustic and visual pleasures:
they are supposed to keep them alert, thoughtful and
enlightened.(布朗宁的诗歌主旨并非是用美言美境来取悦读者，而是时刻警告我们，让我们保持思想丰富，明白事理。) Meeting
At Night 深夜相会 The grey sea and the long black land; And the yellow
half-moon large and low; And the startled little waves that leap In
fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing prow,
And quench its speed i' the slushy sand. 灰色的大海，黑色的陆地； 黄黄的半轮月又低又大；
小波浪惊失了它们的睡眠， 跳成了一道道火炽的发鬈， 船头推进了滑溜的泥沙， 熄灭了速度，我到了小湾里。 Then a mile of
warm sea-scented beach; Three fields to cross till a farm appears; A
tap at the pane, the quick sharp scratch And blue spurt of a lighted
match, And a voice less loud, thro' its joys and fears, Than the two
hearts beating each to each! 一英里沙滩上暖和的海香； 三块田穿过了，农场才出现； 窗子上敲一下，急促的挂擦，
擦亮的火柴开一朵蓝花， 一个人低语，又害怕又喜欢， 反不及两颗心对跳得这么响！ (This poem and the one that
follows it appeared originally under the single title Night and
Morning. The speaker in both is a man. In this one, the man, a lover,
describes the whereabouts of their meeting
place.)(这首是原来是与下面的"清晨分别"合为一首的，题目为"夜与晨"。主角是位男士。在这里男士正在描述他与情人相会的地方。)
Parting At Morning 清晨分别 Round the cape of a sudden came the sea, And
the sun looked over the mountain's rim: And straight was a path of
gold for him, And the need of a world of men for me. 绕过岬，大海突然来迎接，
太阳从山顶上透出来注目： 他面前是一条笔直的黄金路， 我面前是需要男人的世界。 (Here in the description of
sun-rise, the poet unconsciously expresses his helplessness in having
to face up his duty as a
man.)(这首诗描写了日出景象，体现了诗人对自己作为一个人必须要面对的义务不自觉地感到无奈。) My Last Duchess
FERRARA That's my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she
were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolf's hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands Will't please you sit and
look at her? I said "Fra Pandolf" by design, for never read Strangers
like you that pictured countenance, The depth and passion of its
earnest glance, But to myself they turned (since none puts by The
curtain I have drawn for you, but I) And seemed as they would ask me,
if they durst, How such a glance came there; so, not the first Are you
to turn and ask thus. Sir, 'twas not Her husband's presence only,
called that spot Of joy into the Duchess' cheek:perhaps Fra Pandolf
chanced to say "Her mantle laps Over my lady's wrist too much", or
"Paint Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies
along her throat": such stuff Was courtesy, she thought , and cause
enough For calling up that spot of joy. She had A heart---- how shall
I say? ---- too soon made glad, Too easily impressed; she liked
whate'er She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. Sir, 'twas all
one! My favor at her breast, The dropping of the daylight in the West,
The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard for
her, the white mule She rode with round the terrace---- all and each
Would draw from her alike the approving speech, Or blush, at least.
She thanked men---- good!but thanked Somehow---- I know not how ----
as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With
anybody's gift. Who's stoop to blame This sort of trifling? Even had
you skill In speech---- (which I have not) ---- to make your will
Quited clear to such an one, and say, "Just this Or that in you
digusts me; here you miss, Or there exceed the mark"---- and if she
let Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set Her wits to yours,
forsooth, and made excuse ---- E'en then would be some stopping; and I
choose Never to stoop. Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt, Whene'er I passed
her; but who passed without Much the same smile? This grew; I gave
commands; Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands As if
alive. Will't please you rise? We'll meet The company below, then. I
repeat, The Count your master's known munificence Is ample warrant
that no just pretense Of mine for dowry will be disallowed; Though his
fair daughter's self, as I avowed At starting, is my object. Nay,
we'll go Together down, sir. Notice Neptune, though, Taming a sea
horse, though a rarity, Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for
me! ("My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue.The
poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of
the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three
years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to
arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic
monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to
negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess", the duke
reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man. The
poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical
system. In reading, it sounds like blank
verse.(这是布朗宁最著名的一篇戏剧独白诗。这段独白是公爵对前来保媒的人所讲。在他讲述自己上一位公爵夫人时，暴露了自大、残忍、专横跋扈的品质。全诗以英雄偶体句体写成，但没有规则的音步系统，读起来颇像无韵体诗。)
练习题 "My favour at her breast, The dropping of the daylight in the
west, The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard
of her, the white mule She rode with round the terrace –all and each
Would draw from her alike the approving speech, Or blush, at least.
She thanked men –good! But thanked Somehow –I know not how –as if she
ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody's gift"
Name the author and the title of the works. What does it mean "a
nine-hundred-years-old name", and to whom the word was spoken?
Interpret the passage and analyze the character of the speaker. What
is the literary form? Answer: This is the "My last Duchess" written by
Robert Browning. (P286) It means the title of the Duchess (of Ferrara)
the Duck gave her through marriage has a family history of over 900
years. (P288) Interpret: My favor –the title of the Duchess is better
and more proud than any gifts of the world, but my last duchess was
ready to be grateful to others' flatter and The Duck was a
self-conceited, cruel, possessive, and tyrannical person. The word was
spoken to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage of the Duck.
(P287) The literary form is "dramatic monologue". (the Duck's own
defensive words betrays and condemns himself) (P287) Jane Austen
英国最出色的小说家之一。 Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete
novels。一生写了6部小说。 Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility
(1811),处女作《理智与情感》 tells a story about two sisters and their love
affairs讲述了一堆姐妹的恋爱经历; Pride and Prejudice (1813), the most popular of
her novels, deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for
suitable husbands傲慢与偏见是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程; and Northanger
Abbey 《诺觉寺》(1818) satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late
18th century讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。 Mansfield Park (1814) presents the
antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存; Emma
(1815) gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思;
and Persuasion (1818) contrasts the true love with the prudential
calculations《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算做了比较. She holds the ideals of the landlord
class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show
clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion,
the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgement
over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and
individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
And in style, she is a neoclassicism advocator, upholding those
traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in
novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的规则。 重点：main literary concern
is about human beings in their personal relationships; her
characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of
illusions 典型的主旨是成熟，是在错误的幻想打破后获得的。 delightful and profound
选读作品：傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice 原名叫第一印象First Impressions wave vivid
pictures of everyday life of simple country society 前几段和介绍是重点 Jane
Austen was the only important female author in the 18-19th century,
how do you know about her? Answer: Generally speaking, Austen was
writer of the 18th century. (1)Her novels always dealt with the
romantic entanglement of the heroines; (2)She believed in it that
reason over passion, sense of responsibility, good manners, and clear
judgment over romance; she honored the Augustan virtues of moderation,
dignity disciplined emotion and common sense; (3)She contempt
snobbery, stupidity, worldliness etc; (4)Her main concern was the
relationship between men and women in love; (5)Her writing range was
limited, all restricted to the provincial life of the 18th century
England; (6)She presented the quiet, day-to-day country life of the
middle -upper -class English. (7)Her characteristic theme was:
maturity is got by the loss of illusions. (P223--226) Chapter 3 The
Romantic Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. The Romantic Movement
expressed a more or less______ attitude toward the existing social and
political conditions. A.positive B.negative C.neutral D.indifferent
Answer: B (P160) 2. It is _____who established the cult of the
individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. A.Jean
Jacques Rousseau B.Johann Wolfgang von Goethe C.Edmund Burke D.Thomas
Paine Answer: A (P157) 3. The two major novelists of the English
Romantic Period are _____and Walter Scott. A.Washington Irving B.Jane
Austen C.Herman Melville D.Charles Dickens Answer: B (P165) 4.
_____defines the poet as "man speaking to men," and poetry as "the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion
recollected in tranquility." A.William Blake B.William Wordsworth
C.Samuel Taylor Coleridge D.John Keats Answer: B (P161) 5. For the
Romantics, ____is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but
also provides the dominant subject matter. A.love B.man C.nature
D.death Answer: C (P162) 6. In the Romantic period, ____is the most
prosperous literary form. A.prose B.poetry C.fiction D.play Answer: B
(P161) 7. The tone of literature in "Song of Experience" by William
Blake is _______. A.doleful B.lively C.plain D.utter Answer: A
(doleful: 悲哀的P168-169) 8. _____is regarded as a "worship of nature".
A.John Keats B.William Blake C.William Wordsworth D.Jane Austen
Answer: C (P176) 9. Which of the following writings is not created by
William Wordsworth? A.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. B.Composed upon
Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802. C.The Solitary Reaper. D.The
Chimney Sweeper. Answer: D (P179---182) 10. Wordsworth's short poems
can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems
about________. A.love B.human life C.freedom D.social activities
Answer: B (P176) 11. "Don Juan" is Byron's masterpiece, a great
______of the early 19th century. A.comedy B.tragedy C.comic epic
D.novel Answer: C (P194) 12. In his lyrics such as "Ode to Liberty",
"Ode to Naples", Percy Bysshe Shelly expressed his love for_____ and
his hatred toward tyranny. A.the middle class B.the poor C.freedom
D.the proletariat Answer: C (P207) 13. "Wild Spirit, which art moving
everywhere; / Destroy and Preserver; hear, O hear!" The two lines are
found in_____. A.Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne B.Ode to the West
Wind by Shelly C.Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman D.Ulysses by Joyce
Answer: B (P212) 14. In Shelly's "To a Skylark", the bird, suspended
between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which
suggests to the poet________. A.both celestial rapture and human
limitation B.both image creation and profound meaning C.both music and
words D.both inspiration and skills of writing Answer: A (P206) 15.
The author of "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is __________. A.Wordsworth
B.Austen C.Byron D.Keats Answer: D (217) 16. Jane Austen's first novel
is __________. A.Pride and Prejudice B.Sense and Sensibility C.Emma
D.Plan of a Novel Answer: B (P222) 17. In terms of Pride and
Prejudice, which is not true? A.Pride and Prejudice is the most
popular of Jane Austen's novels. B.Pride and Prejudice is originally
drafted as "First Impressions". C.Pride and Prejudice is a tragic
novel. D.In this novel, the author explores the relationship between
great love and realistic benefits. Answer: C (P223-225) 18. After
reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know
that Mrs.Bennet is a woman of_______. A.simple character and poor
understanding B.simple character and quick wit C.intricate character
and quick wit D.intricate character and poor understanding Answer: A
(P227) 19. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated
from _________. A.1660-----1798 B.1798----1832 C.1483-----1546
D.1836-----1901 Answer: B (P157) 20. Which of the following is the
Gothic novel? A.Shelly's Prometheus Unbound B.Keats' Lamia C.Mary
Shelly's Frankenstein D.Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice Answer: C
(P166) 21.The lines "It was a miracle of rare device, / A sunny
pleasure dome with caves of ice" are found in__________. A.Samuel
Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" B.William Wordsworth's Lines Written
in Early Spring" C.John Keats's "Ode to Autumn" D.Percy Bysshe
Shelly's "Ode to the West Wind" Answer: A (P190---191) 22. Which of
the following is taken from John Keats' "Ode on a Grecial Urn"? A."I
fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!" B."They are both gone up to
the church to pray.' C."Earth has not anything to show more fair."
D."Beauty is truth, truth beauty". Answer: D (P221) The Victorian
Period维多利亚 1.age:1836~1901，later 70 years in 19th
century维多利亚女王统治英国时期，英国历史上最繁荣的时代之一 2.background: (1)early years:rapid
economic development as well as serious social problems (2)the next
twenty years:prosperity and relative stability繁荣且相对稳定 (3)the last
three deacades:the decline of the British empire and the decay of the
Victorian values 3.idea:（往往出题会在这里例如：Ideologically意识形态上, what
influenced Victorian literature? What characters does it have?）
(1)Darwin's theory "the survival of the fittest适者生存" shook the
theoretical basis of the traditional faith, many authors expressed
their doubts and uncertainty in their works; (2)Utilitarianism实用主义 was
widely accepted and practiced (3)sociallymany conscious authors
severely极力 criticized the Utilitarianism, especially its devalue贬低 of
culture and its cold indifference漠然 to human feeling and imagination;
(4)literature:magnitude大量 and diversity多样,romantically and
realistically 4.critical realist writers: Realism novels criticized
the society and defended for the mass, and they concerned about the
fate of the common people such as their poverty misery, angry with the
inhuman social institution, the social immorality, injustice and
money-worship. Victorian literature represents the reality of the age.
The high-spirit vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the
good-natured humour and unbound imagination are unprecedented.
道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
唯美主义者奥斯卡，王尔德与沃尔特·培特都极力推崇'为了艺术而艺术'的观点。 这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达立异的特点。
这一时期的文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无牵绊的丰富联想都是空前的。
Analyze the background of the Victorian Period. Economic developed
rapidly and social problems prevailed in England and it became the
"workshop of the world". England settled down to a time of prosperity
and stability, the people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty,
and democracy. In the last decades, British empire declined, and
Victorian values decayed.  William Wordsworth
华兹华斯Wordsworth、柯勒律治Coleridge、和骚塞Southey他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名"湖畔派"Lake
Poets。 Wordsworth is regarded as a "worshipper of nature".
华被称为大自然的膜拜者。 1842年政府为他发了津贴goverment pension，次年他压倒骚塞成为了'桂冠诗人'Poet
Laureate。 主要作品： 代表作《序曲》The Prelude Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》 An Evening
Walk 《黄昏散步》 To a Highland Girl 《致高地姑娘》 The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》 The
Ruined Cottage《被摧毁的房屋》 The Old Cumberland Beggfar《老坎柏兰的乞丐》 I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》 主题与风格： Wordsworth's short poems can be
classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human
life.按主题，华的短诗分为关于自然和生活。 Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only
subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common
people are his theme. 华认为普通人的生活应该是文学的主题，他的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。 Beyond the
pleasure of the picturesque独特的 with the eye and the external aspects
of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of
completeness完全 in multiplicity多样性. (it means poem not only deals with
the beautiful world, but express moral) Wordsworth is a poet in memory
of the past .华是个怀旧的诗人。 To him, life is a cyclical journey.
生命是循环的旅程。Its beginning finally turns out to be its end.
生命之始也恰恰是终结之处。His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece
The Prelude.他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作《序曲》中。 Wordsworth's deliberate simplicity
and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of
pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.
华对简洁朴素风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。 He thought poet is "a man
speaking to men," poetry is "the spontaneous自发的overflow洋溢 of powerful
feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility宁静."
He always writes an elusive 难捉摸的beauty of simplicity朴素 or a rural乡村风味的
figure. 他的贡献和影响： William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the
English romantic poetry, the local poetic voice of the period. His is
a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires
his audience to see the world freshly清新的, sympathetically关心的 and
naturally自然的. The most important contribution he has made is that he
has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing
iteself, but also changed the course of English poetry by using
ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to
nature.开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。 选读作品： 历年第二、三是重点I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》又名The Daffodils黄水仙 is perhaps the most
preeminence卓越的 poem in English literature, and one that takes us to
the core核心 of Wordsworth's poetic beliefs. 2Composed upon Westminster
Bridge, September 3,1802《作于西敏寺桥上》
在作者去法国的路上创作的。突然意识到伦敦也是自然的一部分。主要是对论坛清晨美景的描述和歌颂。 A vivid picture of a
beautiful morning in London,Italian sonnet. the rhyme scheme of the
poem is abbaabba,cdcdcd. 3She Dwelt Among the Untrodden
Ways《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》 '露西'诗中的一首。描述了一位乡村姑娘远离尘嚣，在偏远之地的幸福生活。抒发了作者对时间与死亡的沉思。
4The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》
鉴于作者丰富的想象力和联想力，这一普通的事情变成令人感叹的事件。作者成功地使读者与之产生共鸣。同时诗歌体现了作者对自然的激情。
应用：Wordsworth and his "I wandered lonely as a cloud" The poem is
crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all
the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind,
and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an
over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The
flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of
order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through
the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet
himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.
塞缪尔·泰勒·克勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge 第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
1798年他和华合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》Lyrical Ballads成为英诗的一个里程碑。
在哲学与文学批评方面，他反对18世纪局限的理性主义思维limitedly rationalistic。
他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神与宗教化的诠释。 他认为艺术是唯一能永远揭示现实的形式。
他高度赞赏华的纯净的语言，深邃的思想，真实的描述，非凡的想象力。但是否定华说的'诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样'。
在诗歌方面的成就： Coleridge's actual achievement as poet can be divided into
two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic【di:5mCnik】神袛诗 and the
conversational对话诗. 一、The demonic group includes his three
masterpieces: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"古航海家之歌, "Christabel
"克丽丝特贝尔 and "Kubla Khan"忽必烈汗. Mysticism and demonism with strong
imagination are the distinctive features of this group. 二、he
conversational group speaks more directly of an allied theme: the
desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully
called "an improved infancy. Among the conversational group, "Frost at
Midnight"子夜寒霜 is the most important. 选读作品： "Kubla Khan" was composd in
a dream after Coleridge took the opium鸦片. The poet was reading about
Kubla Khan when he fell asleep. The images of the river, of the
magnificent palace and other marvelous scenes deposited in his
unconsciousness were expressed into about two or three hundred lines.
But when he was writing them down, a stranger interrupted him and the
vision was never recaptured. Only 53 lines survived. describes the
pleasure dome of the Khan 比较重要的名词解释有：所有以-ism结尾的名词，各个时期的文学运动，heroic
couplet, Gothic novel, Byronic hero, Lost Generation, dramatic
monologue, stream of consciousness, metaphysical poets等等 最常考作家 Emily
Dickinson F. Scott Fitzgerald Henry James Mark Twain Nathaniel
Hawthorne Thomas Hardy Washington Irving William Shakespeare 次常考作家
Alexander Pope Charles Dickens Daniel Defoe Emily Bronte Eugene
O'Neill Ezra Pound Heminway Jane Austen John Keats John Milton
Melville Percy Bysshe Shelly Robert Browning Theodore Dreiser Whitman
William Faulkner William Wordsworth 一般作家 Charlotte Bronte Emerson
Enlightenment Francis Bacon Henry Fielding James Joyce John Bunyan
Jonathan Swift Robert Frost Samuel Johnson Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William BlakeGeroge Gordon Byron he was regarded in Enland as the
perverted反常的 man, the satanic 邪恶的poet; while on the Continet, he was
hailed as the champion of liberty自由冠军, poet of the people人民诗圣 .
早期出名作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德·罗哈德游记》第一二章。 the first two cantos of Childe Harold\'s
Pilgrimage代表作是19世纪著名的讽刺史诗《唐璜》。 Don Juan is Byron\'s masterpiece, a
great comic epic of the early 19th century. It is a poem based on a
traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of
women.西班牙传说，一个多情的公子是个引诱女人的好手。 作者在拜伦身上开发出了勇敢、慷慨、直白、诚恳等特点。
作者目的在于通过唐璜的游历来展现不同的社会情形。 特色：abundance of ideas,images,artiatic forms
and innovations. 丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新。 [bgcolor=#e0ffff]Byron\'s satire
on the English society in the later part of the peom Don Juan can be
compared with Pope\'s ; and his satire is much less personal than that
of Pope\'s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the
whole hypocritical society.
在诗《唐璜》的结尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。 写作特点：Byron\'s
poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was
immensely popular at home, and also abroad, where it exerted great
fluence on the Romantic movement. This popularity it owed to the
author\'s persistent attacks on \"cant political, religious, and
moral\", to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic
character of the Byronic hero, and to the easy, fluent, and naturl
beauty of his verse. Byron\'s diction, though unequal and frequently
faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor. His
discriptions are simple and fresh, and often bring vivid objects
before the reader. Byron\'s poetry is like the oratory which hurries
the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet
rises and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into
argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments. Byron
employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanze) from Italian mock-heroic
poetry. 诗人不懈地抨击虚伪的政治，宗教以及道德。他笔下美轮美奂的东方奇景，他塑造的英雄形象，他诗中的平易近人、优雅流畅的语句。引用了意大利英雄体史诗的八行诗体。
拜伦式英雄Byron's greatest contribution\"Byronic hero\" As a leading
Romanticist, Byron\'s chief contribution is his creation of the
\"Byronic hero,\" a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin.
高傲神秘反叛带有贵族血统With immense superiority in his passions and
powers以自己超凡的情感与能力, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the
burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise
single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical 残暴的rules either in
government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable
wills and inexhaustibloe energies. The conflict is usually one of
rebelious individuals agaisnt outworn 腐化过时的social systems and
conventions规定. 主要作品：闲散时光，东方叙事诗，该隐，青铜时代。。 选读作品： 卢德工人之歌Song for the
Luddites 反映现实阶级斗争的诗作，卢德是这个运动的领袖，因而称为卢德运动。表达了诗人无比愤怒的激情。 希腊岛The Isles of
Greece (from Don Juan, III)
全诗16个诗节，粉三层意思。前4节说明希腊光辉灿烂的过去。中间4节讲述现在遭受侵略而又懦弱无能的希腊，后8节唤醒希腊人民起来反抗侵略。
第一首的注解一，第二首的1、5、16节多看看。 练习题： 一、 Byron's greatest contribution is his
creation of the \"Byronic hero\" What kind of the hero he is? Give
comment on him. Answer: (1) \"Don Juan\" is Byron's masterpiece, a
great comic epic, in which Byron described a hero named Don Juan. He
was a great lover and seducer of women. In the conventional sense,al
positives like courage, generosity, and frankness… In a word, Don was
proud Juan was immoral, but Juan had his own mor, mysterious, and a
noble rebel figure. He was a young man with unconquerable wills and
inexhaustible energies, one of rebellious individuals against
outworn/outdated social systems and conventions. (2) Comment: The
poet's true intention is to present a panoramic view of different
types of society,the main theme of the works the basic ironic theme of
appearance andreality,during which the poet also presented various
materials and the clash of emotions. (P194-196) 二。 \"Place me on
Sunium's marbles steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I, May her
our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan like, let me sing and die: A
land of slaves shall ne'er be mine--- Dash down you cup of Samian
wine!\" (1)Identify the poem and its author. (P203) (2)Explain \"swan
like, let me sing and die\" (P199) Interpret the passage and spot its
implication. Answer: (1)The poet is Byron. The poem is taken from
\"The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)\" (P203) (2)Swan is famous for
its faith to its lover, one of them die, the other will refuse to eat
and drink, it will cry till death. Here the author used a simile to
show his strong desire to fight with the invaders till death, and
appeal to the suppressed Greek people to struggle for their freedom
and liberation. 三、 \"The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece! Where
burning Sappho loved and sung, Where grew the arts of war and peace,
Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung! Eternal summer gilds them all,
But all, except their sun, is set.\" (1)Identify the poem and its
author; (2)What does it mean \"But all, except their sun, is set.\"
(3)What does the passage imply? Answer: (1)The poet is Byron. The poem
is taken from \"The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)\" (P199) (2)The
sentence means: The sun is still on the rise, but the rest things all
set. (3)The passage implied: The author lamented over the fallen
Greece: In the past, Greece nurtured/ cultivated great poets and
heroes,who enjoyed freedom and civilization, but now Greece had been
enslaved,the past honorable history couldn't be found again.Percy
Bysshe Shelley Shelley's greatest achivement is his four-act poetic
drama, Prometheus Unbound.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》The play is an
exultant work in praise of humankind's potential, and Shelley himself
recognized it as "the most perfect of my
products."它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认为它是自己最出色的作品。 Shelley's greatest political
lyrics is "Men of England".雪莱的最著名的政治抒情诗是'致苏格兰人民'。 The poem was later
to become a rallying song of the British Communist
Party.这首诗在宪章运动时期称为广大工人的战歌。 Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is
Shelley's "Ode to the west Wind" (1819); here Shelley's rhapsodic and
declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.
雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属'西风颂'，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。 "If Winter comes, can Spring be far
behind?" The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived
from his reading of Dante.引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。 he held a
lifelong aversion to cruelty,injustice,authority,institutional
religion and the formal shams of respectable society,condemning
war,tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执着的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与剥削。he
realized that the evil also in man's mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。 Like Blake,
he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically
complex, full of classical and mythological
allusions.像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和暗示。 选读作品：
A Song :Men of England致英国人民
这首诗作于1819年皮特大屠杀时期。诗中号召英国人民反抗腐朽统治，打破经济与政治的不平等。诗歌最后一节讽刺了斗争中半途而废的工人们，警告他们投降就是给自己开挖坟墓。
（重点第三节） Wherefore, Bess of England , forge Many a weapan, chain ,and
scourge, That these stingless drones may spoil The force produce of
your toil? 雪莱的西风颂Shelley and his "Ode to the West Wind" （第一、四、五节年年都要考）
In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon
of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys
boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide.
The keynote in the poem is Shelley's ever-present wish for himself and
his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering
meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is
that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the
realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in the last
two lines show the poet's critical attitude toward the ugly social
reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.
被解放的普罗米修斯大意：（必会） According to the Greek mythology, Prometheus, the
champion of humanity, who has stolen the fire from Heaven, is punished
by Zeus to be chained栓缚 on Mount Caucasus and suffers the vulture's
feeding on his liver. Shelley based his drama on Promethus Bound by
Aeschylus, in which Prometheus reconciles with the tyrant Zeus.
Radical and revolutionary as Shelley, he wrote in the preface: "In
truth, I was averse from a catastrophe so feeble as that reconciling
the Champion with the Oppressor of Mankind."So he gave a totally
different interpretation, transforming the compromise into a
liberation. With the strong support of Earth, his mother ; Asia, his
bride and the help from Demogorgon and Hercules, Zeus is driven from
the throne, Prometheus is unbound.
主题是通过宙斯与普的斗争表现了法国大革命失败后，英国与欧洲资产阶级革命家对封建反动势力的不满和反抗情绪。John Keats
Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of
Endymion and the moon goddess.《安迪米恩》，该诗以希腊神话为素材，记述了牧人安迪米恩和月光女神的故事。 The
volume also contains his four great odes: "Ode on Melancholy", "Ode on
a Grecian Urn". "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode to Psyche"; his lyric
masterpiece "To Autumn" and the unfinished poem
"Hyperion".这部诗集包括他著名的四首'颂'，'犹豫颂'，希腊古瓮颂'，'夜莺颂'，'普塞克颂'以及他抒情诗的代表作'秋日颂'和未完成的诗作'希波里恩'。
The odes are generally regarded as Keat's most important and mature
works. 颂诗被认为是Keats最重要也是最成熟的作品。 "Ode to a Nightingale" expresses the
contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world
of agony. 夜莺颂展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。 "Ode on an Grecian Urn" shows the
contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human
passion.希腊古瓮颂展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。 写作特色： Sight, sound, scent, taste
and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an
experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉转化成绝美的文字，带来一个通透的体验。 He draws diction, style
and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante. With vivid
and rich images, he paints poetic pictures full of wonderful
color.他在措辞，风格个比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，米尔顿和但丁的作品。 Keat's poetry, characterized by
exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by
force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical
beauty of the world. Keats的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。
sensuous给人美感的，colorful and rich in imagery,exact and closely knit
construction,sensual description感官描写. 选读作品： Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂
show the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of
human passion. 希腊古瓮颂展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。 第二和第五小节常考。以下是练习题： "Thou
still unravish'd bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of silence and
slow time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale
more sweetly than our rhyme:" (1)Who is the poet? The name? (2)Explain
the sentence. (3)What was the theme of the poem? Answer: (1)This is
the "ode on a Grecian Um", which was written by the poet---John Keats.
(P219) (2)The sentence means: though time has passed, the urn , the
works of the art still remains, and it tells a pastoral/lyrical tale
to us, and the description of the urn is much more beautiful than the
words of any human. (P218) (3)The theme is: Human life is transient,
but the art isimmortal. (P218) Analyze the characters of John Keats's
poetry. Answer: (1)The poems are sensuous, colorful, and rich in
imagery, (which expresses the acuteness of his senses) (2)Words are
beautiful and musical. (3)The ancient Greek and English poetry
provides the most important imaginative resource. (4)The construction
of poems are knit, and the description go beyond the physical beauty
of the world. (P218-219) neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period
is about 1660-1798, also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the
age of Reason". 新古典主义 英国1688年的"光荣革命"推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，
建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期. 现实主义小说
笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)： 　　　　主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。 　　斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：
主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸
张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。 　　菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)
《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高 　　　　成就，被誉为"18世纪英国社会的散文史诗"。 哥特式小说
哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
"哥特"被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题, 并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡,
修道院。 他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺． Gothic novels – mostly stories of
mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or
dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by
both male and female writers. 背景： It was an age full of conflicts and
difference of values; It was an age of fast development for English to
become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an
age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew
rapidly. 特点： In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive
intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical
works keep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracy a furderance of
the renaissence the enlightenment movement,advocated the universal
education had specificrules for almost every gener of literature
literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity启蒙运动：he
enlightenment movement in 18th-century of england is know as the age
of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual
movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western
europe at the time the moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the
15th and16th-century its purpose was to enlighten the word with the
light of morden philosophical and artistic ideas the enlighteners
celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and science they called for
a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education
代表:john dryden alexander pope 班扬 天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress 蒲伯 论批评 An
Essay on Criticism 笛福 鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe 斯威夫特 格列佛游记 Gulliver's
Travels 菲尔丁 汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones 约翰逊 英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English
Language 谢里丹 造谣学校 The School for Scandal 格雷 墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard Thomas Gray 不是专职作家 作品很少 the graveyard school墓地诗歌流派
declined the poet laureateship in 1757谢绝了使人桂冠奖 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in
a Country Churchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对"自然简朴安排"的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。 其它作品：ode
on the spring 春之颂,伊顿公学展望，爱猫之死 《墓园哀歌》的韵律分析： 典型的英雄四行诗(heoric
quatrain)，每一节均为五音步抑扬格(iambic pentameter) "Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard" is regarded as Gray's best and most representative work.
The poem is the outcome of about eight years' careful composition and
polish. It is more or less connected with the melancholy event of the
death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend.
本诗被认为是格雷的最具有代表性的作品.托马斯·格雷前后共花费了8年的时间仔细打磨这首诗.这首诗被认为纪念他最亲密的朋友Richard
West的,表达了诗人的忧伤/melancholy. 主题：In this poem, Gray reflects on death,
the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of
his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the
great ones, wondering what the common could have achieved if they had
had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the
unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc
on them. 在这首诗中,格雷表达了对死亡、生活中的忧伤以及人类生活中的神秘因素的思考,并未触及自己的私人生活.这首诗把普通人与伟人作了比较,认为假如有"机会",普通人也能成就一番事业.在诗中,他表达了自己对穷苦贫民的同情以及对伟人的嘲讽,他认为是那些对社会有影响力的人把巨大的灾难带给了普通人.
The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every
reader. Though the use of artificial poetic diction and distorted word
order make understanding of the poem somewhat difficult, the artistic
polish ---- the sure control of language, imagery, rhythm , and his
subtle moderation of style and tone ---- gives the poem a unique charm
of its own. 这首诗以其细腻的手法为读者描绘了一幅生动的图景.尽管作者的个性语言、对词语的随意变换使得读者在阅读时觉得有些困难.但是正是这样的细致打磨,对语言的把握、想象力、压韵等这些适度的复杂语言风格和语气给予了这部诗作独特的魅力.
Thomas Gray and his "Elegy Written in a County Church"格雷诗歌的主题与意向 In
the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at
dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the
tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the
narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common
laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they
had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their
homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once
lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a
way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray's sympathy for
the poor and contempt for the rich. 历年考题 "Let not Ambition mock their
useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear
with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. The
boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that
wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike the inevitable hour. The paths of glory
lead but to the grave." Questions: 1) Identify the author and the
works; 2) What does "the inevitable hour"? 3) Explain the first
stanza; 4) What does the whole passage imply. 参考答案： 1) This is Thomas
Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". 托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》 2)
"The inevitable hour" means time of death. 3) The first stanza means:
The men with ambition and high position shouldn't laugh at the
ordinary people for their simple life and hard work. 4) In the
passage, the poet reflects on the death----no matter how poor or
wealthy, or how important and humble, every is equal before death, the
author gives much sympathy to the poor and unknownChapter 2 The
Neoclassical Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. ____brings Henry
Fielding the name of the \"Prose Homer\". A.The Pilgrim's Progress
B.Tom Jones C.Robison Crusoe D.Colonel Jack Answer: B (P122) 2.
Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poems and finally brought
to its last perfection ______Dryden had successfully used in his
plays. A.the heroic couplet B.the free verse C.the blank verse D.the
Spenserian stanza Answer: A (P92) 3. Of all the 18th century novelists
___was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write
specially a \"comic epic in prose.\"A.Henry Fielding B.Daniel Defoe
C.Jonathan Swift D.John Bunyan Answer: A (P120) 4. ____is the most
successful religious allegory in the English language. A.Genesis A
B.The Holy War C.The Pilgrims progress D.Exodus Answer: C (P85) 5. In
which of the following works can you find the proper names
\"Lilliput\", \"Brobdingnag\", \"Houyhnhnm\" and \"Yahoo\"? A.The
Pilgrim's Progress B.The Faririe Queene C.Gulliver's travels D.The
School of Scandel Answer: C (P108) 6. \"As shades more sweetly
recommend the light, So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit; For
works may have more wit than does'em good As bodies perish through
excess of blood.\" In the above lines, Pope tries to sat that_______.
A.more wit will make better poetry B.plainness is more important than
wit in poetry C.too much wit will destroy good poetry D.plainness will
make wit dull Answer: C (P93-94) 7. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander
Pope is written in the form of a mock______, which describes the
triviality of high society in a grand style. A.epic B.elegy C.sonnet
D.ode Answer: A (P92) 8. Which of the following is NOT a typical
feature of Samuel Johnson's language style? A.His sentences are long
and well structured. B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel
words. C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words. D.His
sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed.
Answer: C (P132) 9. \"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And
all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike the
inevitable hour. In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to
say that great family, power, beauty and wealth___________. A.will
never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory.
B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreams C.are the
very best things to lead people to their glories D.will never prevent
people from reaching their final destination---grave.Answer: D (P154)
10. ____has been regarded by some as \"Father of the English novel\"
for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern
novel.A.John Bunyan B.Henry Fielding C.Daniel Defoe D.Johnathan Swift
Answer: B (P121) 11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the
vanity of human wishes and tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped
to cure them of it through his writing. A.Samuel Johnson B.Jonathan
Swift C.Richard Brinsley Sheridan D.Thomas Gray Answer: A (P132) 12.
____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century, in his
plays, morality is the constant theme. A.Alexander Pope B.Richard
Brinsley Sheridan C.Samuel Johnson D.George Bernard Shaw Answer: B
(P136) 13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of
the first to introduce___to England. A.Rationalism B.Criticism
C.Romanticism D.Realism Answer: A (P91) 14. The Rivals and ____are
generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of
Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. A.The School for Scandal B.The
Duenna C.Widower's Houses D.The Doctor's Dilemma Answer: A (P137) 15.
____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧) of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England. A.The
Rivals B.Gulliver's Travels C.Toms Jones D.The School for Scandal
Answer: D (P138) 16. The poem \"Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard\" by Thomas Gray is regarded as the most representative
work of _____. A.The Metaphysical School B.The Graveyard School C.The
Gothic School D.The Romantic School Answer: B (P152) 17. _______,
written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English
Neoclassicism. A.An Essay of Dramatic Poetry B.An Essay on Criticism
C.The Advancing of learning D.An Essay on Freedom Answer: B (P93) 18.
______is a typical feature of Swift's writings. A.Elegant style
B.Causal narration C.Bitter satire D.Complicated sentence structure
Answer: C (P107) 19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding,
which brings him the name of the \"Prose Homer\"? A.The Coffee---House
Politician. B.The Tragedy of Tragedies. C.The History of Tom Jones, A
Foundling. D.The History of Amelia. Answer: C (P120) 20. \"Hold! See
whether it is or not before you go to the door----I have a particular
message for you if it should be my brother.\" The two sentences are
found in ________. A.The School for Scandal B.The Rivals C.The Critic
D.The Scheming Lieutenant Answer: A (P139) 21. In terms of Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard, which is wrong? A.The author employs
metaphor in this poem. B.The author excessively expresses his personal
melancholy. C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the
unknown. D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring
havoc on them. Answer: B (P152-153) 22. The Houyhnhnms depicted by
Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are________. A.horses that are
endowed with reason. B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable
qualities C.giants that are superior in wisdom. D.Hairy, wild, low and
despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance
but also in some other ways. Answer: A (P108) II. Read the quoted part
and answer the questions: 1. \"Words are like leaves; and where they
most abound, Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. False
eloquence, like the prismatic glass, Its gaudy colors spreads on every
place; The face of Nature we no more survey, All glares alike, without
distinction gay.\" Questions: 1) Identify the author and the passage;
2) Name the devices used in the passage with examples; 3) Explain
\"Words….found\". 4) What is the mainly implied idea of the passage?
参考答案： 1) The passage is from Pope's \"An Essay on Criticism\". (P94)
2) In the passage the author used \"Simile\" the device, e.g. \"Words
are like leaves\" and \"false eloquence, like the prismatic glass'
etc. 3) The sentence means: Where/When too many words are used, they
seldom express much sense. 4) The passage implies authors shouldn't
stress too much the artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty
of language, they should pay special attention to True Wit, which is
best set in the plain style. (just as too many leaves will cover the
fruits, too gaudy/ showy glass will hide the face the Nature, too
false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.) 2.
\"Let not Ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and
destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short
and simple annals of the poor. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of
power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Awaits alike
the inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave.\"
Questions: 1) Identify the author and the works; 2) What does \"the
inevitable hour\"? 3) Explain the first stanza; 4) What does the whole
passage imply. 参考答案： 1) This is Thomas Gray's \"Elegy Written in a
Country Churchyard\". 托马斯·格雷的《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》(P154) 2) \"The inevitable
hour\" means time of death. (P156) 3) The first stanza means: The men
with ambition and high position shouldn't laugh at the ordinary people
for their simple life and hard work. 4) In the passage, the poet
reflects on the death----no matter how poor or wealthy, or how
important and humble, every is equal before death, the author
givesmuch sympathy to the poor and unknown (P153) III. Questions and
answers: 1.Please analyze the Neoclassical period and the characters
of the literature. 参考答案： 1)The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,
also known as \"the Age of Enlightenment\" or \"the age of Reason\".
2)Its background was: a.It was an age full of conflicts and difference
of values; b.It was an age of fast development for English to become
the first powerful capitalist country in the world; c.It was an age of
economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.
3)In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual
movement. 4)The Enlighteners believed in self-restraint, self-reliance
and hard work;They celebrated reason/rationality, equality and
science. They advocated universal education, which could make people
rational and prefect, they believed. 5)In literature, The
Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the
ancient Greek and Roman classical works; the works at the time,
heavily didactic and moralizing; having fixed laws and rules for every
type of the literature; among which prose and the modern English novel
predominated the age. (At the end of the age sentimentalism and Gothic
Novel appeared.) 6) The age was an important age with the remarkable
authors Pope, Defoe, etc. 2.Please cite examples from \"Gulliver's
Travels\" to explain briefly how did Swift criticized and allude to
the government and the society. 参考答案: 1)In the first part of the
\"Gulliver's Travels\", Swift described the tricks and practices in
the competition held before royal members to allude to the fact that
the success of the officials was not for their wisdom and excellence
but for their skills in the games; 2)In the part 4 of the book, Swift
made horses with reason and good qualities. The citizens who are
\"hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings
not only in appearance but also in almost every way\" to
criticize/satirize all respects of the English and European life,and
urge people to consider the nature of the human and life. (P108-109)
3. People always say that: \"As a member of the middle class, Defoe
spoke for and to the members of his class\" . How do you understand
this sentence? Please explain it with the character of him. 参考答案： 1)
In most of his works, Defoe gave his praise to the hard-working,
sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the lower-class
people. Robinson Crusoe was such a character. 2) Robison goes out to
sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned/landed on a lonely island,
struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is saved by a ship
and returns to England. During the period Robinson leads a harsh and
lonely life and survives by growing corps, taming animals, etc.
growing from a naive young man into a hardened man. 3) With a great
capacity for work, inexhaustible energy (精力充沛), courage and
persistence in overcoming difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling
against nature, Crusoe becomes the prototype / representative of the
empire builder, the pioneer colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）． 4)
In the novel, Defoe glorified human labor and the puritan fortitude
which the middle class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a
spokesman of the bourgeois. (P98-100) 英国浪漫主义一天全掌握 英国浪漫主义与古典主义的区别（重点）：
(1)The Romantic Movement expressed negative attitude toward the
existing social and political condition, the Romantics saw the
corruption and injustice of the inhumanity of capitalism; (2)The Neo
saw man as a social; while Rom saw him as an individual in the
solitary state; (3)Neo stressed the common features of men; but the
Rom stressed the special qualities of each individual's mind; (4)Neo
celebrated rationality, equality and science of the outside world;
while Rom changed to the inner world of the human spirit, whose theory
saw the individual as the center of all experience; (5)The literature
of Neo was heavily didactic and moralizing. There were fixed laws for
each type of literature; Rom expressed his feeling, valued accuracy in
portraying, they thought literature should be free from all rules.
(6)The most important form in Neo was prose; while Rom was an age of
poetry. (书上160-161) thoughts and event influenced the period of
Romanticism 影响浪漫主义时期的思想和事件 (1) Rousseau (a French philosopher)
explored new ideas about nature, society and education, which provided
guiding priding principles for the French Revolution and Romanticism;
法国哲学家卢梭探索出自然、社会与教育的新思想。卢梭的这些想法为法国大革命和浪漫主义提供了必要的指导。 (2) The French
Revolution and the Declaration of Rights of Man"(written by Thomas
Paine)aroused the great sympathy and enthusiasm in the English
liberals and radicals,which became a great source for Romanticism.
法国革命和人权宣言的发表引起了英国自由主义与激进主义者强烈的同情和热情。 (3) England itself had
experienced profound 意义深远的 economic and social changes as
industrialism,which were reflected in the works of literature.
(P157-159)John Bunyan 语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣
其它作品：罪人头目的赦免 败德门先生生死录 圣战 天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a
conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation
through spirtual struggle 语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully
observed,vividly presented detail 选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a
religious aellgory pursue the turth the most sucessful religious
allegory in the history of english literature the theme is to urge
people to abide by christian doctrines and seak salvation through
constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social
evil 应用：The allegorical meaning of "The Vanity Fair"名利场的寓言意义 The
Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so
degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything
they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and
in people's heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the
pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its
purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek
salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social
evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the
Celestial City. Alexander Pope
是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
对他来说秩序order有着至高无上的价值supurem
value----宇宙cosmic秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学aesthetic秩序。这种秩序以及理性的强调深入到他的各部作品中。 On
criticism批评论made a great poet The of the Lock 鬓发遇劫记a finest mock
epic极妙的讽刺史诗 The Dunciad愚人志Pope's best satire work strongly advocated
neoclassicism,emphasizing that literary works should be judged by
classical rules of order,reason,logic,restrained emotion,good taste
and decorum礼貌，正派 语言特色：he worked painstakingly致力于 on his
pomes,developed a satire讽刺,concise简练，smooth通顺，graceful优雅and
well-balenced平衡 style. 选读作品：On Criticism a comprehensive全面的 study of
the theories of literary criticism a didactic说教的 poem written in
heroic couplets is plain in style and it is easy to read 主题:in part
2,pope criticizethe present poem lack of true taste&advises the
critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or
external beauty of language but to pay special attention to ture wit
which is best set in a plain style. 应用：Pope's point of view on poetry
criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry Pope's point of
view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism.
He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules
of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls
on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He
advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of
conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special
attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style. Pope's poem
strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric,
concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought
to its last perfection of the heroic couplet. Daniel defoe -the first
writer study of the lower-class people
在他大部分的作品里，他都表达了对勤劳hard-working，坚强study的中产阶级middle
class的赞誉praise，以及对破落downtrodden不幸unfortunate的穷苦人的同情sympathy。
其他作品：鲁宾逊漂流记1、2、3 ，大疫plague年日记，莫尔·佛兰德斯，新普顿船长 写作特色：a very good
story-teller,his sentences are sometimes short,crisp and plain,and
sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of
casual narration.他的作品时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。his
language is smooth,easy,colloquial and mostly
vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。there is nothing artifical in his
language,it it common english at its
beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。选读作品：Robinson Crusoe体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是丹尼尔的代表作。
Robison goes out to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned landed on a
lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally is
saved by a ship and returns to England. During the period Robinson
leads a harsh荒芜的 and lonely life and survives by growing corps,
taming圈养的 animals, etc. growing from a naive天真的 young man into a
hardened坚毅的 man. 人物特征：With a great capacity for work, inexhaustible
energy (精力充沛), courage and persistence in overcoming
difficulties（在克服困难方面持之以恒）, in struggling against nature, Crusoe
becomes the representative of the empire builder, the pioneer
colonist. （他是大英帝国缔造者的完美典范，同时也是殖民者的先驱）． 主题：In the novel, Defoe
glorified human labor and the puritan清教徒的 fortitude坚毅which the middle
class praised highly, so he can be regarded as a spokesman of the
bourgeois.Henry Fielding 英语小说之父father of the english novel,prose homer
comic epic in prose 作品：咖啡屋的政治家，悲剧中的悲剧，巴斯昆，1736历史年鉴 这四行是作者的文学贡献，重点：
first of all the 18th century english novelist to write the 'comic
epic in prose',18世纪英国小说家中第一个写散文体喜剧史诗。 the first to give the modern
novel its structer and style;第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格 use the third-person
narration;使用角色口吻叙述 'the just copies of human manners'人类态度的完整拷贝
写作特色：fielding's language is easy,unlaboured and familliar,but
extremely vivid and vigorrus. 菲尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力。 his
sentences are always distinguished by logic and rthythm,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长
and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable
ending.小说的结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。 应用：Henry Fielding and his Tom Jones 菲尔丁的散文体史诗
It is a good example of "comic epic in prose". Fielding describes the
fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody
Brown in the grand style of the Homeric荷马式的epic. He first of all calls
on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of
great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods
involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats
Molly as a great hero at battle, an "Amazonian heroine". Besides, he
uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn庄严的 about what he is
describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he
makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and
hyperbole. 小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。 Tom Jones ：一度成为国民心中的英雄
honest,kind-hearted,high-spirited,loyal.and brave,but
impulsive,wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.
诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的特点。samuel johnson first combine an
english dictionary,last neoclassicist
enlightener编辑了第一本英文字典，最后一位古典主义启蒙家 《英文字典》single-handedly and finished
in over7 years花了7年时间独立完成的 约翰逊精力充沛energetic,多才多艺versatile,他还涉足had a
hand各种各样的文学领域all the different branched of literary activities.
诗歌pomes:london伦敦，the vanity of human wishes人类欲望的虚幻 悲剧tragedy：irene《艾琳》
骑士浪漫诗romance：the history of rasselas拉萨拉丝的历史，prince of abyssinia阿比西尼亚王子
写作特色：no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always
clearly expressed;and through he tends to use 'learned words,'they are
always accurately used.he was very much concerned with the theme of
the vanity of human wishes. 他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都有这样的主题。his sentences
are long and well structured,interwoven with parallel words and
phrases.他实用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含许多排比，对仗。读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人a very
learned man对话。 选读作品：to the right honorable the eral of
cheaterfield致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书 主题：a strong indignation气愤 at the earl's
fame-fishing沽名钓誉;implying writers independence in economy and
writing;open a new era in the development of
literature.清楚的表达了作者要求独立的信念。对伯爵的反感和不与之虚伪和解的态度。 richard brinsley
sheridan 18世纪英国唯一一位重要的戏剧家dramatist，他的作品永恒constant theme的主题是道德morality。
代表作the rivals情敌&the school for scandal造谣学校generally regarded as
important links between the masterpiece of shakespeare and those of
bernard shaw,and as ture classics in english
comedy.被普遍认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。 造谣学校主题the school for
scandal：it is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the
aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteen-century england.no
wonder,the play has been regarded as the best comedy since
shakespeare.对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的无人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的演示下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
主要讲述了两兄弟的故事。the school for scandal is mainly a story about 2
brothers,the hypocritical伪善的 joseph surface&the
good-natured,imprudent鲁莽的,spendthrift挥霍者 charles surface.Jonathan
Swift in his opinion,human nature is seriously and permanently
flawed瑕疵.to better human life,enlightenment is needed.in his
writings,although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve
human nature and human institutions,他提倡的不是谴责，而是才去行为改良人性与人为的机构。 a
master satirist and english prose讽刺作家散文家（还被称为爱尔兰的民族英雄） a tale of
tub桶的故事&the battle of the books书籍的战斗奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。 the drapier's
letters德拉皮尔的信，a modest proposal温和的建议（被认为是一片完美的典范） The social satire of
Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels 格列佛游记的社会讽刺
lilliput小人国,brobdingnag大人国,the fluing island,houyhnhnm具有人类理性的马匹
写作特色：he defined a good style as'proper words in proper
places'clear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated sentence
structure,economy and conciseness of language mark all his
writings---essays,poems and
novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即'在恰当的地方用恰当的词'。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的风格。
应用：社会讽刺The account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for
people at court, alludes暗示 to the similar ridiculous荒谬的 practices or
tricks in the English government. The description描述 of the competition
in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the
success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies
not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more
dexterous灵巧的 in the game. This alludes to the practices in England.
And the pompous华而不实的 words singing of the Lilliputian emperor
ridicule奚落 the aristocratic贵族的 arrogance自大 and vanity. 主题：As a whole,
the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and
satires讽刺 of all aspects in the then English and European life
----socially , politically, religiously, philosophically,
scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its
exploration into human nature profound.  Ernest Hamingway欧内斯特.海明威 A
Nobel Prize winner for literature No wonder Hemingway was highly
praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for"his powerful style-forming
mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction.
诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的：他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。 (The Sun Also Rises-The Lost
Generation)太阳照样升起 (A Farewell to Arms-Frederick Henry)永别了武器 (For Whom
the Bell Tolls-Robert Jordan)丧钟为谁而鸣 (The Old Man and the
Sea-Santiago)老人与海 The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway's first true novel.
It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the
effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of "The Lost
Generation," a group of young Americans who left their native land and
fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way
about their own
experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通过"迷惘的一代"人的形象塑造，表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。（迷惘的一代：一群离开祖国，参加战争的美国青年，战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历）
Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell Arms. Frederick Henry,
who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of
the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief
that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some
lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God's
design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be
entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick
Henry在战争中受了伤，对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里，作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点，而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人类被命运投入了火坑。
For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about
the later Hemingway. 《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。 1. Hemingway
hero海明威式英雄 "grace under pressure" he is with the honesty, the
discipline, and the restraint. man always fights a losing battle of
life,but never lose dignity. man can be physically destroyed, but
never defeated spiritually虽然打败仗，但吃败仗也是有尊严的，人类的肉体可以消亡，但精神永远不可战胜。 2. The
dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it
being above water海明威曾说过"冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面"。 3.colloquialism口语 (Mark
Twain)(short ,simple, conventional words) 选读：Indian Camp(In Our
Times)印第安营寨 "Indian Camp"----The first and the typical of the seven
Nick stories is "Indian Camp." 《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个，也是很典型的故事。 In Our
Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.
《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。 (1)a wounded hero confronts all the
difficulties of the situation with his dignity and courage. (2)a group
of wandering, amusing and aimless people caught in the war. (3)man
suffers both physically and mentally, and is doomed to suffer, refute
God's kindness to man. (4)proves life's worth and there are causes
worth dying for. (5)show great respect for the struggle of mankind
against unconquerable natural forces,though only a partial victoy is
possible. (6)man of courage,and masculinity and inflexible heroism.
Realistic Period现实主义时期 时间： 1865-1914 1. background: the Civil War
affected both the social and the value system (1)transformed from an
agricultural one to an industrialized and commercialized one
(2)stimulated technological development (3)stepped up urbanization
(4)people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of God
The Gilded Age 2. American Realistic Period and English Realistic
Period(Victorian Period) common ground (1)a great interest in the
realities of life, aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any
aspect of life (2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of
class struggle (3)common people mostly depicted differences(America)
(1)native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and
social surfaces (2)perfect the dialect style (3)concern about "local
colorism", a unique variation of American literary realism 3. American
Naturalism: influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory (1)accept the
more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of
those characters in literary works (2)inherited qualities, and habits
confined by social forces are depicted (3)theme: human "bestiality",
especially the sexual desire (4)unpolished language
(5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes
of the individual, or beyond his control (6)material source from the
lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty (7)naturalism is
evolved from realism. Author's tone in writing is less serious and
sympathetic, more ironic and pessimistic This new attitude was
characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.
由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。 The three dominant figures of the period
are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.
这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。 In short, they set the example and
charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and
styles of fiction we still call modern. 总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。
Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way
they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at
the forefront of his
stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。 In a word,
naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing
becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more
pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。 本章应用：
名词解释：现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义 现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映
《哈克贝里•费恩》第三十一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色 哈克的性格分析及其社会意义 《黛西•米勒》第一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
《黛西•米勒》的主题和人物分析 狄金森诗歌第441、465．585和712首的结构、主题、语言特色 达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向
《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格 By joining the worlds of inward
propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating
in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism
and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the
direction of both the naturalistic and psychological
novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来，并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中，艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义，并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。
In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to
reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern
human action.在作品中，她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争，揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机，冲动及遗传影响。 Mark Twain -
the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular,
simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age 3 boyhood
books Life on the Mississippi, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,Huck's
inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell
Miss Watson where Jim is. 特色&影响： 1. "The true father of our national
literature"; "damned human race" 2. features: (1)paid more attention
to the "life" of the Americans (2)preferred to have his own region and
people in his stories, i.e. "local colorism" (3)concerned with the
life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people
(4)nostalgic怀旧的 in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present
that faded before their eyes (5)skillfully used the colloquialism口语,
the language is simple, direct ,faithful. protagnists spoke in
vernacular, both realistically and symbolically (6)his humor is
remarkable, his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh,
but a kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and
satirize the decayed romanticism. Mark Twain is considered as "the
true father of American national literature."马克.吐温被认为是"我们真正的民族文学之父"。
Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom
Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually
regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular
horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy's book specially
written for the adults, is Twain's most representative work,
describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives,
Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American
literature. 《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。 The childhood of Tom
Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way
of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved
millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the
world; and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet
poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared
dream of perfect innocence and freedom.
汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。
Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present
social life through portraits of local characters of his regions,
including people living in that area, the landscape, and other
peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.
马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。 Another fact that made Twain
unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His
words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence
structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the
spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。
Mark Twain's humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。 Twain's works,
containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc.,
and some of them are actually tall tales.
他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。 His humor is a kind of artistic
style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed
romanticism. 他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。 选读作品： The Adventure of
Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利.费恩历险记 (The Adventure of Tom Sawyar) with the
eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness,
Huck grows (Life on the Mississippi; The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County; Innocents Abroad; The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg)
From which "all modern American literature comes"; the milestone in
American literature; the books are noted for their unpretentious,
colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their
universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom The climax
is Huck's inner struggle on the Mississippi,between his affection for
Jim and the laws,finally he follows his own good-hearted morality
rather than the conventional village one Huckleberry Finn: a typical
American boy with "a sound heart and a deformed conscience", innocent
and rebel Adventures of Huckleberry: "Huck", a typical American can
Boy whom its creator described as a boy with "a sound heart and a
deformed conscience". Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and
reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully
exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain's
thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and
culture, wilderness and
civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个"有正常心理和畸形良知"的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。
Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which "all modern
American literature comes." The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn
is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American
literature. 《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该