Stephen Crane [USA]
1871-1900
Born in Newark, New Jersey in 1871, Stephen Crane was the fourteenth child of Reverend Jonathan Crane. Both of his parents were highly religious leaders in the Methodist Church, and over the years one of Crane’s most noted traits was his rebellion against his religious upbringing.
As a teenager he worked at a news agency run by his brother, and later left for college with the goal of becoming a reporter. He published his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, in a private printing and under a pseudonym in 1893. The novel attracted the attention of critics such as William Dean Howells and Hamlin Garland, who later championed his novel The Red Badge of Courage, published in 1895.
The same year, Crane published his first book of poetry, The Black Riders and Other Lines, again privately printed. The typography of this book was unusual, in that the poems appeared entirely in capital letters without titles or punctuation. Reviewers of the time—and some later critics—heaped abuse on his poetry, describing them as “garbage,” “rot,” and “lunatic.” But the success of his novel of the same year, along with the reaction, made him internationally famous.
Personally, Crane claimed to like his poetry much better than The Red Badge of Courage. Over the next years, Crane devoted himself to journalism and wrote numerous short stories, including the brilliant tale, “The Open Boat.” His work as a reporter during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, however, led to ill health, and in 1899 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The same year he moved with his common-law wife, Cora Taylor, to an unheated English manor-house outside of Rye. Most of his time he spent feverously writing, but Crane did develop literary friendships with figures such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford and H. G. Wells. While in England, he published his second collection of poetry, War Is Kind. His tuberculosis, however, had worsened, and in 1900, at the age of 28, he died in a German sanatorium.
BOOKS OF POETRY
The Black Riders and Other Lines (Boston: Copeland and Day, 1895); War Is Kind (New York: F. A. Stokes, 1899); Collected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1930).
From The Black Riders
I
BLACK RIDERS CAME FROM THE SEA.
THERE WAS CLANG AND CLANG OF SPEAR AND SHIELD,
AND CLASH AND CLASH OF HOOF AND HEEL,
WILD SHUTS AND THE WAVE OF HAIR
IN THE RUSH UPON THE WIND:
THUS THE RIDE OF SIN.
XXIV
I SAW A MAN PURSUING THE HORIZON
ROUND AND ROUND THEY SPED.
I WAS DISTURBED AT THIS;
I ACCOSTED THE MAN.
“IT IS FUTILE,” I SAID,
“YOU CAN NEVER ———“
“YOU LIE,” HE CRIED,
AND RAN ON.
XXXVI
I MET A SEER.
HE HELD IN HIS HANDS
THE BOOK OF WISDOM.
“SIR,” I ADDRESSED HIM,
“LET ME READ.”
“CHILD——“ HE BEGAN.
“SIR,” I SAID,
“THINK NOT THAT I AM A CHILD,
“FOR ALREADY I NOW MUCH
“OF WHAT WHICH YOU HOLD.
“AYE, MUCH.”
HE SMILED.
THEN HE OPENED THE BOOK.
AND HELD IT BEFORE ME.—
STRANGE THAT I SHOULD HAVE GROWN SO SUDDENLY BLIND.
XLII
I WALKED IN A DESERT.
AND I CRIED,
“AH, GOD, TAKEN ME FROM THIS PLACE!”
A VOICE SAID, “IT IS NO DESERT.”
I CRIED, “WELL, BUT——
“THE SAND, THE HEAT, THE VACANT HORIZON.”
A VOICE SAID, “IT IS NO DESERT.”
(from Black Riders and Other Lines, 1895)
from War Is Kind
[I]
Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind.
Because your lover threw wild hands toward the sky
and the affrighted steed ran on alone,
Do not weep.
War is kind.
Hoarse, booming drums of the regiment
Little souls who thirst for fight,
These men were born to drill and die
The unexplained glory flies above them
Great is the battle-god, great, and his kingdom———
A field where a thousand corpses lie.
Do not weep, babe, for war is kind.
Because your father tumbled in the yellow trenches,
Raged at his breast, gulped and died,
Do not weep.
War is kind.
Swift, blazing flag of the regiment
Eagle with crest of red and gold,
These men were born to drill and die
Point for them the virtue of slaughter
Make plain to them the excellence of killing
And a field where a thousand corpses lie.
Mother whose heart hung humble as a button
On the bright splendid shroud of your son,
Do not weep.
War is kind.
(from War Is Kind, 1899)
[VI]
I explain the silvered passing of a ship at night,
The sweep of each sad lost wave,
The dwindling boom of the steel ting’s striving,
The little cry of a man to a man,
A shadow falling across the greyer night,
And the sinking of the small star;
Then the waste, the far waste of waters,
And the soft lashing of black waves
For long and in loneliness.
Remember, thou, O ship of love,
Thou leavest a far waste of waters,
And the soft lashing of black waves
For long and in loneliness.
(from War Is Kind, 1899)
[XI]
On the desert
A silence from the moon’s deepest valley.
Fire rays fall athwart the robes
Of hooded men, squat and dumb.
Before them, a woman
Moves to the blowing of shrill whistles
And distant thunder of drums,
While mystic things, sinuous, dull with terrible color,
Sleepily fondle her body
Or move at her will, swishing stealthily over the sand.
The snakes whisper softly;
The whispering, whispering snakes,
Dreaming and swaying and staring,
But always whispering, softly whispering.
The wind streams from the lone reaches
Of Arabia, solemn with night,
And the wild fire makes shimmer of blood
Over the robes of the hooded men
Squat and dumb.
Bands of moving bronze, emerald, yellow,
Circle the throat and the arms of her,
And over the sands serpents move warily
Slow, menacing and submissive,
Swinging to the whistle and drums,
The whispering, whispering snakes,
Dreaming and swaying and staring,
But always whispering, softly whispering.
The dignity of the accursed;
The glory of slavery, despair, death,
Is in the dance of the whispering snakes.
(from War Is Kind, 1899)
[XXI]
A man said to the universe:
“Sir, I exist!”
“However,” replied the universe,
“The fact has not created in me
“A sense of obligation.”
(from War Is Kind, 1899)
A man adrift on a slim spar
A man adrift on a slim spar
A horizon smaller than the rim of a bottle
Tented waves rearing lashy dark points
The near whine of froth in circles.
God is cold.
The incessant raise and swing of the sea
And growl after growl of crest
The sinkings, green, seething, endless
The upheaval half-completed
God is cold.
The seas are in the hollow of The Hand;
Oceans may be turned to a spray
Raining down through the stars
Because of a gesture of pit toward a babe.
Oceans may become grey ashes,
Die with a long moan and a roar
Amid the tumult of the fishes
And the cries of the ships,
Because The Hand beckons the mice.
The horizon smaller than a doomed assassin’s cap,
Inky, surging tumults
A reeling, drunken sky and no sky
A pale hand sliding from a polished spar.
God is cold.
The puff of a coat imprisoning air.
A face kissing the water-death
A weary slow sway of a lost hand
And the sea, the moving sea, the sea.
God is cold.
(from Collected Poems, 1930)
stephen crane 的。<THE OPEN BOAT>.的分析
“The Open Boat” is a fictionalized account of a very traumatic personal experience in Crane’s life: a ship on which he was a passenger sank off the coast of Florida, and he found himself one of four men in a tiny open dinghy, struggling to make it through a narrow strip of rough sea and pounding surf that separated them from dry land.
As it was, the men were forced to remain for thirty hours in the boat, rowing frantically against the tide and bailing constantly to keep the craft afloat in the treacherous water, before they were able to come ashore at Daytona Beach. We would expect that this story would be written as a heart-pounding adventure tale; yet it is very cerebral in its approach, focusing less on the adrenaline rush of danger than on the philosophical question of man’s relationship to the world of nature that so completely overwhelms him.
As Crane shows in this story, the protagonist’s salvation is dependent upon whether or not he will adapt to his surroundings and help his fellow man, not whether or not he can conquer nature. As he demonstrates, this is a moot point, because it is impossible to conquer nature; it is too big, and too impersonal, and man is just a speck against its awesome power. The best one can do is learn nature’s ways and work with, not against, them.
This sense of complete absorption in the struggle against nature is illustrated by the famous first line of the story: “None of them knew the color of the sky.” The reason for this is soon made obvious; the imperiled survivors could not take their eyes off the waves, for to let their guard down for a moment would mean certain death. Significantly, Crane does not deal with the question of heroism; the men in the boat do not feel heroic, nor do they ask us to think of them in those terms. They are simply doing what they need to in order to survive, and supporting one another in this effort.
Interestingly, however, this does not make Crane’s story realistic; it actually creates a kind of hyper-realism, an excruciatingly vivid nightmare state, in which waves resemble horses “scrambl[ing] over walls of water,” “carpets on a line in a gale,” and “white flames,” to mention only a few of the dozens of metaphors. The homeliness of these images does not make the Crane’s rendering of the experience any less profound; they simply call attention to the inability of mere words to convey it.
They also accentuate the gulf between an objective journalistic rendering of going down with a ship and the only way to convey the full horror of this experience. Crane borrows, in his fierce and startling imagery, something from Gothic romantics such as Poe; but in no other respect is this story romanticized. On the contrary, the threat of death is not in any way sensationalized, because it does not need to be; the usage of such extreme imagery makes it even more terrifyingly real.
In addition to vivid language, Crane uses carefully-chosen anecdotes to make the situation seem harrowing. The extent to which these men are poised on the brink of life and death is illustrated by the seagull that lands on the captain’s head; as Crane says, “The captain naturally wished to knock it away with the end of the heavy painter, but he did not dare do it, because anything resembling an emphatic gesture would have capsized this freighted boat; and so, with his open hand, the captain gently and carefully waved the gull away.” To have remained in this state for thirty hours seems almost incomprehensible.
Crane’s remarkable use of rhythm in this story reminds one of the motion of the sea; while each phrase has a distinct sense of rising and falling, each one is also a different length, just like the waves -- some of which are huge and rolling, while others are merely little swells. One can feel this in the lines “The craft pranced and reared, and plunged like an animal. As each wave came, and she rose for it, she seemed like a horse making at a fence outrageously high.” In his imagery, in his rhythm, Crane never allows us to forget the story’s setting, even for a second; the huge and harrowing presence of nature, poised to destroy the insignificance which is man, commands our attention at all times.
But the most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive. Consider this passage where Crane describes the time “when we were swamped by the surf and making the best of our way toward the shore”. “But finally [the correspondent] arrived at a place in the sea where travel was beset with difficulty. He did not pause swimming to inquire what manner of current had caught him, but there his progress ceased. The shore was set before him like a bit of scenery on a stage, and he looked at it and understood with his eyes each detail of it. -- As the cook passed, much farther to the left, the captain was calling to him. ‘Turn over on your back, cook! Turn over on your back and use the oar.’ -- ‘All right, sir.’ The cook turned on his back, and paddling with an oar, went ahead as if he were a canoe.”
There is no fighting the sea; it cannot be conquered; but one can learn to bob along on its surface, and aid to the best of one’s ability those fellow human beings who are also caught in the grip of nature’s immense indifference.
[美国]斯蒂芬・克莱恩 孙致礼译注
None of them knew the color of the sky. Their eyes glanced level, and were fastened upon the waves that swept toward them. These waves were of the hue of slate, save of the tops, which were of foaming white, and all of the men knew the colors of the sea. The horizon narrowed and widened, and dipped and rose, and at all times its edge was jagged with waves that seemed thrust up in points like rocks.
Many a man ought to have a bath-tub larger than the boat which here rode upon the sea. These waves were most wrongfully and barbarously abrupt and tall, and each froth-top was a problem in small boat navigation.
The cook squatted in the bottom and looked with both eyes at the six inches of gunwale which separated him from the ocean. His sleeves were rolled over his fat forearms, and the two flaps of his unbuttoned vest dangled as he bent to bail out the boat. Often he said: "Gawd! That was a narrow clip." As he remarked it he invariably gazed eastward over the broken sea.
The oilier, steering with one of the two oars in the boat, sometimes raised himself suddenly to keep clear of water that swirled in over the stern. It was a thin little oar and it seemed often ready to snap.
The correspondent, pulling at the other oar, watched the waves and wondered why he was there.
The injured captain, lying in the bow, was at this time buried in that profound dejection and indifference which comes, temporarily at least, to even the bravest and most enduring when, wilily nilly, the firm fails, the army loses, the ship goes down. The mind of the master of a vessel is rooted deep in the timbers of her, though he command for a day or a decade, and this captain had on him the stern turned faces, and lower, and down. Thereafter there was something strange in his voice. Although steady, it was deep with mourning, and of a quality beyond oration or tears.
"Keep' er a little more south, south, Billie," said he.
"A little more south,' sir," said the oiler in the stern.
A seat in this boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking broncho, and , by the same token, a broncho is not much smaller. The craft pranced and reared, and plunged like and animal. As each wave came, and she rose for it, she seemed like a horse making at a fence outrageously high. The manner of her scramble over these walls of water is a mystic thing, and , moreover, at the top of them were ordinarily these problems in white water, the foam racing down from the summit of each wave, requiring a new leap, and a leap from the air. Then, after scornfully bumping a crest, she would slide, and race, and splash down a long incline and arrive bobbing and nodding in front of the next menace.
A singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave you discover that there is another behind it just as important and just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In a ten-foot dingey one can get an idea of the resources of the sea in the line of waves that is not probable to the average experience, which is never at sea in a dingey. As each slaty wall of water approached, it shut all else from the view of the men in the boat, and it was not difficult to imagine that this particular wave was the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water. There was a terrible grace int eh move of the waves, and they came in silence, save for the snarling of the crests.
In the wan light, the faces of the men must have been gray. Their eyes must have glinted in strange ways as they gazed steadily astern. Viewed from a balcony, the whole thing would doubtlessly have been weirdly picturesque. But the men in the boat had no time to see it, and if they had had leisure there were other things to occupy their minds. The sun swung steadily up the sky, and they knew it was broad day because the color of the sea changed from slate to emerald-green, streaked with amber lights, and the foam was like tumbling snow.
The process of the breaking day was unknown to them. They were aware only of this effect upon the color of the waves that rolled toward them.
In disjointed sentences the cook and the correspondent argued as to the difference between lifesaving station and a house of refuge. The cook had said: "There's a house of refuge just north of the Mosquito Inlet Light, and as soon as they see us, they'll come off in their boat and pick us up."
"As soon as who see us?" said the correspondent.
"The crew," said the cook.
"Houses of refuge don't have crews," said the correspondent. "As I understand them, they are only places where clothes and grub are stored for the benefit of shipwrecked people. They don't carry crews."
"Oh, yes, they do ," said the cook.
"no, they don't," said the correspondent.
"Well, we're not there yet, anyhow," said the oiler, in the stern.
"Well," said the cook, "perhaps it's not a house of refuge that I'm thinking of as being near Mosquito Inlet Light. Perhaps it's a life-saving station."
"We're not there yet," said the oiler, in the stern.
他们谁也不知道天空的颜色。几双眼睛平望出去,紧紧盯着朝他们汹涌扑来的波涛。波涛是暗蓝色的,只有浪脊上喷溅着白色的泡沫。他们几个人全都知道这海的颜色。地平线窄了又宽,落了又起,边缘上总是参差不齐,波浪看上去像�岩一般尖削地向上搏击。
漂浮在海上的这条小船,许多人家的浴盆都该比它大。那阵阵波涛无法无天、飞扬跋扈地翻得又高又陡,每个浪头都给小船的航行带来危险。
橱子蹲在船底,双眼瞅着那6英寸厚的船舷,他与这汪洋大海就这一舷之隔啊。他把袖子捋过肥胖的前臂,当他俯身从船里往外舀水时,身上的马甲因为没有系上扣,两片襟子在荡来荡去。他不时说道:“天哪!好险啊!”他说话时,眼睛总是向东凝视着那波浪滔滔的大海。
加油工在用两把桨中的一把划着船,有时猛然抬起身子,闪开由船尾漩进的海水。那是一把细细的小桨,好像随时都会啪的一声折断似的。
记者划着另一把桨。他注视着波浪,奇怪自己为何置身此处。
受伤的船长躺在船头,此刻陷入极度的沮丧与冷淡之中。如果事情不顾人意,出现商行倒闭、军队败北、船只沉没等情况,即使最有勇气、最坚忍不拔的人,也会产生这种心情,至少暂时如此。一个身为一船之长的人,不论他指挥了一天还是十年,他的心深深地植根于船上的一筋一骨。更何况,这位船长头脑中还留着如此严酷的景象:晨曦蒙胧中,海上漂着7张翻转的面孔,后来又见到一根中桅的残杆,上面还缀着一只白球,在随波冲荡,越来越往下沉,最后沉下海去。此后,他的声音就变得有点奇怪了,虽说还很镇定,但却带着深沉的哀伤,带着一种口舌和泪水所无法表达的特质。
“比利,把船再向南转一转,”他说。
“是,‘再向南转一转,’船长,”加油工在船尾回道。
坐在这只船上,简直就像坐在一只狂蹦乱跳的野马上,何况,野马也不比那船小多少。那船腾跃,竖起,栽下,就和那野马一样。每逢浪头打来,小船因此而颠起时,它好似一匹烈马身高耸的栅栏扑去。那船如何攀越过一道道水墙,实在令人不可思议。况且,到了滔滔的白色浪脊上,通常还存在这样的问题:浪花每次从浪峰上俯冲下来,小船就必须跟着再跳一次,而且是凌空一跳。接着,小船目空一切地撞上一个浪头之后,便滑下一道长坡,风驰电掣,水花四溅,颠颠晃晃地来到了下一个威胁跟前。
大海上有个特别不利的情况:当你成功地越过一个浪头之后,你发现后边又有一个浪头接踵而至,一样的气势汹汹,一样的急不可待,非要想方设法把小船吞没不可。在一条10英尺长的小船上,一个人可以了解大海如何善于兴风作浪,而对于从未乘小船在海上漂流的一般人来说,这是无法了解的。每逢一垛暗蓝色的水墙涌来,船上的人便给挡得什么也看不见,因而也就不难设想,这个浪头是大海的最后一次爆发,是海水的最后一次逞凶。波涛的运动极为优雅,静静地荡来,只有浪脊在咆哮。
在惨淡的光线中,那几个人的面孔准是灰白色的。他们目不转睛地盯着船尾,眼睛准是在奇怪地闪烁着。若是从阳台上看去,这整个场面无疑是神奇而迷人的。但是,船上的人却无暇来观赏,即使有这闲暇,他们心里还要想着别的事情。太阳冉冉地升上天空,他们知道是大白天了,因为海的颜色由暗蓝变成了碧绿,上面还夹带着琥珀色的光道,而那浪花好似滚滚白雪。夜去昼来的过程,他们并不知晓。他们只是从滚滚而来的浪涛的颜色上察觉到这番变化。
厨子和记者在争辩救护站与收容所有何区别,说起话来前言不拱后语。厨子说:“就在蚊子湾灯塔的北边,有一个收容所,他们一看到我们,就会乘船来接我们。”
“谁一看到我们?”记者问。
“水手们,”厨子说。
“收容所里没有水手,”记者证说。“据我了解,收容所只是为船只失事的人准备衣服和食品的地方。他们没有水手。”
“噢,有的,他们有的,”厨子说。
“没有,他们没有,”记者说。
“算啦,不管怎么说,我们还没到那儿呢,”加油工在船尾说。
“嗯,”厨子说,“我看离蚊子湾灯塔不远处,也许不是收容所,说不定是个救护站。”
“我们还没到那儿呢,”加油工在船尾说。
注 释:
(1)蒂芬・克莱恩(1871——1900)是美国著名作家,以《红色英勇勋章》、《街头女郎玛吉》以及一些短篇小说闻名于世。The Open Boat是他最脍灸人口的短篇名著,此处选译的是该小说的第一节。
(2)gunwale:船的(上部)舷侧(the upper sides of a boat)。
(3)That was a narrow clip:(情况)真险呀。
(4)willy nilly:副词,也写作willy-nilly,意为“不管(你)愿意不愿意”。
(5)…though he command:此处用的是虚拟语态,因而command未作词尾变化。
(6)…beyond oration or tears:是言语和眼泪无法表达的。
(7)…by the same token:在此为“不单如此,而且,况且”的意思。
(8)…which is never at sea in a dingey:which的先导词为the average experience,意思是说:一般人从未有过乘小船在海上漂流的经历。
(9)…the last effort of the grim water:试比较“无情的海水的最后一次努力”和“海水的最后一次逞凶”两种译法,哪一种译法更好?好在何处?
(10)ight:在此意为“灯塔”(lighthouse)。
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