斯宾塞体Spenserian stanza其代表作《仙后》(The Faerie Queene,
为什么说他的韵式为ababbcbcc,这个ababbcbcc到底是什么意思?
就是第三句与第一句押韵,第四五句与第二句押韵,依次类推。
摘 要:《仙后》的道德寓意有两重:一是道德或哲学寓意,一是历史或政治讽寓。本文重点对其道德寓意进行探究。长诗并非一部情节引人但平铺陈腐的传奇故事,而是一座充满丰富而深刻思想内涵的人类道德思想里程碑。其中涉及的诸多美德以及“美德之后的美德”正是斯宾塞“新柏拉图主义”的完全体现。
关键词:道德讽寓;美德;新柏拉图主义;平铺直叙
爱德蒙・斯宾塞是英国乔叟时代和莎士比亚时代之间最杰出的诗人,被誉为“诗人的诗人”。他大量的诗作对后世产生了深远而巨大的影响。他创造的“斯宾塞诗节”是他对英国诗歌的一大贡献。他最重要的作品《仙后》便是用这种形式写成的。
《仙后》采取中世纪常用的讽喻传奇的形式,是文艺复兴时期的一部重要的宗教、政治史诗。按原计划,诗人要写满12卷,每卷记述一位骑士的探险经历,每位骑士代表一种美德。可惜《仙后》只完成了6卷零两个篇章。但是这部未完成的伟大史诗早已显示出了万丈光芒,像一座辉煌的殿堂屹立在欧洲文学的高峰之上。
一、《仙后》的两重寓意
这样一部鸿篇巨著看起来却像一部有趣的传奇故事,很受青少年读者的青睐。但是这部史诗显然有它更丰富的内涵和思想。具体地说,该诗作为讽喻传奇,是有具体的象征意义的。只有读懂了《仙后》的具体象征含义或现实影射才可能真正地读懂这部史诗。
一般说来,《仙后》的寓意有两大方面。一方面是道德或哲学寓意,一方面是历史或政治讽喻。第一方面较为明确,易于理解;而第二方面则较为隐晦(这是文学自古以来难以摆脱的特性),但是有识之士则能心领神会。比如,仙后象征当权的女王伊丽莎白:“谎言(Duessa)”象征罗马天主教会和苏格兰天主教女王玛丽;暴君“大错误(Grantorto)”象征西班牙天主教国王菲利浦,等等。
道德或哲学上的寓意显然是诗人的主要意图。想要真正体会出其中真意,最好不要刻意去理解或破译它。正如很多事情是不可勉强的,如睡觉不可过分要求自己快速入睡一样。理解这样含义深刻的史诗最好心平气和得像充满童真的孩子一样,去直接感受它。也就是说,事先要摆脱各种偏见、定势。因为在文艺复兴时期,一切旧的思想模式都在逐渐被新的力量摧毁。人类再也不相信旧的枷锁和束缚了,但是新的一切还没有被确立起来。斯宾塞便是借助古希腊思想家柏拉图的极力追求爱与美的思想,形成了一种“新柏拉图主义”。他试图通过《仙后》来表达他对人类道德的重新设定。所以,我们想要读懂斯宾塞,必经首先学会忘记。忘记自己已经拥有的思想,从头开始去探索人类的思想道德,以至于历史政治。
二、《仙后》是平铺直叙,还是独具匠心?
但是人们还是经常抱怨这部史诗太平淡、太陈腐,缺乏能够和现代人共鸣的可读成分。这是在所难免的。首先,十六世纪的人与二十一世纪的人简直是天壤之别。在当时的人看来惊心动魄的变化,对现代人来说,很可能如家常便饭,不足为奇。比如,男女平等在当今看起来是理所当然的,而在斯宾塞时代却是如水中之月那样远不可及的。
其次,诗人笔下的故事看似缺乏显著的刺激,甚至有点机械,而实际上,长诗是充满变化和情趣的。戛尹(Guyon)(第二卷中代表“节制”这种美德的骑士)来到了阿克莱莎(Acrasia)的别墅,一个充满情欲诱惑的地方。而紧接着第二卷中的女骑士布瑞徒玛特来到了妖人布西兰(Busirane)的庄园。这个庄园也同样是一个情欲的陷阱。如果我们也去写同样一个故事,相似的地方,相近的主题,很难使第二个不成为第一个的重复。而斯宾塞这位大师巧妙地解决了这个问题。因为在这两个极易重复的故事中,我们几乎找不到一个重复之处。阿克莱莎的乡间别墅是一个丰美而诱人的花园,当然品位并不高。其中有两个裸体女孩在池中嬉戏,以吸引骑士的注意。女主人阿克莱莎穿着透明的内衣,躺在玫瑰花床上,靠在刚刚捕获的青年身上。而布西兰的庄园却有一个巨大楼宇,难进也难出。布瑞徒玛特只在那里逗留了几个小时。房间一个连着一个,似乎没有尽头。终于她发现了一道铁门,女骑士想要迎救的女孩子正在里面被严刑拷打。耐心而细心地比较一下,不难发现这两个故事虽有异曲同工之妙,却毫无雷同之感。这真是诗人技艺高超之所在。
还有一点,“美德后面的美德”使《仙后》有效的避免了平铺直叙。在第六卷中,礼仪(courtesy)成为主题(在当时“礼仪”不光包括优雅的礼貌风度,还包括一种精神内涵和修养,与骑士风度有密切联系),其中当然包括各种体现这种美德的行为。而在第十篇中我们会发现,这种美德虽然太好了,但是也不能使人成为真正意义上的“有礼者”。也就是说,单一追求某种精神或美德反而达不到那种境界,只有在赐人美丽与欢乐的女神(the Graces)与他们共舞时,这种高尚品德才能得以实现。
又如第四卷中,我们看到“正义(Justice)”永远不可能真正成为“正义”,除非他走进伊萨斯(Isis)神庙,补一补“仁慈”与“平等”这两课。再如,在第一卷中与“错误”和“傲慢”斗争的红十字骑士(the Redcrosse Knight),如果不去西里亚(Caelia) 的庄宅,他也不可能到圣境。这便是诗人思想深刻之所在。任何一种美德都不可能是绝对的和孤立的,都是必须以人类内心最美好的“真、善、美”作为基础的。其实,诗人不仅是想告诉人们各种美德的重要性,而且是在呼唤和追求人间最美好的东西:美与爱。虽然该诗应由12种不同的美德组成,但是所有美德都是美与爱的表现形式。由此不难看出,斯宾塞的“新柏拉图主义”是来源于古希腊文化中的“柏拉图主义”,又对它进行了创造性的发展与发挥,形成了一种适应社会发展的新的道德思想体系。
由此可见,《仙后》作为诗人一生中倾注精力最多的一部史诗,绝非一部情节引人的传奇故事集,更非平铺直叙,缺乏激情与内涵的陈腐之作。其深邃的思想,长远的眼光,足以为千秋万世引路指明。
三、难以读懂的三条原因
然而,为什么这部长诗难以被读者真正理解呢?其主要原因有三。首先,该诗的叙述手法并非现实主义的完全写实,严谨叙述,而只是选择重要的情节进行描绘。读者只能读到一些最有表现力的片断,这是由这种艺术形式的特点决定的。比起小说、戏剧来,这种史诗注定是难以理解的。
其次,《仙后》的一大特点便是意境的图画性和象征性。在当时有明确象征含义的景物和实物,在当今早已失去原意。如第一卷中为什么莱克瑞(Lechery)要骑着一只山羊呢?现代人(特别是非英语国家的读者)不得而知。而伊丽莎白时代的人都把山羊看作淫荡的象征。再如两个著名的淫窟阿克莱莎(Acrasia)与布西兰(Busirane)的老巢中,丘彼特在布西兰的房中常常出现,却从不光顾阿克莱莎的园中。这是因为,在伊丽莎白时代纯肉欲的象征不是丘彼特,而是他的母亲——维纳斯。
再有,我们的定势思维或者说成见阻止了我们顺利理解该诗。我们对某个词语的意思十分熟悉,但是我们不可以把这种含义生搬到长诗中去。有个可笑的例子很能证明这个问题。如果我们认为“Temperance”(第二卷主题)意味着不能喝得酩酊大醉,那就错了。因为temperance在诗中的确不含此限制。
以上三点是阻碍读者读懂《仙后》的主要障碍。只要我们努力克服这三个障碍,长诗的理解是不会成为困难的。
综上所述,《仙后》这部文艺复兴时期的史诗绝非是徒有虚名的平庸之作,而是具有丰富而深厚内涵的人类思想里程碑。诗人试图通过这部道德及政治史诗来改变及构造新世界。只要抛弃固定的观念及定势,读懂它是完全可能的斯宾塞是文艺复兴时期一位卓有成就的诗人,他的很多作品对后世有着不同程度的影响,他被后人称为“诗人的诗人”。《爱情小唱》是斯宾塞的一部十四行诗集,这部诗集在内容上除了赞美爱情外,还有文学使人不朽的文艺复兴时期的信念。在格律上,他运用自己独创的“斯宾塞式”的十四行诗,使整部诗集显得结构巧妙、工整洗练。
关键词:斯宾塞;《爱情小唱》;爱情
艾特蒙德・斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser, 1552—1599)是文艺复兴时期一位举足轻重的诗人。他生于一个小富家庭,1576年毕业于剑桥大学,两年后便成为贵族家的门客,同时结识了一批以菲力蒲・锡得尼爵士(Earl of Philip Sidney)为代表的英国创新诗歌的诗人。在这些诗人主张的影响下,579年斯宾塞创作并发表了他的牧歌集《牧童的月历》(The Shepherd’s Calendar)。这部以维吉尔牧歌形式写成的诗歌集共收集了十二首诗,主要是通过对话来表现牧童的思想感情,以及对于简朴生活的态度。《牧童的月历》是融叙事性、说教性和娱乐性于一体的一部诗集,连后人也十分重视这部诗集中说教诗歌的有关责任、义务的有关问题。1580年,斯宾塞去了爱尔兰并在那里度过余生。斯宾塞最著名的作品《仙后》(The Faerie Q ueen)是一部卷帙丰富的长诗,诗中有传统寓言以及对伊丽莎白女王的颂歌。这部著作是他倾其毕生精力所著,但仅完成计划中十二卷的前六卷。在这部气势恢弘的诗集中,斯宾塞像一位伟大的音乐家谱写了一曲动人的旋律,又像一位娴熟的画家勾勒了一幅美丽的画卷。此外,他较有影响的作品还有长诗《克劳茨回家记》(Colin Clouts Come Home Again)和两首对婚姻的颂歌《婚前曲》(Epithalamium)和《婚后曲》(Prothalamium)。在十六世纪英国诗剧崛起的时期,许多有诗才的人被吸引到这个新品种中,但在非戏剧性诗歌领域里,斯宾塞被公认为最有成就的诗人。他的诗描写范围极为深广,从而成了那个时代的缩影。他的诗歌从那时起直到二十世纪对英国都有着不可估量的影响,弥尔顿、华兹华斯、雪莱、济慈和丁尼生等在不同程度上都是他的追随者。
斯宾塞还是一位格律大师,他不但可以在他人的格律中游刃有余,而且还有许多创新。他所创造的优美流畅的“斯宾塞体”(Spenserian Stanza)形式完整,音乐性强,被后人反复使用,影响深远。“斯宾塞体”即五音步一行的八行加上六音步一行而成的九行,它的韵脚为aba bbc bcc,他的名作《仙后》就是用这种格律写成的。正是由于斯宾塞对诗歌的突出贡献,他被后人称为“诗人的诗人”。
在斯宾塞的众多作品中,《爱情小唱》(Amoretti)是值得一提的一部诗集。这部诗集是他1595年出版的一部十四行诗集,标题Amoretti是意大利语,意思为little love poems, 所以被后人译为《爱情小唱》。这部诗集共收集了八十九首十四行诗,是诗人献给一位名叫伊丽莎白的年轻姑娘,据说这位姑娘后来成了他的第二任妻子。斯宾塞的这部诗集音乐性强,富于变化,首首可读,各有千秋。纵观这八十九首十四行诗,虽然都表达了对爱情的向往,对爱人的赞美,但侧重点却各不相同。有些诗表达了诗人因失去爱人而感到痛苦、悲伤,希望爱人能重回他的怀抱与他共享幸福时光,就像彼德拉克(Petrarca)的十四行诗一样充满了诗人的苦闷彷徨。在Sonnet 20,Sonnet 54 中都有这样的描述,诗人就像一个怨男,埋怨自己的心上人狠心将他抛弃,使他在深深的黑暗中黯然神伤,而他的爱人却杳无音信,诗人多么希望他的爱人能回心转意,可她却无动于衷,铁石心肠。在Sonnet 54 中,诗人写道:
在我们逗留的这座人生剧院,
我的爱人闲坐着,像一个观众;
…
我笑时,她把我当作嘲弄的对象,
我哭时,她大笑,那心肠越来越硬。
什么能打动她?假如哭笑都不成,
她就是一块顽石,而不是女人。 (胡家峦 译)
还有一首Sonnet 34, 诗人把他的爱情比作一颗星星,而自己则像一艘全凭星辰为他导航的航船,当他失去爱情时,只能在深深的黑暗和苦闷中彷徨。诗人盼望着他的爱神能再次出现,让他重新得到逝去的爱情:
但是我希望,经过这一场风暴,
我的北斗啊,我那生命的北极星,
会再次闪现,最终把我来照耀,
用它的光辉驱除我忧郁的阴云。
在这以前,我忧心忡忡地徘徊,
独自儿暗暗地悲伤,愁思满怀。 (胡家峦 译)
除了这样的“怨男诗”以外,在这部诗集中还有描写姑娘外貌以及胜于外貌的美丽的心灵之诗。例如在Sonnet 15中,诗人以一连串的比喻来赞美姑娘的外貌,而在最后两行笔锋一转,从身体之美写到心灵之美,称赞她的内心有多种美德,诗人认为心灵之美更胜于外貌。还有一首Sonnet 70,表现了文艺复兴时期诗人们经常描述的传统主题:及时行乐(Carpt Diem)。在这一时期有许多诗人在诗中都表达了这种思想,像安得鲁・马维尔(Andrew Marvell)在他那首著名的《致羞涩的情人》(To His Coy Mistress)中就劝说他的爱人别再矜持,不要迟延,快接受他的爱情,以免枉度青春。诗人这样写道:
…
与其让时光把我们慢慢噬咬,
不如把我们的时光一口吞掉。
让我们把全身力气和所有甜蜜
揉合在一起,卷进一个球里,
冲破限制人生的两扇铁门,
奋力去争夺欢乐的人生。 (何功杰 译)
2000年(上)英美文学选读试卷及答案
PART ONE
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(40 points, 1 point for each)
Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the answer sheet.
1.The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare's ________ .
A.comedies
B.tragedies
C.sonnets
D.histories
2."So much the worse for me, that I an strong. Do I want to live? What kind of living will it be when you-oh, God!
Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?"
In the above passage quoted from Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, the word "soul" apparently refers to _______ .
A.Heathcliff
B.Catherine
C.ghost
D.one's spiritual lift
3."And where are they? And where art thou,"
My country? On thy voiceless shore
The heroic lay is tuneless now-
The heroic bosom beats no more!"(George Gordon Byron, Don Juan)
In the above stanza, "art thou" literally means _______ .
A."are you"
B."art though"
C."are though"
D."art you"
4.The major concern of _______ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.
A.Charles Dickens's
B.D.H.Lawrence's
C.Thomas Hardy's
D.John Galsworthy's
5.Daniel Defoe describes _______ as a typical English Middle-class man of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.
A.Tom Jones
B.Gulliver
C.Moll Flanders
D.Robinson Crusoe
6."To be so distinguished is an honor, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge."
The above quoted sentence is presented by Samuel Johnson with a(n) _______ tone.
A.delightful
B.jealous
C.ironic
D.humorous
7."She lived unknown, and few could know
When Lucy ceased to be;
But she is in her grave, and, oh,
The difference to me!"
The word "me" in the last line of the above stanza quoted from Wordsworth's poem "She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways" may possibly refer to _______ .
A.the poet
B.the reader
C.her lover
D.everybody
8._______ is a typical feature of Swift's writings.
A.Bitter satire
B.Elegant style
C.Casual narration
D.Complicated sentence structure
9.The statement "It reveals the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life" may well sum up the main theme if Dickens's _______ .
A.David Copperfield
B.Bleak House
C.Great Expectations
D.Oliver Twist
10."Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you."
The above quoted passage is most probably taken from _______ .
A.Pride and Prejudice
B.Jane Eyre
C.Wuthering Heights
D.Great Expectations
11.It is generally regarded that Keats's most important and mature poems are in the form of _______ .
A.ode
B.elegy
C.epic
D.sonnet
12.G.B.Shaw's play Mrs.Warren's Profession is a realistic exposure of the _______ in the English society.
A.slum landlordism
B.inequality between men and women
C.political corruption
D.economic exploitation of women
13.In William Blake's poetry, the father(and any other in whom he saw the image of the father such as God, priest, and king)was usually a figure of _______ .
A.benevolence
B.admiration
C.love
D.tyranny
14."'I believe you are made of stone,'he said, clenching his fingers so hard that he broke the fragile cup. …'You seem to forget,' she said,'that cup is not!'"
From the above quoted passage, we can find the woman's tone is very _______ .
A.sarcastic
B.amusing
C.sentimental
D.facetious
15.The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for _______ .
A.material wealth
B.spiritual salvation
C.universal truth
D.self-fulfillment
16.Alexander Pope strongly advocated _______, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.
A.sentimentalism
B.romanticism
C.idealism
D.neoclassicism
17.After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of _______ .
A.simple character and quick wit
B.simple character and poor understanding
C.intricate character and quick wit
D.intricate character and poor understanding
18.Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, _______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
A.Daniel Defoe
B.Samuel Richardson
C.Henry Fielding
D.Oliver Goldsmith
19."Not on thy sole but on thy soul, harsh Jew,/Thou mak'st thy knife keen."
In the above quotation taken form The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare employs a(n)_______ .
A.oxymoron
B.pun
C.simile
D.synecdoche
20.In Hardy's Wessex novels, there is an apparent _______ touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.
A.humorous
B.romantic
C.nostalgic
D.sarcastic
21."O prince, O chief of many throned powers,"
That led th' embattled seraphim to war
Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds
Fearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King."
In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton's Paradise Lost, the phrase "thy conduct" refers to _______
conduct.
A.Satan's
B.God's
C.Adam's
D.Eve's
22.We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelley's poem "Ode to the West Wind" with all the following terms except
_______ .
A.tamed
B.swift
C.proud
D.wild
23.In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."
A."Nature"
B."Self-Reliance"
C."Divinity School Address"
D."The American Scholar"
24.In Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown," a satanic figure leads the credulous protagonist to a witches' Sabbath in the woods. There he recognizes many pillars of Salem's Puritan society as well as his wife, Faith. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of human evil or what Melville called the "power of _______ ."
A.blackness
B.whiteness
C.terror
D.hypocrisy
25.For Melville, as well as for the reader and _______ , the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.
A.Ahab
B.Ishmael
C.Stubb
D.Starbuck
26.Most of the poems in Whitman's Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-mass" and the _______ as well.
A.nature
B.self-reliance
C.self
D.life
27.Emily Dickinson's poem(441)"This is my letter to the World" expresses the poet's _______ about her
communication with the outside world.
A.indifference
B.joy
C.anxiety
D.indignation
28.Which of the following statements about writers in 1920s is true?
A.Mark Twain published his last and most important novel.
B.F. Scott Fitzgerald received the Nobel Prize.
C.Freudian psychology influenced many modern writers.
D.Most writers were politically radical.
29.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic
but more ironic and more _______ .
A.rational
B.humorous
C.optimistic
D.pessimistic
30.Mark Twain's first novel _______ , written in collaboration with Charles D. Warner and published in 1873,though not an artistic success, gives its name to the America of the post-Civil War period which it attempts to
satirize.
A.The Gilded Age
B.The Age of Innocence
C.The Roughing Time
D.The Jazz Age
31.Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and _______ .
A.The Genius
B.The Tycoon
C.The Stoic
D.The Giant
32.Daisy Miller's tragedy of indiscretion is intensified and enlarged by its narration from the point of view of
_______ .
A.the author Henry James
B.the Italian youth Giovanelli
C.the American youth Winterbourne
D.her mother Mrs. Miller
33.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century
French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American ________ .
A.local colorism
B.vernacularism
C.modernism
D.naturalism
34.It is on his _______ that Washington Irving's fame mainly rested.
A.childhood recollections
B.sketches about his European tours
C.early poetry
D.tales about America
35."If honest labor be unremunerative and difficult to endure; if it be the long, long road which never reaches
beauty, but wearies the feet and the heart; if the drag to follow beauty be such that one abandons the admired way, taking rather the despised path leading to her dreams quickly, who shall cast the first stone?"
Where is the underlined phrase taken from?
A.The Bible.
B.Milton.
C.Shakespeare.
D.Hawthorne.
36.Most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth-century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the _______ movement.
A.transcendental
B.leftist
C.expatriate
D.expressionistic
37.Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms - the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse - with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of _______ farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.
A.Southern
B.Western
C.New Hampshire
D.New England
38.As an autobiographical play, O'Neill's _______ (1956)has gained its status as a world classic and
simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.
A.The Iceman Cometh
B.Long Day's Journey Into Night
C.The Hairy Ape
D.Desire Under the Elms
39.Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include _______ , symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.
A.impressionism
B.expressionism
C.multiple points of view
D.first person point of view
40.Stylistically, Henry James' fiction is characterized by _______ .
A.short, clear sentences
B.abundance of local images
C.ordinary American speech
D.highly refined language
PART TWO
Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension(16 points, 4 points for each)
Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
41.Read the quotation carefully and then answer the questions:
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea,
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
A.Scan the first line of the stanza.
B.Find the irregular foot in the second line.
C.Briefly explain the significance of this irregularity.
42.The following is a passage taken from a dramatic work:
Had I as many souls as there be stars
I'd give them all for Mephistophilis!
By him I'll be great emperor of the world,
And make a bridge thorough the moving air
To pass the ocean with a band of men;
I'll join the hills that bind the Afric shore
And make that country continent to Spain,
And both contributory to my crown;
The emperor shall not live but by my leave,
Nor any potentate of Germany.
Now that I have obtained what I desire
I'll live in speculation of this art
Till Mephistophilis return again.
A.Name the playwright and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.
B.Name the speaker of the passage quoted above.
C.Use the above passage as a guide and write down in one or two sentences the theme of the play.
43.Read the following passage and then answer the questions:
…I glanced back once. A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby's house, making the night fine as before, and surviving the laughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flow now from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation the figure of the host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.
A.Identify the author and the title of the novel from which this passage is taken.
B.The passage describes the end of an event. What is it?
C.What implied meaning can you get from reading this passage?
44.Read the following part of a poem and then answer the questions:
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,
Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,
I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.
A.Identify the poet and the title of the poem.
B.What do "soil" and "air" represent in the first line?
C.What does the poet try to say in the above four lines?
Ⅲ.Questions and Answers (24 points, 6 points for each)
Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
45.The following quotation is the ending of a poem by Robert Browning:
Nay, we'll go
Together down, sir, Notice Neptune, though,
Taming a sea horse, though a rarity,
Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me.
What is the title of the poem? Who is the speaker? What is the importance of the allusion "Neptune…/Taming a sea horse" in the whole poem?
46.Novum Organum("New Instrument"), along with other works, won the author the honour "Father of modern science." Who is the author? What is the main concern of the work? Why the work is so important for the development of modern science?
47.Ezra Pound is one of the pioneers in modern poetry. What is the poetic school of which he is a chief member?
What is Pound's representative work of many years of poetic creation? What is the title of his frequently quoted one-image poem?Pound has translated some literary works from two great ancient civilizations.
One is Greece. What is the other? How do you understand his famous comment "The image itself is the speech"?
48.William Faulkner, a Nobel Priza winner, has an important position in American literature. Name two of his Major novels. Do you know anything about"Yoknapatawpha County?" What is unique of Faulkner's fiction, historically and geographically?
Ⅳ.Topic Discussion(20 points, 10 points for each)
Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
49.A possible theme of James Joyce's short story "Araby" is disillusionment. Briefly discuss the symbolism Joyce employs in presenting this theme.
50.What makes Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn more than a child's adventure story? Briefly discuss the question from THREE of the following aspects: the setting, the language, the character(s), the theme and the style.
二○○○年上半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试
英美文学选读试题参考答案
Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(40 points, 1 point for each)
1.C
2.B
3.A
4.B
5.D
6.C
7.C
8.A
9.D
10.B
11.A
12.D
13.D
14.A
15.B
16.D
17.B
18.C
19.B
20.C
21.A
22.A
23.D
24.A
25.B
26.C
27.C
28.C
29.D
30.A
31.C
32.C
33.D
34.D
35.A
36.C
37.D
38.B
39.C
40.D
Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension(16 points, 4 points for each)
41. [参考答案]
A.Iambic pentameter with the rhyming scheme of abab.
B.The third foot contains two accented syllables.
C.Two accented syllables slow down the pace in keeping with the literary meaning of the phrase "wind slowly."
42.[参考答案]
A.Dr.Faustus, a play by Christopher Marlowe.
B.Dr.Faustus.
C.Man's aspiration, bounding achievements, and the inevitable failure.
43.[参考答案]
A.Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby.
B.It is a description of the end of a big party.
C.The passage hints at the meaninglessness, spiritual emptiness and vanity of such a lift of pleasure-seeking.
There is a tragic sense that the "party" will be over.
44.[参考答案]
A.Walt Whitman, "Song of Myself"(早期几版诗人曾用过"Poem of Walt Whitman, an American" 和 "Walt Whitman", 也应算
对).
B.America, his country, his native land.
C.I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my whole life to the country.
Ⅲ.Questions and Answers(24 points, 6 points for each)
45.[参考答案]
A."My Last Duchess"
B.The Duke, or the husband of the Duchess.
C.Placed at the end of the poem, the allusion serves as the conclusion that tells the reader-listener that the speaker is a tyrant.
46.[参考答案]
A.Francis Bacon.
B.The work is an argument for the inductive reasoning in place of the Aristotelian deductive reasoning.
C.The Aristotelian reasoning only states the fact, not capable of discovery while the inductive reasoning, although starting with a hypothesis and developing with experiments, may lead to the discovery of true knowledge.
47.[参考答案]
A.Imagism.
B.The Cantos.
C."In a Station of the Metro"
D.Chian.
E.Pound means that image should not be ornaments only, but should be the focus of poetic expression. By emphasizing the exterior object, Pound hopes to avoid moralizing and achieve clarity and exactness.
48.[参考答案]
A.下列作品中任何两本:Soldiers'Pay, Sartoris, The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom!, The Hamlet, The Town, The Mansion, and Intruder in the Dust.
B.Yoknapatawpha County is an imagined place based on Faulkner's own hometown, a place that he took for the setting of 15 of his 19 novels and many short stories. This small region in the American South becomes in Faulkner's fiction an allegory or a parable of the Old South.
C.His literary representation of the Old South; and his theme of the deterioration, loss and moral decay of the Old South when it was falling apart.
Ⅳ.Topic Discussion(20 points, 10 points for each)
49. [参考答案]
A."Short days of winter," "silent" the street of "blind end," "dark muddy lanes" with "feeble lanterns," "dark dripping gardens," and many others foretell the inevitable failure of the boy's attempt to reach his desire.
B.Mangan's sister, for whom the boy had tender feelings, symbolizes hope/aspiration, but she was symbolically confined("have a retreat in her convent").
C.The journey to the bazaar is a quest for the fulfillment of the aspiration, but the journey was "intolerably" delayed, and when the boy got to the bazaar, half of it was already dark. What's more,the young lady at the door of a stall was "not encouraging," and spoke to the boy "out of sense of duty." When the upper part of the hall was completely dark, the boy's disillusionment was announced. And thus, "Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger."
50.[参考答案]
A.Setting: In the novel Mark Twain recreates a small-town world of America and presents the local color.
B.Language: He uses simple, direct language faithful to the colloquial speech, the vernacular language of the local people.
C.Character(s): The author recreates two rebels and fugitives running away from civilization, especially Huckleberry Finn, an innocent boy who refuses to accept the conventional village morality.
D.Theme: The novel is a criticism of social injustice, hypocrisy, conservativeness and narrow-mindedness of the American small town society.
E.Style: The novel employs a humorous style of narration and is also highly symbolic with the central symbol.
http://www.ciscosky.org/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=2&ID=498&replyID=866&skin=1
显然在现代英语中, pun的确已被归纳为一种幽默的修辞方式。随处可见用pun串成的笑话。可我今天还想浅谈一些,关于William Shakespeare作品中pun修辞格的运用。
莎翁的文学造诣,令人叹为观止。对pun的运用也是独具匠心的。
William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet
Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes
With nimble (soul) soles ; I have a soul(sole) of lead
So stakes me to the ground. I cannot move.
注意:"Sole" & "soul"是可以转化的
译一:我实在不能跳了,
你们都有轻快的舞鞋。
我只有一个像铅一样重的灵魂,
把我的身体紧紧的钉在地上,使我不能动弹。
译二:我实在不能跳了,
你们都有轻快的舞鞋。
我只有一个像铅一样重的舞鞋,
译三:我实在不能跳了,
你们都有的舞鞋,且心情轻松
我虽有舞鞋,但心情沉重。
Attention: 其实每种译法都有异曲同工之妙。
William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice
这段主要讲:夏洛克要从违约的安东尼奥身上割去一磅肉而磨刀时的对白。
Not on the sole , but on the soul , harsh Jew,
Thou mak'st thy knife keen.
狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,
而是把刀放到你的心口上磨。
When a woman complained to her butcher that his sausage tasted like meat at one end, and but bread at the other, he replied,"Madam , in the times like these, no butcher can make both ends meat ."
这里的pun 主要集中表现在最后一句,make both ends meat.(两头都是肉)和to make both ends meet(收支平衡)谐音。看到了吧!~正印了中国有句古话"无奸不商",哈哈
最后以一则"搞笑+讽刺"的PUN来结尾:
He denounces that stand-pat advice, he knows George Bush is getting from subordinates, "I told you,' you got a bad case of AIDS ''" says Holms. "A-I-D-E-S." 先捉摸琢磨吧,搞笑在哪里!~
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