2010年英语专业考研备考规划 一、重视基础
出乎大多数人的预料，北京外国语大学2009年基础英语考试一改多年来一贯的出题风格，即“阅读＋翻译”的单一题型，减少了翻译分值，新增图表作文部分，虽然仅有200字要求，却赋予50分的分值，让众多考生无从下手。还有对外经贸大学在基础英语中增加了30分的文化内容；人民大学干脆取消了所有科目的指定用书，考查内容包括单选、完型、改错、阅读、翻译、写作综合能力……正如环球时代英语专业考研保过班学员发出的感慨：一切知识都可能成为考题！
针对这一现象，环球时代学校校长吴中东教 授说，当前，随着英语专业考研越来越趋向理性，趋向专业，各校命题也越来越重视基础，重视考察学生本科阶段所学知识的全面掌握，而不是像有些学校对照研究 生教学大纲来出题。这说明我们国家在英语专业研究生的选拔上逐渐走向成熟。所以，对于考研的学生来说，当你们看到作为风向标的北外、上外这样的高校都在进 行试卷调整时，我们应该可以预见到2010年 英语专业考研变化莫测！但是，万变不离其宗，基础是根本，所以，一直以来我们要求英语专业考研保过学生一定要从基础抓起，苦练内功！从词汇、语法、阅读、 改错、翻译、写作到语言学、文学、翻译、文化专业课等一步一步，从基础到深化到真题，一步一个脚印，只有这样才能全面掌握英语专业考研的精髓，才能从整体 上提高专业素质，做到无论题型如何变化，都能以不变应万变，坦然自若地去面对，2009年我们做到了，2010年必将发扬广大！
二、专业为本
中国人民大学2009年英语专业考研，不再指定任何参考书，也不提供08年 的最新真题，这对考研的学生来说，简直是丈二和尚摸不着头脑。但是，考后的第二天，环球时代学校接到很多同学的电话，学生们对翻译理论的答卷很有信心，原 因在于培训班教授对翻译专业的把握和预测相当到位。诸如此类，还有北京外国语大学美国社会文化的考试，最后三道大题，关于美国黑人运动，30年代的经济危机，美国对越对伊战争等被宫玉波教授一一命中；还有北二外最后20分的大题，关于美国2008年总统大选的评论；最高兴的莫过于北京外国语大学高翻学院的考生，在备考的最后阶段，由吴中东教授主持紧急编纂的《高翻热点汇编》，真是帮了考生们的大忙！所以说，英语专业考研确实是体现专业水平的考试，只有专业教授才能如此精确的把握最新命题。在此，专家提醒2010年英语专业考研的考生，一定要慎选学校，慎选复习材料，备考中要多听听专家的意见，只有这样才能少走弯路，才能在最后的关键时刻胜出！
三、善用真题
“不可无真题，也不可全信题！”这是参加完09年考研的学生普遍发出的感叹。北京外国语大学一道50分 的写作题，让太多的学生后悔莫及。“全面掌握英语本科阶段听、说、读、写、译基本技能！”这是老师课上一而再再而三强调的话题，但是，到了上课的时候，还 是有很多学生不顾老师的规劝找出各种借口逃课。或者，完全相信真题，迷信真题。在此，专家建议各位备考英研的考生，不要过于急功近利，要扎扎实实打基础， 特别是在当前就业压力大，考研竞争激烈的时期，不要在关键时期因为准备不充分而慌了手脚，败下阵来。真题固然重要，有个别学校确实重复了前两年的真题，但 是，作为考生来说，还要学会举一反三，学生基础知识的灵活运用。
四、合理规划
考研的前两天，还有很多09考生打来电话问，老师你们的2010年英语专业考研培训班啥时候开课？很显然09年 的考研没有任何准备。我们也很为这些考生感到惋惜，这一年算是白废了，无论从精力上还是时间上，都让人备感遗憾。其实，考研这件事完全可以在本科阶段开始 完成，而不需要专门在毕业后拿出一年的时间备考，成为考研专业户。所以说合理安排时间至关重要。在此我们给大家提供一个时间表，并建议考生早日投入备考。
第一阶段（3月-5月）夯实基础，突破基础英语、二外初级，通读专业用书
第二阶段（6月-9月）强化专业课程训练，突破二外中级，通读政治
第三阶段（10月-12月）研读真题，衔接训练，查漏补缺，模拟冲刺
第四阶段（12月-1月）调整心态，提纲挈领重点突破，满怀信心迎接考研
第五阶段（1月-3月）强化语音语调，专业面试模拟，力争复试通关！
南开大学2004英研基础英语真题
Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)
Directions: The following 40 short statements are provided each with four items. You are to choose for each the best word or phrase in place of the underlined or missing part. Please write your answer on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.
1. The police the witness about the accident.
A. question B. ask C. interrogate D. inquire
2. The salesman his product when challenged.
A. sold B. spoke of C stood up for D. stood for
3. She makes a rather living as a novelist.
A. precarious B. precautionary C. cautious D. precocious
4. She the chance to spend a whole day with her father. . * '
A. jumped on B. jumped at C. jumped with D. jumped up
3. The car to avoid hitting the old man.
A. swerved B. rambled C. scurried D. curtailed
6. Anyone who has a sore throat should from alcohol.
A. abstain B. retain C. detain D. pertain
8. Despite a whole night's emergency treatment, the boy’s condition is still critical and his life is now hanging by a
A. thread B. cord C. string D. rope
9. The film was banned officially- because of the language and scenes it contained.
A. decent B. optimal C. obscene D. vicious
10. China will continue to to control population growth and improve the living standard of Chinese people.
A. stride B. contrive C. strive D. stripe
11. He avowed his commitment to those ideals.
A. acknowledged B. converted C. conformed D. renounced
12. The political dissident was accused of instigating a plot to overthrow the government.
A. devising B. supporting C. funding D. provoking
13 I wish you two would stop bickering.
A. complaining B quarreling C. bargaining D murmuring
14. The defendant is facing severe verdict despite the appeal for clemency by his lawyer.
A. forgiving B. release C. leniency D. impartiality
15. The little boy listened, enthralled by the Captain’s story.
A. fascinated B. swindled C. shocked D. bored
16. I was impressed by his expertise on landing craft.
A. encouragement B. special skill C. shrewdness D. eloquence
17. Your action is a breach of our university regulations.
A. observation B. violation C. creation D. attack
18. Subsequent events vindicated his policy.
A. predicate B. swing C. dilate D. verify
19. Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death penalty in most countries in the world.
A. impulsive B. multicolored C. obligatory' D. laughable
20. Morality, for him, was doing what is expedient.
A. undesirable B. unavailable C advantageous D. inappropriate
21 You'd like this one, ?
A. don't you B. didn't you C. hadn't you D. wouldn’t you
22. Do you happen to know the name of this ?
A. beautiful, little, red, butterfly-like insect
B. little, beautiful, red, butterfly-like insect
C. red, little, beautiful, butterfly-like insect
D. red, butterfly-like, beautiful, little insect
23. My son walked ten miles today. We never guessed that he could walk far.
A. / B. such C. that D. as
24. If talks for the new trade agreements take , food industries in both countries will be seriously affected.
A. much too long B. too much longer C. too much long D. much long
25. Jim expected nobody in the room.
A. there being B. there been C. there to be D. there be
26. Frankly, I'd rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn't do C. don’t do D. didn't
27. This is a nation which easily to changes.
A. adapts B. is adapted C. is adaptable D. is adapting
28. The young man proved his parents’ expectation.
A. worth B. worthy C. worth of D. worthy of
29. After a whole day of hard work, all was a nice meal and a good rest
A. what he wanted B. which he wanted C. the thing he wanted D. that he wanted
30. A modem city has sprung up in was a wasteland ten years ago
A. which B. what C. that D. where
31. The new literature course differs from the old course the students aren’t required to attend lecture.
A. in which B. which C. in that D. whereas
32. I wonder whether he knows to write a book.
A. how great pains it will cost B. what great pains will it take
C. what great pains it will cost D what great pains it will take
33. college students should learn more about Chinese history.
A. 1 consider important that B. I consider it important
C. I consider what is important D. I consider it important that
34. To a highly imaginative writer, is a pad of paper and a pen.
A. all are required B. all required is C. all is required D. all that is required
35. was of no much help to him at that time.
A. Little could I do B. What could I do little
C. The little of which 1 could do D. The little that I could do
36. Scientists have reached the conclusion the temperature on the earth is getting higher and higher.
A. when B. but C. that D. for that
37. The teacher said, "It's time you your oral presentation.”
A. began B. should begin C. begin D. are beginning
38. You and I could hardly understand each other, ?
A. could I B. couldn't you C. could we D. couldn't we
39. A clue Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story.
A. as for why B. as to what C. as to which D as to why
40. Petroleum is to industry blood is to man.
A. that B. as if C. what D. which
Part II Cloze Test (20 points) "
Directions: Read the passage below carefully and choose the best answer from those given. Write your choice on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.
The tuberculosis situation in China is worsening again. It cannot be 1 unless the current situation which China has Four Highs and One Low is changed. The Four Highs and the One Low means a high infection rate, a high drug 2 rate, a high death rate, a high__3 of infection, and a low rate of decline changes.
Experts say that China is one of the twenty-two countries in the world with the highest tuberculosis 4 China ranks second in the world in the 5 number of the people who have TB. Over 500 million Chinese have been 6 to the TB bacillus, six million have active TB and two million are 7 carriers of the disease. Over two hundred and fifty thousand Chinese die each year from TB. This is twice as many as those who die 8 all of China' s other contagious diseases 9
The rate of TB in the Chinese countryside is 2.4 times 10 in the city. In China, as in other countries, at lease half of the 11 active TB cases, and deaths are in women.
Children are the most 12 to infection of all. 13 statistics, the TB death rate among children aged 0-4 are 0.8 per 100,000 and 0.5 per 100,000. A 14 found that about half of the TB 15 people have not been found and registered. For 16 reasons, about 65.9 per cent of the people with TB symptoms are not 17 having TB. Experts warn that no disease compares with TB in the damage it 18 on families and the harm it does to China’s economic development. Seventy-five percent of the people with active TB cases 19 in the 15-34 age group, the most 20 age group. This means that China loses 360 million working days each year to TB.
1. A. beaten B. conquered C. overcome D. defeated
2. A. resistance B. injection C. inferior D. resistable
3. A. incidence B. incident C. accident D. accidence
4. A. burden B. load C. cargo D. freight
5. A. whole B. large C. imaginary D. total
6. A. revealed B. revealing C. exposed D. exposing
7. A. contagious B. conscientious C. continuous D. consecutive
8. A. away B. down C. off D. from
9. A. joined B. added C. united D. combined
10. A. that B. than C as D. less
11. A. infections B. infectious C. affection D. infectants
12. A. fragile B. vulnerable C. feeble D. crisp
13. A. On the contrary B. According to C. With respect to D. In addition to
14. A. research B. inspect C. survey D. study
15. A. opposite B. negative C. opponent D. positive
16. A. disparate B. desperate C. various D. distinct
17. A. diagnosed as B. diagnosed to C. diagnosed about D. diagnosed with
18. A. inflicts B. affiliates C. afflicts D. conflicts
19. A. is B. are C. have D. has
20. A. prospective B. productive C. predictable D. prudent
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Section A (30 points)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are some choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
The decline of traditional religion in the West has not removed the need for men and women to find a deeper meaning behind existence. Why is the world the way it is and how do we, as conscious individuals, fit into the great scheme?
There is a growing feeling that science, especially what is known as the new physics, can provide answers where religion remains vague and faltering. Many people in search of a meaning to their lives are finding enlightenment in the revolutionary developments at the frontiers of science. Much to the bewilderment of professional scientists, quasi-religious cults are being formed around such unlikely topics as quantum physics, space-time relativity, black holes and the big bang.
How can physics, with its reputation for cold precision and objective materialism, provide such fertile soil for the mystical? The truth is that the spirit of scientific inquiry has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past 50 years. The twin revolutions of the theory of relativity, with its space-warps and time-warps, and the quantum theory, which reveals the shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms, have demolished the classical image of a clockwork universe slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway. Replacing this sterile mechanism is a world full of shifting indeterminism and subtle interactions that have no counterpart in daily experience,
To study the new physics is to embark on a journey of wonderment and paradox, to glimpse the universe in a novel perspective, in which subject and object, mind and matter, force and field, become intertwined. Even the creation of the universe itself has fallen within the province of scientific inquiry.
The new cosmology provides, for the first time, a consistent picture of how all physical structures, including space and time, came to exist out of nothing. We are moving towards an understanding in which matter, force, order and creation are unified into a single descriptive theme.
Many of us who work in fundamental physics are deeply impressed by the harmony and order which pervades the physical world. To me laws of the universe, from quarks to quasars, dovetail together so felicitously that the impression there is something behind it all seems overwhelming. The laws of physics are so remarkably clever they can surely only be a manifestation of genius.
l. The author says people nowadays find that traditional religion is
A. a form of reassurance
B. inadequate to their needs
C. responding to scientific progress
D. developing in strange ways
2. Scientists find the new cults bewildering because they are
A. too reactionary
B. based on false evidence
C. derived from inappropriate sources
D. too subjective
3. Which phrase in paragraph 3 suggests that the universe is like a machine?
A. Cold precision and objective materialism.
B. The shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms.
C. Slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway.
D. Shifting Indeterminism and subtle interactions.
4. The new physics is exciting because it
A. offers a comprehensive explanation of the universe
B. proves the existence of a ruling intelligence
C. incorporates the work of men of genius
D. makes scientific theories easier to understand
5. The author of this passage is
A. a minister of religion
B. a research scientist
C. science fiction writer
D. a journalist
Questions 6 to 16 are based on the following passage.
Suddenly Lady Windermere looked eagerly round the room, and said, in her clear contralto voice, "where is my chiromantist?"
"Your what, Gladys?" exclaimed the Duchess, trying to remember what a chiromantist really was, and hoping it was not the same as a chiropodist.
"my chiromantist, Duchess; I can't live without him at present. I must certainly introduce him to you.”
"Introduce him!" cried the Duchess. “You don't mean to say he is here?" She began looking about for a small tortoiseshell fan and a very tattered lace shawl so as to be ready to go at a moment's notice.
"Of course he is here; 1 would not dream of giving a party without him. He tells me I have a pure psychic hand."
"Oh, 1 see!" said the Duchess, feeling very much relieved. "He tells fortunes, I suppose?"
"And misfortunes, too" answered Lady Windermere. "Any amount of them. Next year, for instance, I am in great danger, both by land and sea, so J am going to live in a balloon, and draw up my dinner in a basket every evening. It is all written down on my little finger, or on the palm of my hand. I forgot which." "But surely that is tempting Providence, Gladys." "My dear Duchess, surely Providence can resist temptation by this time. Everyone should have their hands told once a month, so as to know what not to do. Of course, one does it all the same, but it is so pleasant to be warned. Ah, here is Mr. Podgers! Now, Mr. Podgers, I want you to tell the Duchess of Paisley's hand."
"Dear Gladys, I really don't think it is quite right," said the Duchess, feebly unbuttoning a rather soiled kid glove.
"Nothing interesting ever is," said Lady Windmere. "But 1 must introduce you. Duchess, this is Mr. Podgers, my pet chiromantist. Mr. Podgers, this is the Duchess of Paisley, and if you say that she has a larger mountain of the moon than I have, I will never believe you again."
"1 am sure, Gladys, there is nothing of the kind in my hand," said the Duchess gravely.
"Your grace is quite right," said Mr. Podgers, glancing at the little fat hand.
"The mountain of the moon is not developed. The line of life, however, is excellent You will live to a great age, Duchess, and be extremely happy. Ambition—very moderate, line of intellect not exaggerated, line of heart——”
"Now. do be indiscreet, Mr. Podgers," cried Lady Windermere.
"Nothing would give me greater pleasure," said Mr. Podgers, bowing, "if the Duchess ever had been, but I am sorry to say that I see great permanence of affection, combined with a strong sense of duty."
"Pray go on, Mr. Podgers," said the Duchess, looking quite pleased.
"Economy is not the least of your Grace's virtues," continued Mr. Podgers, and lady Windermere went off into fits of laughter.
“Economy is a very good thing, remarked the Duchess complacently. When I married Paisley he had eleven castles, and not a single house fit to live in."
"And now he has twelve houses, and not a single castle," cried
Lady Windmere." "you have told the Duchess's character admirably, Mr. Podgers, and now you must tell Lady Flora's." In answer to a nod, a tall girl stepped awkwardly from behind the sofa and held out a long, bony hand.
"Ah, a pianist!" said Mr. Podgers. “Very reserved, very honest, and with a great love of animals.”
"Quite true!" exclaimed the Duchess, turning to Lady Windermere. "Flora keeps two dozen collie dogs at Macloskie, and would turn our town house into a menagerie if her father would let her."
"Well, that is just what I do with my house every Thursday evening," cried Lady Windermere, laughing. "Only I like lions better than collie dogs, But Mr. Podgers must read some more hands for us. Come, Lady Marvel, show him yours."
But Lady Marvel entirely declined to have her past or her future exposed. In fact, many people seemed afraid to face the odd little man with his stereotyped smile and his bright, beady eyes; and when he told poor Lady Fermor right out before everyone that she did not care a bit for music, but was extremely fond of musicians, it was generally felt that chiromancy was a most dangerous science, and one that ought not to be encouraged, except in private.
Lord Arthur Savile, however, who did not know anything about Lady Fermor's unfortunate story, was filled with curiosity to have his own hand read, and feeling somewhat shy about putting himself forward, crossed to where Lady Windermere was sitting and asked her if she thought Mr. Podgers would mind.
"Of course he won't mind," said Lady Windermere. "That is what he is here for. All my lions, Lord Arthur, are performing lions, and jump through hoops whenever I ask them."
6. Lady Windermere's statement that she "can't live without" (line 5) her chiromantist is an example of .
A. wit B. satire C. exaggeration D. generalization
7 The Duchess wants to "be ready to go at a moment's notice" (line 7) because she
A. is afraid of chiropodists
B. is tired of Lady Windermere
C. thinks having her fortune told would be tempting Providence
D. does not want to meet Mr. Podgers
8. The passage suggests that the Duchess wears a tattered shawl and soiled gloves because she
A. likes to save money
B. cannot afford to buy nicer ones
C. cares little about appearance
D. prefer to buy nice things for her home
9. Lady Windermere's plan to live in a balloon and draw up her dinner in a basket indicates her
A .desire to impress the Duchess
B. inability to separate reality from fantasy
C. whimsical attitude toward fortune-telling
D. respect for the accuracy of Mr. Podger's fortunes
10. Lady Windermere's speech in lines21-24 shows that she _______
A. likes to give advice to others
B. dislike knowing what is going to happen to her
C. believes that Mr. Podgers has amazing and uncanny powers
D. does not take either Providence or chiromancy very seriously.
11. The Duchess says, "I really don't think it is quite right" in line 26 because she
A. has philosophical and moral objections to fortune-telling
B. thinks that trying to discern the future could be dangerous
C. does not like to do what Lady Windermere tells her to do
D. believes that Mr. Podgers is likely to predict bad events in her future
12. Lady Windermere's use of the phrase “my pet chiromantist” suggests that Lady Windermere
A. provide for Mr. Podgers's need
B. perceives Mr. Podgers's devotion to her
C. feels possessive toward Mr Podgers
D. likes to belittle Mr. Podgers in front of her friends
13. By characterizing the Duchess's line of intellect as "not exaggerated", Mr. Podgers shows himself to be
A. tactful B. disdainful C. imaginative D. suspicious
14. The Duchess looks "quite pleased" because .
A. her future is brighter than is Lady windermere's
B. her fear about tempting Providence have been allayed
C. Mr. Podgers has not suggested any danger in her immediate future
D. Mr. Podgers has described her characteristics positively
15. In addition to telling people's fortunes, Mr. Podgers .
A. describes their characteristics
B. describes their past endeavors
C. describes their present occupation
D. encourages their unspoken plans
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.
This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.
16. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .
A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation
B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience
C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular
D. result of highly creative scientific activity
17. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:
A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?
B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also Included Handel and Bach?
C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?
D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?
18. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with .
A. deep skepticism B. strong indignation
C. marked indifference D. moderate amusement
19. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that
A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists
B. is accepted immediately by the scientific community
C does not relegate particulars to the role of data
D introduces a new valid generalization
20. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?
A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.
B. In a similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.
C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.
D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.
Section B (10 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and give answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
By the mid century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form. In deed, there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all. Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods, two of them, William Burroughs and Henry Miller, served as exemplary figures.
William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa. He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs. The impact of his experiences on his writing led to a uniquely detached style. Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories, or where the characters have come from. In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch, Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together, to further disturb the conventional notion of narration. Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works, American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory.
Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided. In order to better expose compulsive desires, he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships. His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published. Although there are disagreements about Miller's moral positions, he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid-twentieth century American fiction.
21. What is the main topic of this passage?
22. What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?
23. What can we assume about Burroughs' earlier works?
24. What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?
25. What can we infer about the works of the two men?
Part IV Translation (30 points)
Section A E-C translation (15 points)
Directions; Read the following passage carefully aid translate it into good Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.
Translating versus interpreting
Some problems arise because people think of translating and interpreting as being two entirely different kinds of operations, one written and the other spoken. But both are part of the same act of producing in a receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source text, whether spoken or written. The significant differences are the speed with which an interpreter must make decisions, the enormous tension to keep up with the rapid flow of spoken language, the background knowledge necessary for instant recall, and the willingness to produce something that may not be "perfect." In fact, no interpretation is ever perfect.
Interpreting can, however, be an important plus for a translator, because it immediately forces him or her to be up to date with respect to rapid developments within any discipline, and it highlights the fact that listening to one language and speaking in another is a largely automatic process, something that some translators have faired to recognize.
At the former Maurice Thorez Institute of foreign languages in Moscow, persons who had already demonstrated exceptional ability as translators could also be tested for their possible ability to act as professional interpreters. The test consisted of an assigned topic, one minute to prepare, and one minute to speak. The reason for this type of testing was the conviction that interpreting, whether consecutive or simultaneous, depended more on an ability to organize information than on determining meaning.
Section B C-E Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into good English. Write your translation on the answer sheet.
由 小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称以易滋误解，好像过此 以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太 短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。
Part V Composition (20 points)
Directions: Write on your answer sheet a 500-word essay on the topic.
Topic: Reading for knowledge, or for fun? 上海交通大学2004年英研水平测试真题
Important: This test lasts for three hours. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet called "Answer Sheet". Do not write anything in this test booklet.
Part I (20')
In this part you are asked to complete each of the 20 sentences with one out of the four words marked A, B, C, and D that follow each sentence. The Word you choose must fit into the sentence both in form and meaning. For every correct choice, you will get one point
1. I object to you speaking of 'learning French as a second language' in Canada; French is as__ a first language as English.
A. far B. well C. much D. good
2. For this situation, learning and using English for wider communication __ a country, particularly for educational, commercial, and political purposes, English can be referred to as an international language.
A. outside B. within C. with D. of
3. It reveals itself in the assumptions underlying __ , in the planning of a course of study, in the routines of the classroom, in value judgments about language teaching, and in the decisions that the language teacher has to make day by day.
A. learning B. teaching C. theory D. practice
4. The debate on language teaching methods continued into the period between the two world wars, a period which from the point of view of language pedagogy is characterized by the search for realistic solutions to the method __.
A. controversy B. problems C. issues D- crises
5. This conviction led to various experiments, all designed to __ the traditional teacher-centred language class.
A. change B. convert C. modify D. verify
6. The communicative approach, understood in this comprehensive way, has had a _ _ on second language curriculum, on teaching methodology and materials, and also on evaluation.
A. effect B. mark C. bearing D. weight
7. By virtue of their iconicity and their obvious formal aspects, poems are ideally suited to have learners experience early on the two main features of _ experience: distance and relation.
A. literary B. social C. aesthetic D. dialectic
8. Furthermore, being able to recite it from memory enables the teacher to keep eye contact with the students, to anticipate their misunderstandings and respond to their facial
A. responses B. expressions C. performance D. inquiries
9. As translators move from word to word and from sentence to sentence through the text they produce bit by bit
of the original in a different language.
A. replicas B. versions C. relics D. sediments
10. Besides exploring different levels of the same text and different languages ways of expressing the same event, intermediate and advanced learners can profit from the same event into different literary forms.
A. reproducing B. imitating C. expressing D. recasting
11. It has often been suggested that we lack an adequate analysis of the concept of analyticity and consequently that we lack adequate criteria for deciding whether a statement is . .
A. adequate B. realistic C. efficient D. analytic
12. The tacit ideology which seems to lie behind these objections is that non-extensional explications are not explications at all and that any concept which is net extensionally is defective.
A. ideological B. explicable C. explicit D. objectional
13. The reason for concentrating on the study of speech acts is simply this: all linguistic communication involves linguistic .
A. devices B. meanings C. forms D. acts
14. This is because in certain institutional situations we not only ascertain the facts but we need an authority to lay down a decision as to what the after the fact-finding procedure has been gone through.
A. situations B. assertions C. facts D. reasons
15. The simplest cases of meaning are those in which the speaker utters a sentence and means exactly and what he says.
A. verbally B. definitely C simply D. literally
16. And since meaning consists in part in the intention to produce understanding in the hearer a large part of that problem is that of how it is possible for the hearer to understand the indirect speech act when the sentence he hears and understands means something .
A. true B. else C false D. indirect
17. We ail believe that it is the faculty of language which has enabled the human race to develop diverse cultures, each with its social customs, religious observances, laws, oral traditions, patterns of trading, and so on.
A. diverse B. distinctive C. multiple D. varied
18. In general, too, rhythmic and features of speech are ignored in transcriptions; the rhythmic structure which appears to bind some groups of words more closely than others, and die speeding up and slowing down of the overall pace of speech relative to the speaker's normal pace in a given situation, are such complex variables that we have very little idea how they are exploited and to what effect.
A. metrical B. mobile C. acoustic D. temporal
19. It seems reasonable to suggest that, whereas in daily life in a literate culture, we use largely for the establishment and maintenance of human relationships, we use written language largely for the working out of and transference of information,
A. words B. speech C. sounds D. sentences
20. The higher level of achievement is a contribution to the of the text: the linguistic analysis may enable one to say why the text is, or is not, an effective text for its own purposes in what respects it succeeds and in what respects it fails, or is less successful.
A. analysis B. reading C evaluation D. interpretation
Part II
Each of the following 20 sentences contains an error. And the error involves oniy one word You are required to identify the error and correct it Instructions on haw to write your answers are given on the Answer Sheet For each correction you make, you will get one point
21. A Spanish history of the "Indies," read with eager curiosity (and later paraphrased) by the English entrepreneur Sir Waiter Raleigh, told to the court splendors of a supposed ancestor of the * emperor of Guiana."
22. Elizabethan merchants and ministers were second for none in their lively concern for treasure, but the real success of Great Britain as a colonizing power was eventually to rest
23. The faith was sustained for the newcomers not only by the promises before but by the horrors left behind, across the Atlantic.
24. In a sense, the seventeenth century saw the emergence of those institutions that are characteristic in the modem world: centralized and wholly sovereign nation-states; capitalism; individualism, secularism, and heroic grandeur in the arts.
25. What was more, warfare, both civil and international, erupted epidemically in massive dislocations of power.
26. No history of the American people — a title after which, after all, the Indians have the most legitimate claim — can omit the red men and women's role.
27. Even before Europe hung suspended between the rise of Roman Imperial order and the emergence of feudalism, in the so-called Dark Ages, some North American Indiana had developed what anthropologists call the Hopewellian Culture.
28. At first they called the chiefs they met after names both familiar and curious — princes, — emperors, caciques, and werowances.
29. He pointed out that one of the first signs of adaptation to the new environment as a European's part was to strip off the garments of civilization, with their class and social connotations, and wear the undifferentiated skin garments of the Indian.
30. The story began, then, with interaction among the continent's new and old inhabitants — the Indian "garrison" and the colonized immigrants.
31. They learned to sing hymns, to pray, even to participate in the Mass, and to hold their new beliefs by a grip that survived the vicissitudes of many years of battle between white warriors and red.
32. After an unsuccessful attempt to get the Dutch to plant a new settlement on the Delaware, he traveled to Swede.
33. Despite the political weaknesses of the Dutch, they set an impress on the life of Americans as unborn.
34. Tradesmen went home, entered through brick-faced doorways and ascended to cozy rooms where, below tiled roofs, windows with tiny panes illuminated polished delftware.
35. The Church of England, for example, though firmly established, did not command the loyalties of great Catholic families on the one hand, or on the other, of the Puritans who hoped to purge it into "Romish idolatry."
36. With chronic misgivings about the future, no wonder that some men were tempted by the prospects of secure estates and freedom of harassment across what seemed an infinity of ocean.
37. Huddled into the city, the poor were helpless before the plagues that swept devastatingly into their slums and then undiscriminatingly went on to lay down the proud and wealthy as well.
38. Imperiled by pestilence and starvation, many of the able-bodied men among the poor might have looked at impressment as an opportunity at least to eat and to be clothed.
39. And nothing short for a spectacular peice of luck or royal preferment seemed likely to improve the situation.
40. Farther from the social scale, the yeoman might also try to enhance the value of his lands or the prospects of his children by taking fliers in New World ventures such as fishing and trading companies.
Part III (30')
In this part you will be asked to read five passages, each followed by six questions. Read the passages carefully and then asnwer all the questions by choosing the correct options marked A, B, C, and D. Answer one question correctly, and you will get one point.
Passage 1
We know that Poe fought a continuous battle against the demon of plagiarism and the twisted perversion of influence. He even declared war on his fellow-writer Longfellow, accusing him of plagiarism of which he was himself not entirely innocent Passion and influence have their dark sides not only manifest in literary plagiarism — which we note in Baudelaire's translations of Poe — but also in what may be deemed a confusion of identity or quest for an alter ego. Translating Poe became for Baudelaire a real search for the definition of his own personality and even his understanding of gender. Baudelaire's text is a mixed entity, a complex unity like most of Poe's characters, a unity composed of scattered elements. The " Flowers of Evil," are filled with Poe's own experience of despair and doubt about the world and about human beings, blended with Baudelaire's spleen and bouts of ideal. Both writers were divided into forces of Good and Evil, love and hate, masculine and feminine, they were like two images reflected in the mirrors of their creations so perfectly inverted that the reader does not know who inspired whom. Alter egos of each other, these two monsters of selfishness and misanthropy would probably have hated each other if they had had the opportunity to meet Looking at oneself in a mirror can be very upsetting as the hero of William Wilson discovers in the fast lines of this eponymous tale. Baudelaire chose to exalt Poe's character as Griswold presented it because he had many features in common with this portrait. Baudelaire identified with Poe in a very self-centered egotistical way. Both had a strain of masochism and a taste for self-destruction certainly provoked by parental rejection. Baudelaire's most palpable self-destructive action was the translation of Poe's works. From this peculiar and unique encounter of two geniuses was bom a new universal poet, we could name Poedelaire. Half European, half American, the writings of this desexualized creator are tinged with black humor, sensationalism, and sprinkled with a touch of French preciosity.
Questions:
41. The author implies that
A. Longfellow was guilty of plagiarism.
B. Longfellow was not guilty of plagiarism.
C. Poe was guilty of plagiarism.
D. Poe was not guilty of plagiarism.
42. What, according to the author, causes plagiarism?
A. Passion and influence. B. Search and quest.
C. identity and ego D. Translation
43. The author's purpose of mentioning Baudelaire's translations of Poe is
A. to show how the two writers hate each other.
B. to show bow the two writers love each other.
C. to prove that plagiarism is pardonable.
D. to prove that influence may result in a search for an alter ego.
44. It can be inferred that Poe's writing
A. favors the theme of evil. B. tends to describe flowers.
C. reveals a vague personality. D. contains the image of mirror.
45. Why does the author think that Baudelaire's translation of Poe's works was a self-destructive action?
A. Because it made Baudelaire even sadder.
B. Because he allowed Poe to invade his own identity.
C. Because it incurred his parents' contempt
D. Because it ruined his reputation as a good translator.
46. Which of the following words can best describe Poedelaire?
A. romantic B. sentimental C. pessimistic D. revolutionary
Passage 2
Baudelaire first purchased Poe's works in London in 1851. This was his first encounter with American, and he immediately fell in love with the tone, style and content of these texts. He never wrote anything about the theoretical concepts of literary influence and plagiarism whereas Poe had spent a lot of energy attempting to prove his originality. Baudelaire, inversely, although acknowledging that he felt an intimacy with Poe, always refused to admit that he recreated this intimacy in the works he wrote after his translations of Poe, that is to say, after 1856. He was obviously deeply influenced by Poe's essay Eureka presenting the human coalition as a simultaneous movement of attraction and repulsion. This phenomenon of unconscious reappropriation is another clear manifestation of Harald Bloom's Anxiety of Influence. Instead of fighting against the influence of the first writer, the second writer, moved by passion, prefers to vampirize him, to suck out his creative substance like the painter absorbs his bride's life in Poe's The Oval Portrait. This absorption that Bloom calls a tessera, both completes and betrays at the same time. Like physical possession, it satisfies temporarily the one who possesses, while stealing some independence from the one who is possessed. This symbolic betrayal linked to the linguistic possession of Poe by Baudelaire is quite relevant when one observes the mistakes made by the French poet in his translations. Baudelaire loved the English language and used it in an instinctive way, whereas translation requires technicity and precision, a full understanding of both the source and target language which he certainly lacked. In a letter written to Maria Clemm, Poe's mother-in-law, and published in France in 1854 in the newspaper Le Pays, as a preface to one of his first translations, "Souvenirs de M. Auguste Bedloe," we can read the following lines: "Adieu, madame; parmi les differents saluts et les formules de complimentation qui ne peuvent conchire une missive dune arne a une ame, je n'en connais quune aux sentiments que m'inspire votre personne: goodness, godness". It is not my purpose to translate the whole letter but we will concentrate on the two concluding words "goodness, godness" that Baudelaire adds in English at the end of his friendly message. His desire to play upon words and to show his mastery of the English language results in a Poor lexical association that Mrs Clemm must have had some problems in understanding! Goodness is an exclamation, quite inappropriate in such a context and godliness is a neologism, probably used here instead of godliness which would not have been correct either.
Question:
47. The author seems to imply that Baudelaire______________________
A. had no idea of literary influence.
B. never thought of literary influence.
C. never admitted that he was influenced by Poe.
D. never appreciated the writings by Poe.
48. The word "intimacy" in line 5 probably means________
A. friendliness. B. sympathy.
C. love. D. privacy.
49. " Anxiety of influence " means the_____
A. the second writer is influenced by the first writer, but he does not acknowledge it.
B. the second writer does not want to be influenced, but he has to.
C. the second writer purposely imitates me first writer, then he feels guilty of it
D. the second writer is not influenced by the first writer, but is accused of it.
50. The nationality of Baudelaire is___
A. English B. French C. American D. German
51. This passage mainly discusses
A. translation. B. misunderstanding.
C. plagiarism. D. influence.
52. According to Poe, attraction and repulsion are .
A. simultaneous B. unconscious
C. contradictory D. both A and C
Passage 3
As a literary critic, surely my best source of information on "globalization" is literature and I hardly need to say that this subject is thematic in a great many works of contemporary Latin American fiction. In fact, Latin American literature includes a long tradition of cultural theorizing that addresses the nature and effects of cultural contact, and thus the processes of globalization avant la lettre. Since the first decades of the twentieth century, indigenista movements considered cultural (and racial) difference and contested the cultural homogeneity imposed by European and U.S- colonialism; indigenismo valorized indigenous traditions and practices, and reconstituted the question of cultural inclusiveness. The movement was led by the Peruvian intellectuals Jose Carlos Maridtegui and Jose Maria Arguedas, with related discussions of transculturation and national identity by Ezequiet Martinez Estrada in Argentina, Gilberto Freyrc in Brazil, and Fernando Ortiz in Cuba. Jose Vasconcelos, more than his contemporaries, celebrated the process of cultural contact: racial mestizaje had its apotheosis in the 1920s Vasconcelos's nationalistic concept of la raza casmica ("the cosmic race") Alejo Carpentier dramatizes this discussion: from his first novel in 1933 he recommends not that cultures struggle against colonialism to remain discrete in their differences, but, rather, that that they recognize cultural otherness and embrace it. His formulation of the neobarroco or New World Baroque provides an overarching structure to incorporate European, African, and indigenous cultures into a shared Latin American identity. In his 1975 essay "Lo barroco y lo real maravilloso* (The Baroque and me Marvelous Real"), Carpentier asks: "And why is Latin America the chosen territory of the baroque? Because all symbiosis, all mestizaje, engenders the baroque. The American baroque develops along with — the awareness of being Other, of being new, of being symbiotic, of being criollo; and the criollo spirit is itself a baroque spirit". Carpentier, and following him the Cuban writers Jose Lezama Lima and Severo Sarduy, understood the irony of engaging the Baroque forms of the Spanish colonizers to construct a post-colonial identity and they turned effectively the neobarroco, or New World Baroque, into an instrument of contraconquista (counterconquest). The Neobaroque is an aesthetics and ideology of inclusion by which Latin American and Latino artists have defined themselves against colonizing structures, and continue to do so.
Questions:
53. The word "addresses" in line 4 probably means .
A. includes B. concerns C. relates D. talks
54. Indigenista movements most probably voiced the feelings of
A. the colonizing B. the colonized
C. the European D. the American
55. According to the author, minor nations and races
A. welcome globaliztion B. fear globaliztion
C. resent cultural contact D. needs cultural contact
56. The term "cultural otherness" probably means
A. difference in cultural identity B. cultural separation
C. hostility among nations D. cultural misunderstandings
57. "The cosmic race" probably refers to .
A. the incorporation of races B. the communication among races
C. marriage among races D. creation of a new race
58. "Baroque spirit" means the willingness to_____________.
A. recognize and embrace differences B. study foreign cultures with caution
C. D. protect local integrity
Passage 4
Having said all of this, I should, perhaps, locate myself. I teach and write about a loose and baggy territory called las Americas, the Americas, and most often about the part of that category referred to as Latin America. This latter space includes nations, of course, but the demarcation is far more flexible because of its plural referent. The writers who inhabit this territory possess dual citizenship, for they are self-avowed "Latin American" writers at the same time that they are also Mexican, Argentine, Peruvian, or Cuban. In fact, they arc often engaged deeply in describing their own national cultures and are far from ready to throw out the baby with the globalizing bathwater. Mexico is a particularly interesting case of the use of nation as a defense against the leveling pressures of globalization — a nationalism of resistance, in Wallerstein's terms, rather than a nationalism of domination. For example, the much debated NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement —or the TLC, Tratado de Libre Comercio —opened Mexico's borders to American commercial onslaughts in the early 1990s, but in cultural matters, the treaty encodes a very different attitude. The Free Trade Agreement contains an Annex that provides special protection to Mexico's cultural industries. Some of its provisions are as follows: 1) The use of the Spanish language is required for the broadcast, cable or multipoint distribution system of radio and television, except when the Secretaria de Gobemacion authorizes the use of another language; 2) A majority of the time of each day's live broadcast programs must feature Mexican nationals; 3) The use of die Spanish language or Spanish subtitles is required for advertising that is broadcast or otherwise distributed in the territory of Mexico; and 4) Thirty percent of screen time of every theatre, assessed on an annual basis, may be reserved for films produced by Mexican persons either within or outside the territory of Mexico. I should also like to mention that it was Canada that insisted on cultural industry protection clauses in the North American Free Trade Agreement originally and the Canadian government achieved partial success, at best. In comparison, protections of cultural industries are common throughout the European Union: France passed recently legislation requiring that French radio stations devote forty percent of airtime to French music, and Spain also passed a law requiring that one-fourth to one-third of all movies shown in Spanish theaters to be of Spanish origin, England has long protected its movie industry: the great film director Michael Powell got his start, as did other British directors during the 1930s, making what were called quota quickies. So, even as I suggest that comparatists may want to review our nationalist institutional and disciplinary structures in the light of global mobilities, nations continue to protect their cultures against those same forces.
Questions:
59. The phrase "plural referent" in line 4 refers to .
A. the nations B. the writers C. the Americas D. the cultures
60. The phrase " throwing out the baby with the bathwater" probably means .
A. embracing the globalizing force
B. discarding whatever is contaminated by globalization
C. taking advantage of globalization to foster national cultures
D. no discrimination should be made between national and international cultures
61. It can be inferred from the passage mat Mexico is a country that .
A. rejects foreign cultures B. is afraid of foreign culture
C. protects national culture D. protects national commerce
62. Cultural industries include .
A. radio and televison B. newspapers and magazines
C. movies and music D. all of them
63. The provisions contained in the Annex to the Free Trade Agreement seem to focus on
A. language B. territory C. culture D. citizenship
64. Which of me following statements is not true?
A. Latin American countries protect their national industries.
B. North American countries protect their national industries.
C. European countries protect their national industries.
D. Western superpowers are not afraid of being globalized.
Passage 5
Once the presence of these characteristics has been recognized, most discussions of globalization move directly to comparative cultural -questions. Anthropologists, economists, ecologists, and political scientists all become cultural comparatists, weighing cultural differences against what is generally considered to be the inevitable function of globalization: the leveling of cultural difference. This comparative quotient runs inexorably, it seems, through discussions of globalization, and it should interest us as a profession, since our own most basic disciplinary methods are, of course, designed to recognize and interpret difference. I dunk of my own work in comparative American cultures, for example, as moving along spectrum between assumptions of basic cultural difference on the one hand and literary examples of shared attitudes and expressive structures on the other. I took for common contexts in order to ground my comparisons, but it is the differences that will matter most to my analysis. So, a mirror image begins to emerge, whereas the literary comparatist may be said to value significant differences and to study literature for what we may learn from those differences, me processes of globalization would seem to work in ways that are something like the reverse —toward a leveling of significant difference in favor of insignificant sameness. But this comparison, too, will need to be complicated, for homogeneity and heterogeneity are not necessarily antithetical, and in 'fact may operate in dialectical relationship. Consider, for example, my third characteristic of globalization—unprecedented levels of immigration —a circumstance mat suggests the following paradox: the processes of globalization may homogenize tastes and habits by means of new information technologies and global markets, but at the same time they may also generate configurations of striking difference, as immigrants occupy new cultural and linguistic spaces. Nowhere is this more true than in the U. S., where we are experiencing the greatest migratory influx of our history. Certain regions of the country are more illustrative of this than others, of course, but let me say simply that my classes at the University of Houston are far more diverse culturally, linguistically, and ethnically than they were ten years ago —a comparative cultural opportunity that I feel, frankly, I have not yet fully engaged in my own teaching and that our curricular and departmental structures have not yet fully responded to, either.
Questions:
65. The author implies that the inevitable function of globalization is .
A. maintenance of differences B. reduction of differences
C. promotion of cooperation D. exaltation of competition
66. According to the passage, the main objective of comparison is to .
A. identify common features B. encourage competition
C. recognize differences D. both A and C
67. The profession of the author of this passage is most likely that of a .
A. comparatist B. anthropologist
C. ecologist D. political scientist
68. The word "paradox" in line 19 probably means .
A. contradiction B. identification
C. supplementation D. seemingly contradictory
69. Immigration brings__ to the destination country.
A. wealth B. diversity C. disorder D. disagreement
70. What relates globalization to cultural comparison is the fact that _.
A. globalization generates more discussions
B. globalization arouses more disputes over cultural matters
C. globalization both homogenize and heterogenize
D. the author is equally interested in both
Part IV (30')
Division A: In this part, you are required to complete 20 sentences. Each sentence wants one word only. You must choose the needed word from the provisions below. You do not need to change the form of the chosen word. But the word you choose must fit into the sentence in both meaning and grammar. For each correct completion, you will get one point. (20%)
existentialism realms particular structure prophecies primacy
discredit tinged mediation poetry demeaned forms value
diachronic antithesis quantitative methodology that obtaining temporal
71. The formalists argued at the beginning for a strict separation of form and content and made repeated efforts to ____ the latter as a proper object of literary study by
concentrating exclusively on the former.
72. It's not so much ______ they love the possibility of doing or not doing something as it is the possibility of speaking with words, agreed on among themselves, about various topics.
73. The so-called formal method grew out of a struggle for a science of literature that would be both independent and factual; it is not the outgrowth of a particular _______ .
74. What I am interested in doing now is suggesting how the general liberal consensus that "true" knowledge is fundamentally non-political obscures the highly if obscurely organized political circumstances _______when knowledge is produced.
75. My point here is that "Russia" as a general subject matter has political priority over nicer distinctions such as "economics" and "literary history," because political society in Gramsci's sense reaches into such _______of civil society as the academy and saturates them with significance of direct concern to it.
76. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow _______ and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact — and yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism.
77. But there is no getting away from the fact that literary studies in general, and American Marxist theorists in _____, have avoided the effort of seriously bridging the gap between the superstructure] and base levels in textual, historical scholarship.
78. In the second place, to believe that politics in the form of imperialism bears upon The production of literature, scholarship, social theory, and history writing is by no means equivalent to saying that culture is therefore a______ or denigrated thing.
79. So it is mat the life of Christ, the text of the New Testament, which comes as the fulfillment of the hidden _____ and annunciatory signs of the Old, constitutes a second, properly allegorical level, in terms of which the latter may be rewritten.
80. Stalin's "expressive causality" can be detected, to take one example, in the productionist ideology of Soviet Marxism, as an insistence on the _______ of the forces of production.
81. _______ is the classical dialectical term for the establishment of relationships between, say, the formal analysis of a work of art and its social ground, or between the internal dynamics of the political state and its economic base.
82. The archetypal critic studies the poem as part of poetry, and as part of the total human imitation of nature that we call civilization.
83. When we pass into anagogy, nature becomes, not the container, but the thing contained, and the archetypal universal symbols, the city, the garden, the quest, the marriage, are no longer the drsirabte______ that man constructs inside nature, but are themselves the forms of nature.
84. We have suggested that it is only in the first narrowly political horizon — in which history is reduced to a series of punctual events and crises in time, to the ______ agitation of the year-to-year, the chroniclelike annals of the rise and fall of political regimes and social fashions, and tile passionate immediacy of struggles between historical individuals — that the "text" or object of study will tend to coincide with the individual literary work or cultural artifact.
85. It would be tempting, but not quite accurate, to see in them two mutually exclusive modes of thought, to hold them up as the______ between the analytical and the dialectical understanding.
86. Saussure's position has many affinities with that of Husseri, for like Husserl he was not content simply to point out the existence of another equally valuable mode of humanistic and qualitative thought alongside the scientific and______ , but tried to codify the structure of such thought in a methodological way, thus making all kinds of new and concrete investigations possible.
87. In personal or psychological terms, this methodological perception is reflected in _______, whose leitmotive — the priority of existence over essence — is indeed simply another way of saying the same thing, and of showing how lived reality alters in function of the "choice" we make of it or the essences through which we interpret it: in other words, in function of the "model" through which we see and live the world.
88. His solution to this dilemma is ingenious: one may call it situational, or even phenomenological, in that it takes into account the concrete _______of speech as a "circuit of discourse," as a relationship between two speakers.
89. The movement of Saussure's thought may perhaps be articulated as follows: language is not an object, not a substance, but rather a _______ : thus language is a perception of identity.
90. The syntagmatic dimension, in other words, looks like a primary phenomenon only when we examine its individual units separately; then they seem to be organized successively in time according to some mode of_______ perception.
Division B: The fallowing is an incomplete passage. Fill each blank with one word only. You can choose any word from your vocabulary so long as it completes the sentence both in grammar and in meaning. For each correct completion, you will get one point (10%)
Perhaps it was the middle of January in the present that I first looked up and saw the mark on the wail. In order to fix a date it was necessary to remember what one 91 . So now I think of the fire; the steady 92 of yellow light upon the page of my book; the three chrysanthernums 93 the round glass bowl on the mantelpiece. Yes, it 94 have been the winter time, and we had just finished our tea, 95 I remember that I was smoking a cigarette when I looked up and saw the mark on the wall for the first time. I looked up 96 the smoke of my cigarette and my eye lodged for a 97 upon the burning coals, and that old fancy of the crimson flag _98 from me castle tower came into my mind, and I thought of the cavalcade of red knights riding up the side of the black rock. Rather to my 99 the sight of the mark interrupted the fancy, for it is an old fancy, an automatic fancy, made as a child perhaps. The mark was a small round mark, black upon the white wall, about six or seven inches 100 the mantelpiece.
Part V (50')
Division A: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese (25%)
Institutions which immigrants had developed in their Old World homelands proved providentially suited to their different needs in America. And there were no better exemplars of this than the Irish. For this new nation was rich in formal governmental organizations: constitutions, legislatures, and courts galore. The long experience of Americans in self-government was of course one of the causes of the War for Independence. And American Independence, conspicuously unlike Irish Independence, had come after only a decade or two of agitation and extralegal organization. Success in the American Revolution meant that me people now controlled their governments. Constitution making men became a national pastime, while political parties debated the proper emphasis of government under the new constitutions.
How different had been the Irish experienced! While American political life tool the forms of self-government, Irish political life took the forms of endless rebellion which never climaxed in revolution. While Americans were preoccupied with social compacts, rights of representation, forms of legislation, and the balance and limits of power, the Irish had been preoccupied with organized sabotage and the frustration of unjust laws. The American experience had been legalistic and formal; the Irish had been informal, extralegal, or even antilegal. But the Irish experience would not be wasted in America.
Division B: Translate the following passage from Chinese into English (25%)
自 从我画的马从案头走向社会，有人说他像徐悲鸿之马，有人说他像刘勃舒之马。应当说，我从这些大家的作品中学到了不少超乎具体笔墨的东西，但我知道我画的马 谁也不像，他们只属于我，因为大师们早已定下了“学我者生，向我者死”的画界法律。世界虽大，但艺术行业步人后尘亦步亦趋者必无立锥之地。行不更名坐不改 姓，哪怕再不济我仍然是我。这不是偏执，而是艺术上的求生之法。行家们尽可以指出我的作品中的一千个缺陷、一万种毛病，但无论从构图立意造境到笔墨形象， 他们都只属于我自己。
艺 无止境，人贵自知。随着眼界的开阔，我愈来愈感到自己画的马在力度、刚性、神韵上的不足。他还只是凡马，在地上驰骤的凡马，因为他还过于写实——它对那大 象无形、天人合一、物我皆备的神骏还只能望其项背。它还亟待自我完善和升华。但愿下毕生马如破竹，一洗万古凡马空——只是我可能永远达不到但却永远追求的 境界。（This is the end of the test.）考生们近两个月必须在掌握共核性知识的基础上，进一步夯实基础，注重积累，并努力做好以下几件事： 首先，培养英语语感，大量的朗读美丽的语篇，读准每个词，反复练习，可从以下几本书下手，如《英语专业考研核心词汇》，《英语专业学习与应试必备美文》1-2，《散文佳作108篇》等。第二，现在越来越多的学校注重时势文章的考核，所以同学们可以读一些News Week, Times, Economist 等等，另外就是多读一些文学方面的书籍。
其次，考英研的同学要注意掌握大量的单词，要注意词汇的深度和广度，注意把易混词、近义词一起消化。阅读理解的出题方式有四选一和Paraphrase, Short answer 或Summary。大家可以做做我们编写的配套教材《GRE阅读》等。翻译方面，环球时代专家建议大家要尽量精读张培基的翻译书，注意翻译技巧和通顺规则。写作要多多模仿，背诵经典范文范例一书。另外，考生们在复习时要注意基础英语答题方式和技巧，做到严谨、专业、完美、漂亮，这样在临场时才会有较好的发挥。
英美文学（导师：环球时代学校副校长，北京外国语大学英美文学博士 宫玉波教授）
从 英美文学考试来看，各英语专业院校参考书五花八门，深浅不一、版本不同。有张伯香的《英美文学选读》，吴伟仁的《英国文学史及选读》和《美国文学史及选 读》，还有指定刘炳善的《英国文学简史》、常耀信的《美国文学简史》、陈嘉的《英国文学史》、杨岂深的《英国文学选读》等等，但是，不管哪所学校指定哪本 参考书，都不关重要的，关键的是，你要从书中真正找到英语专业考研的核心，清晰的复习，来源于多年的经验总结。现在，我们要求同学们应该把你准备报考院校 的指定书《英国文学》《美国文学》通读1-2遍，找到一根主线，按照年代、找到重要作家、作品，构筑文学框架，这样你就能较轻松地在浩如烟海的文学世界里自由翱翔了。
对 于不考文学的考生，奉劝大家最好也看看，因为考翻译要有文学积累文学素养，有些基础英语的阅读本身就是文学作品。比如考北师有文学赏析题，怎么做到不知道 也能得分，就是要掌握一个看书、背书及答题的原则。在此建议大家可以熟记一下《英语专业考研英美文学考点测评》全景图，相信会对你全面掌握英美文学考试重 点有很大帮助。
翻译（导师：环球时代学校英研翻译主讲，翻译学专家 李春辉教授）
近年来，英语专业考研翻译方向的报考人数越来越多，每年增长速度很快，原因是翻译的实用性很强，应用范围很广。很多英语专业考研招生院校在命题时，除了在基础英语试卷中出现大篇的翻译题型之外，还在专业课上重点考核，将近30%的院校在专业试卷中只考翻译和写作，可见翻译的重要性和决定性。
翻译在考英研的时候总体存在几个方面的问题：1、不知道从何入手，不清楚翻译的方法。2、语言基本功差，包括汉语言的功底。3、综合知识面窄。4、英美文化及汉语文化功底肤浅。
针对这些问题解决办法：多听多读多练多做，给大家推荐一些书可以看看。如：《英汉名篇名译》、《高级翻译教程》、《冰心小说散文选（英汉对照）》《古代散文卷（英汉对照） 》《英汉翻译教程》《高级英语（上）（下）》《Advanced English (I )(II )》《英语散文佳作赏析与翻译》《英语翻译教程》等。翻译是专家领进门修行在个人，考生听过老师的方法后，一定要加强自主翻译练习，在练习时要注重应用所学翻译手段，感悟翻译的道理，要以质取胜（少做多想，悟出道理）。
“2010年英语专业考研专家一对一免费咨询”热线010-68403281或3282 测试：你离2008英语专业考研有多远？
①《英国文学简史》（新修订本）刘炳善著（河南人民出版 社）②《英国文学选读》孙铢等编（上海译文出版社）③《美国文学简史》常跃信著（南开大学出版社）④《美国文学选读》翟士钊编（河南大学出版社）⑤《语言 学教程》胡壮麟等著（北京大学出版社）⑥《现代英语词汇学》陆国强著（上海外语教育出版社）⑦《英语修辞大全》冯翠华编（外语教学与研究出版社）⑧《新编 英语语法教程》章振邦等编（上海外语教育出版社）⑨《大学英语写作教程》麻保金等编（河南大学出版社）⑩《新编语言学教程》刘润清、文旭编（外语教学与研 究出版社）
